Huvudsyftet med denna uppsats är att analysera hur svenska organisationer arbetar med öppen innovation, i vilka former de gör det och vilken typ av innovationer de producerar. Uppsatsen definierar även uttryckligen begreppet "dolda problem" inom organisationer och kopplar sedan det till innovationsteori. Definitionen av öppen innovation har utvecklats tillsammans med förståelsen för begreppet, vilket i sig utgör en övertygande teori för både organisationer och forskare i strävan efter teknisk utveckling. De befintliga modeller som beskriver öppen innovation är emellertid inte förenliga med hur definitionen av termen har utvecklats. Genom att kartlägga nuvarande litteratur och innovationsteori, föreslås i denna uppsats en förening av två befintliga öppna innovationsmodeller som bättre passar den nuvarande definitionen. I uppsatsen föreslås också att syntetisk innovation - ett begrepp beskrivet i denna avhandling - är den primära typen av innovation som produceras inom en öppen innovationsram. Resultaten, analysen och diskussionerna baseras på en litteraturstudie, en handlingsstudie och fyra fallstudier av innovationsinitiativ i Sverige. Analyserade genom den föreslagna ramen visar resultaten att resurstypen som delas mellan firmor i ett öppet samarbete är mer empiriskt viktig än indikerat från befintliga innovationsmodeller. Det indikeras också att företagens permeabilitet förändrar vilken typ av innovation de producerar. Arbetet indikerar också att dolda problem empiriskt löses genom syntetisk innovation som särskilt kan uppnås i en öppen innovationsmiljö. / The primary purpose of this thesis is to analyze how Swedish organizations work with Open Innovation, in what forms they do so, and what type of innovations they produce.  Secondarily, it explicitly defines the notion of "hidden problems" within organizations and subsequently links it to innovation theory. The definition of Open Innovation has evolved alongside the understanding of Open Innovation itself, and it constitutes a compelling theory for organizations and researchers alike in the pursuit of technological advancement. The incumbent models that describe Open Innovation, however, are not compliant with the definition of the term. By surveying the current literature on Open Innovation, and Innovation theory, this thesis proposes a unification of two incumbent Open Innovation models that better fit with the definition of Open Innovation itself. It also suggests that Synthetic Innovation as defined in this thesis is the primary type of innovation produced under an Open Innovation framework. The results, analysis, and discussions are based on a literature review, an action study, and four case studies of innovation initiatives in Sweden. Analyzed through the proposed framework, the results from this thesis indicate that resource type is more empirically important than evident from incumbent innovation models. It also suggests that the permeability of firms, created in an Open Innovation environment, alters the type of innovation they produce. The research shows a need to update the early, yet fashionable, models of Open Innovation to better map against the current definitions. It also indicates that hidden problems result in a particular type of Synthetic Innovation that is especially achievable through Open Innovation.

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Digitalisering är ett ämne som ständigt diskuteras och har på senare år utvecklats på många plan. Inom byggbranschen har BIM (Byggnadsinformationsmanagement) länge setts som en digital lösning vilken kan tänkas utveckla branschen inom flera områden, men trots det är den digitala utvecklingen inom branschen relativt låg vilket kan ge indikation på lägre produktivitet. Särskilt om man jämför med vad som faktiskt kan uppnås vid implementering av BIM fullt ut genom värdekedjan i projekt. Det finns en brist på tidigare studier kring varför det finns ett informationsgap mellan aktörer genom hela värdekedjan som delvis kan förklara denna låga produktivitet. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att undersöka vilka utmaningar som finns vid implementeringen av BIM i hela värdekedjan av projekt och vad utmaningarna skapar för informationsgap mellan design/konstruktion- och förvaltningssidan inom ett projekt.     För att besvara syfte och frågeställningar har innovationsteori samt investeringsteori använts, där fokus främst riktats på innovationsteori. Med hjälp av teorierna kunde utmaningar med implementeringen av BIM och eventuella informationsgap som uppstår studeras djupare. I studien genomfördes åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med fastighetsbolag, arkitekturbolag, konsultbolag och intresseorganisation.      De existerande utmaningarna vid implementering av BIM hos olika aktörer, som kan ligga till grund för försämrad interoperabilitet, kan förklaras med att avsaknad av gemensamma branschstandarder, avsaknad av en central BIM-samordnare och generellt sett låg utbildningsnivå kring vad BIM är. Det noteras att ett informationsgap finns mellan aktörer som arbetar på förvaltningssidan kontra design/konstruktion och detta kan dels förklaras på grund av motvilja att anpassa sig till nya lösningar enligt innovationsteori, dels på grund av avsaknad av gemensamma branschstandarder. Att en aktör i projektskedet inte anser det lämpligt att använda BIM kan förklaras eftersom kostnaden hittills inte alltid understiger nyttan.      Implementeringsfasen hos olika aktörer genom värdekedjan varierar och därmed kan branschen i vissa fall tolkas som trögflytande, bland annat på grund av frånvaro av öppna standarder och de språkbarriärer mellan program som kan uppstå vid användning av olika BIM-system. För att vidareutveckla arbetet kring ämnesfrågan behöver ytterligare studier genomföras kring proprietära rättigheter och problem vid anbudskalkylering, offentlig sektors påverkan på utveckling kring gemensamma branschstandarder, extern och intern BIM-samordning kopplat till effektivare projektledning och även hur gemensamma branschstandarder påverkar olika aktörer i hela värdekedjan av ett projekt. / Digitalization is constantly being discussed and has in recent years developed on many levels. Building information management, further described as BIM, has long been considered a digital solution in the construction and management industry. A solution that suitably would develop the industry in several areas. Despite this, digital development is relatively low which may indicate lower productivity than can be achieved. There is a lack of previous studies on why there is an information gap between stakeholders throughout the value chain that can partly explain low productivity and low effective stakeholder efficiency. The purpose of this study is thus to investigate the existing difficulties in the implementation of BIM in the entire value chain and what these difficulties lead to, such as information gaps between the design, construction and management side within a project.    The findings of the study are explained with support of innovation theory and investment theory, with main focus on innovation theory. With support of the theories, difficulties with implementation of BIM for stakeholders and any information gaps that arise have been studied more deeply. This study conducted eight semi-structured interviews with real estate companies, architecture companies, one consulting company and one interest group.   Existing challenges regarding implementation of BIM among different stakeholders, which may be the basis for impaired interoperability, can be explained in the absence of common industry standards, absence of a central BIM coordinator and generally low level of education about the subject BIM. It is noted that there is an information gap between stakeholders working on the administrative side versus design/construction and can be partly explained due to reluctance to adapt to new solutions according to innovation theory and partly due to the absence of common industry standards. The fact that the cost so far is not always less than the benefit of investing in BIM may explain why stakeholders in the project phase choose that BIM does not have to be appropriate to implement.    The implementation phase through the value chain of a project varies a lot for different stakeholders and because of that the industry may in some cases be interpreted as conservative. This could be explained due to the language barriers that can arise when using different BIM systems and due to absence of open standards. To further develop understanding on the subject issue, studies need to be carried out on proprietary rights and problems in tender calculation estimates. Moreover, studies on public sector impact regarding development around common industry standards, external and internal BIM coordination linked to more effective project management and how common industry standards affect different stakeholders in the whole value chain of a project may develop understanding on the subject issue.

The Internet is the most common communication and research tool worldwide. Perusal of the World Wide Web quickly reveals the variety of information available. Internet adoption can be considered the late 20th century's most important event. In academic environments today, Internet use among faculty members has been widely expanded, with professors now integrating Internet technology into classroom activities. Imam Muhammad Bin Saud Islamic University (IMSU) is a pioneering public university in Saudi Arabia. Until recently, some faculty members at IMSU were unable to access the Internet through the university. It is important to study the effects of this delay on faculty members regarding research and academic activities. This study identified the statistically significant differences in demographic characteristics of Internet adopters and non-adopters among faculty members at IMSU, examined whether faculty members' perceptions of the Internet affected adoption, determined if the university administration's decisions impacted faulty members' decisions to adopt the Internet, identified factors motivating faculty members to adopt the Internet, identified obstacles influencing faculty members' decisions to use the Internet, and determined whether innovation characteristics as perceived by faculty members predicted Internet adoption. Using Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory, the influence of eight attributes were examined regarding Internet adoption among IMSU faculty members. Multiple regression and chi-square techniques were conducted to analyze the data and answer research questions. Statistically significant differences were identified among Internet adopters and non-adopters regarding gender, age, academic rank, discipline, and English proficiency. The data revealed 54.7% of IMSU faulty members used the Internet for research and academic activities twice a month or less, indicating a low Internet adoption rate. Statistically significant differences were noted among adopters and non-adopters relative to income level and English proficiency. Multiple regression analysis showed that all attributes of innovation individually predicted Internet adoption. The combination of all attributes indicated the model could predict Internet adoption among faculty.

Tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti ryšius tarp valstybės tarnautojų subjektyviai suvokiamo atitikimo darbui, pasitenkinimo darbu ir kognityvinių stilių (darbuotojų, darbo aplinkos ir šių stilių atitikimo) bei empiriškai patikrinti teorinį šių ryšių modelį. Tyrime dalyvavo 168 darbuotojai, dirbantys valstybės tarnyboje. Vadovaujantis Kirton adaptyvaus – novatoriško kognityvinio stiliaus teorija, šiame tyrime analizuojamas valstybės tarnautojų kognityvinis stilius ir kognityvinis stilius, kurio reikalauja darbo aplinka valstybės tarnyboje. Asmens - aplinkos atitikimo teorijos pagrindu, analizuojamas šių kognityvinių stilių atitikimas bei subjektyviai suvokiamas atitikimas darbui. Taip pat analizuojami šių dviejų atitikimo tipų ryšiai su pasitenkinimu darbu. Vadovaujantis teorinėmis žiniomis sudarytas modelis, kuris buvo patikrintas empiriškai. Siekiant nustatyti, kaip kognityviniai stiliai (asmens, darbo aplinkos bei jų sąveika) susiję su subjektyviai suvokiamu atitikimu darbui ir pasitenkinimu darbu, sudarytos dvi regresijos lygtys. Abiem atvejais reikšmingos prognozinės vertės turėjo darbuotojams būdingas kognityvinis stilius bei darbuotojo – darbo aplinkos kognityvinių stilių sąveika. Regresinė analizė atskleidė, kad subjektyviai suvokiamo atitikimo darbui prognozei yra svarbesnė šių kognityvinių stilių sąveika, o pasitenkinimo darbu prognozei – darbuotojams būdingas kognityvinis stilius. Šio tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad valstybės tarnautojai, kuriems būdingas adaptyvus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to assess the relationships between civil servants’ subjectively perceived person – job fit, job satisfaction and cognitive styles (employees’, job environment’s and their fit) as well as to test empirically the theoretical model of these relationships. The subjects of the study were 168 public service employees. Based on Kirton’s adaption – innovation cognitive style theory, this study examines civil servants’ cognitive style and their perceptions of cognitive style required by the job environment. Using person – environment fit theory as the theoretical framework, this study examines the fit between these two styles as well as subjectively perceived person – job fit. Also, we explore relations of these two types of fit with job satisfaction. According to theoretical knowledge, a special model was developed and tested empirically. In order to test how cognitive styles (person’s, job environment’s and interaction of them) are related to subjectively perceived person – job fit and job satisfaction, two regression equations were formed. In both cases, the employees’ cognitive style and the interaction of employee – job environment cognitive style were of significant predictable value. Regression analysis showed that interaction of cognitive styles is the most important predictor for subjectively perceived person – job fit, while employees’ cognitive style is the most important predictor for job satisfaction. The results of this study suggest that those... [to full text]

由於醫療服務具高度專業性，故醫療照護市場長期存在資訊不對等的問題。隨著消費者利益保護及病人權利運動的興起、民眾被要求在自己的健康上承擔更多的責任，積極參與健康決策、新資訊科技的發明，使得醫院醫療與服務品質資訊的收集更容易且成本更低廉，因此，歐美各國近年來積極建立健康照護市場的品質資訊，發展醫院品質報告卡，提供民眾就醫選擇所需的資訊，期望能達成保障民眾的醫療權益，同時促使醫院提升醫療與服務品質，及增進醫療照護市場運作效率的目標。 台灣自1995年起實施全民健康保險制度，醫院與中央健康保險局的特約率達90%以上，民眾享有極大的自由選擇就醫地點及醫院，然而到目前為止，仍然欠缺足夠的醫院醫療與服務品質資訊提供給民眾做為選擇醫院的參考。其次，相關研究的結果顯示，台灣民眾對於就醫選擇資訊的提供有高度的興趣，且對民眾就醫選擇決策亦有重大的影響。 目標：本研究旨在由民眾觀點篩選醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡的指標項目，及採用創新擴散理論(innovation diffusion theory)，以結構方程模式(structural equation model)探討住院病人對醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡創新特性的知覺、態度及使用意願。 方法：本研究首先以推動社會福利、關心民眾健康權益及病人團體的30位專家為研究對象，進行二回合的德菲法(Delphi method )問卷調查篩選醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡的指標項目。其次以台北縣市不同層級及權屬別的八家醫院內、外科共500位住院病人為研究對象進行面訪問卷調查，探討住院病人創新接受度、對醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡創新特性的認知、態度及使用意願，並以結構方程模式進行研究假說與架構的驗證。 結果：1.由民眾觀點所選出屬於高適用性且高重視度的指標項目計有院內感染率、手術傷口感染率、住院病人對醫師病情解說內容的滿意度、門診病人對醫師服務態度的滿意度等九項；2.只有17.2%的住院病人在填問卷前有聽過醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡這個名詞；3.有80.2%的住院病人認為醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡對選擇醫院是非常有價值或有價值的；4.住院病人對服務品質指標的瞭解程度相對地高於對醫療品質指標的瞭解程度；5.對呈現方式的瞭解程度由高至而低排序，依序為星號、百分比、長條圖；6.影響「住院病人是否看懂醫院醫療與服務品質資訊」的因素，在控制其他變項的影響後發現，教育程度愈高者、年齡愈輕者、個人平均月收入較高者，較看懂醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡範例中指標資訊；7.創新特性中，「相容性」及「結果展示性」對「對醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡的態度」具有正向的顯著影響；8.「知覺有用性」、「對醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡的態度」及「創新接受度」對「使用醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡的意願」具有正向的顯著影響；9.影響住院病人「對醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡的態度」最主要因素為「相容性」，且達到統計上的顯著水準；10.影響住院病人「使用醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡的意願」的最主要因素為「對醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡的態度」，且達到統計上的顯著水準；11.最後要特別強調的是，本研究的新發現為「知覺有用性」、「知覺易用性」、「相容性」、「結果展示性」、「創新接受度」，兩兩之間具有統計上之顯著相關，這是本研究與以往相關研究結果的最大不同發現。 結論：住院病人認為醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡對選擇醫院是有價值的，因此，建議行政院衛生署可考慮主導，整合醫院評鑑、全民健康保險申報及病人滿意度調查的資料，分區分醫院等級，評比其在高適用性且高重視度的九項指標項目之表現，以星號及百分比的形式呈現，再以小手冊及網際網路查詢的方式對外公佈，並加強對民眾的宣導教育，讓民眾可以將品質資訊運用在就醫選擇決策上，使民眾成為明智的醫療服務消費者及醫療與服務品質的共同監督者，以提升醫療體系的運作效能。 / There exists information asymmetry between providers and consumers in healthcare market due to the highly specialized knowledge in this market. Consumers were asked to bear more responsibility on their own health and to participate in the formulation of healthcare strategies and the inventions of new technology as the uprising in the movement of consumer right protection. These would result in the reduction in costs related to the medical services and information collection. Therefore, western countries have aggressively established the medical information system and developed hospital report cards in order to protect consumers’ right, to improve quality of medical services, and to increase the efficiency of healthcare market by providing service information to consumers. Taiwan initiated the National Health Insurance since 1995 with the facility contract rate reaching over 90%. This provides consumers great access to healthcare institutions. However, few service data have been provided to consumers as a reference for the choice of providers to date. In addition, previous studies showed that consumers were interested in obtaining available service information and these information have a great influence on consumers’ decision of providers. Objectives: The purposes of this study were to select indicators of hospital report cards from public’s perspective and to adopt the innovation diffusion theory and structural equation modeling to explore inpatients’ perception characteristics of innovation, attitudes toward, and willingness to use hospital report card. Materials and Methods: Firstly, we selected 30 subjects who were experts in social welfare or consumer right to participate in two rounds of Delphi investigation to select appropriate indicators of hospital report card. Secondly, we purposely ask for the permission from eight hospitals representing different accreditation levels and ownerships to allow us to select 500 medical and surgical inpatients to conduct a face-to-face interview regarding their innovativeness, perception characteristics of innovation, attitudes toward, and willingness to use hospital report cards. Finally, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test research hypotheses by way of. Results: We found that (1) from publics’ perspective the most applicable and important indicators include nosocomial infection rate, postoperative infection rate, inpatient’s satisfaction toward physician’s explanation, and outpatient’s satisfaction toward physician’s service attitudes; (2) only 17.2% of surveyed sample heard the term “hospital report card” before; (3) a total of 80.2% of inpatients considered hospital report cards to be very valuable or valuable for the selection of providers; (4) inpatients understood more in service indicators than clinic indicators; (5) the order of inpatients’ preference in presentation of hospital report cards was to use stars, percentages, and bar charts; (6) those who had higher education and higher monthly incomes, and were younger were more likely to understand the information provided by hospital report cards after adjusting for other factors; (7) among inpatients’ characteristics of innovation toward hospital report card, ”compatibility” and “result demonstrability” had significant positive influence on ”inpatients’ attitude toward hospital report card”; (8)”perceived usefulness”, “inpatients’ attitude toward hospital report card”, and “inpatients’ innovativeness” had significant positive influence on ”inpatients’ willingness to use hospital report card”；(9)”compatibility” had significant positive influence on “inpatients’ attitude toward hospital report card”；(10)“inpatients’ attitude toward hospital report card” had significant positive influence on ”inpatients’ willingness to use hospital report card”；(11)finally it is worth emphasize that this study had a new finding that ”perceived usefulness”, “perceived ease to use ”, “compatibility”, “result demonstrability ”,and “inpatients’ innovativeness” had significant positive correlation between each other. Conclusions: We concluded that inpatients considered hospital report cards to be valuable for the selection of hospitals. Therefore, it is recommended that hospital report cards be initiated by the Department of Health by integrating the information from hospital accreditation, medical claims data from the National Health Insurance, and survey of patient satisfactions. The rankings of hospital shown on report cards can be presented in stars or percentages, and these pieces of information can be released through booklet or Internet. In addition, consumers should be educated to use hospital information in order to monitor hospital performance and improve the efficiency of healthcare delivery system. / 目 錄 誌謝……………………………………………………………… Ⅰ 摘要……………………………………………………………… Ⅲ Abstract………………………………………………………… Ⅴ 目錄……………………………………………………………… Ⅶ 表目錄……………………………………………………………… Ⅹ 圖目錄……………………………………………………………… Ⅻ 第一章 前言……………………………………………………… 1 第一節 研究背景與動機………………………………… 1 第二節 研究目的與研究問題…………………………… 5 第三節 研究的重要性與預期貢獻……………………… 6 第二章 文獻探討………………………………………………… 8 第一節 醫院品質報告卡的沿革……………………………… 8 第二節 醫院品質報告卡的指標項目………………………… 15 第三節 醫院品質報告卡的影響與推行障礙………………… 27 第四節 醫療品質指標系統及品質報告卡的發展步驟……… 32 第五節 創新擴散理論………………………………………… 37 第六節 結構方程模式………………………………………… 43 第七節 國內外相關實證研究之結果………………………… 48 第八節 綜合討論……………………………………………… 76 第三章 以德菲法篩選醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡之指標項目. 79 壹、研究方法……………………………………………………… 79 第一節 研究設計與流程………………………………………… 79 第二節 研究對象………………………………………………… 79 第三節 研究工具………………………………………………… 81 第四節 資料處理與分析………………………………………… 95 貳、研究結果……………………………………………………… 95 第一節 問卷回收情形…………………………………………… 95 第二節 描述性統計分析………………………………………… 96 第三節 第一回合與第二回合問卷調查結果差異分析…………105 參、討論……………………………………………………………106 第一節 重要研究結果討論………………………………………106 第二節 研究限制…………………………………………………108 第四章 住院病人對醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡的認知、態度 與使用意願……………………………………………… 110 壹、研究方法………………………………………………………110 第一節 研究架構、目的與假說…………………………………110 第二節 研究對象…………………………………………………118 第三節 研究變項之操作型定義…………………………………121 第四節 研究工具…………………………………………………124 第五節 資料處理與分析…………………………………………126 貳、研究結果………………………………………………………128 第一節 問卷信度及效度的檢定…………………………………129 第二節 樣本基本特質與研究變項的統計分析…………………130 第三節 研究假說與架構的驗證…………………………………170 參、討論……………………………………………………………178 第一節 重要研究結果討論………………………………………178 第二節 研究限制…………………………………………………187 第五章 結論與建議………………………………………………188 第一節 結論………………………………………………………188 第二節 建議………………………………………………………191 參考文獻……………………………………………………………194 附錄…………………………………………………………………209 附錄一、德菲法問卷專家效度名單………………………………209 附錄二、德菲法問卷專家名單……………………………………210 附錄三、醫院品質報告卡指標項目適用性及重要性評分問卷 212 附錄四、醫院品質報告卡指標項目適用性及重要性評分問卷 (第二回合) ………………………………………………224 附錄五、住院病人對「醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡」的認知、 態度與使用意願之研究問卷專家效度名單……………246 附錄六、住院病人對「醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡」的認知、 態度與使用意願之研究…………………………………247 附錄七、醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡的範例……………………254 表目錄 表2-1品質報告卡的種類及指標項目…………………………… 20 表2-2台灣有關醫療品質指標的實證研究……………………… 50 表2-3台灣用來評估醫院醫療品質的指標彙總表……………… 56 表2-4有關民眾(病人)選擇醫院(醫師)考量因素的實證研究… 58 表2-5台灣有關醫院品質報告卡及民眾就醫選擇資訊需求的相 關研究 ……………………………………………………… 66 表3-1本研究初步選取醫院醫療與服務品質指標的來源或依據…84 表3-2本研究所採用醫院醫療與服務品質指標的操作型定義……87 表3-3問卷發放及回收情形…………………………………………96 表3-4德菲法專家問卷分析結果……………………………………99 表3-5適用性前十名指標項目及其平均值 ………………………103 表3-6重視度前十名指標項目及其平均值 ………………………104 表3-7適用性與重視度交叉分析矩陣表 …………………………104 表3-8高適用性且高重視度指標項目 ……………………………105 表3-9Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test 檢定結果………………… 109 表4-1研究對象分配表—依層級別、權屬別及性別分 …………120 表4-2預試問卷各成份信度結果 …………………………………125 表4-3有效樣本分佈情形—依醫院別 ……………………………131 表4-4樣本個人基本特質與就醫選擇資訊搜尋及需求狀況 ……133 表4-5對醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡的認知 ……………………137 表4-6對醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡之指標及呈現方式的瞭解 程度…… ……………………………………………………139 表4-7醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡創新特性之描述性分析 ……140 表4-8醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡的態度及使用意願之描述性 分析………………………………………………………… 144 表4-9創新接受度量表之描述性分析 ……………………………145 表4-10住院病人自覺醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡對選擇醫院有 無價值影響因素的雙變項分析……………………………147 表4-11病人自覺品質報告卡對選擇醫院有無價值影響因素之複 迴歸分析……………………………………………………149 表4-12住院前有無先探聽醫院醫療與服務品質資訊影響因素的 雙變項分析…………………………………………………151 表4-13住院前有無探聽醫院醫療與服務品質資訊影響因素之複 迴歸分析……………………………………………………153 表4-14住院病人是否看懂醫院醫療與服務品質資訊影響因素的 雙變項分析…………………………………………………155 表4-15住院病人是否看懂品質資訊影響因素之複迴歸分析……157 表4-16住院病人是否需要醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡影響因素 的雙變項分析………………………………………………159 表4-17住院病人是否需要醫院品質報告卡影響因素之複迴歸分 析……………………………………………………………161 表4-18住院病人會不會參考醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡影響因 素的雙變項分析 …………………………………………163 表4-19住院病人會不會參考醫院品質報告卡影響因素之複迴歸 分析…………………………………………………………165 表4-20住院病人是否會更換就醫醫院影響因素的雙變項分析…167 表4-21住院病人會不會更換到其他的醫院看病影響因素之複迴 歸分析…… ………………………………………………169 表4-22住院病人創新接受度、對醫院醫療與服務品質報告卡創 新特性之知覺、態度與使用意願理論架構因果模式之配 適度檢定結果………………………………………………171 表4-23整體模式之多元相關平方(SMC) …………………………171 表4-24外因潛在變項與其測量變項關係之標準化係數之檢定…173 表4-25內因潛在變項與其測量變項關係之標準化係數之檢定…174 表4-26潛在變項間之因果關係的標準化係數之檢定……………174 表4-27外因潛在變項間相關係數之檢定…………………………175 表4-28研究模式的間接、直接與整體效果………………………175 表4-29研究假說檢定結果…………………………………………176 圖目錄 圖2-1Rogers的創新--決策過程典範………………………………41 圖3-1德菲法研究流程………………………………………………80 圖4-1研究架構 ……………………………………………………111 圖4-2本研究之結構方程模式關係路徑圖 ………………………177

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Purpose - The purpose of this research is to explore disruptive innovation and to determine whether Christensen’s latest version (2015) of the disruptive innovation theory can explain the success of multisided platforms in the music industry. Thus, we analyze three cases studies based on the theory: Napster, Spotify and Apple Music. At the end, we present our results concerning Christensen’s theory’s capability to explain the recent success stories of digital multisided platforms. Research Question - “Does the theory of disruptive innovation explain the success of Multi-sided Platforms in the music industry?” Methodology - A comparative case study with three levels of success gives us a width that we think is necessary in order to draw conclusions. Spotify is considered to be a global market leader while Apple Music is highly successful and market leader in the US. Napster, however, is not considered successful due to the legal issues it has encountered. Secondary data is used on all cases, and an in-depth literature review of the theory which supports the theoretical framework that we use to compare the cases. Findings - This research explores Christensen’s theory that is widely misinterpreted and misapplied in the recent years. Christensen’s theory is heavily built upon a technology factor that drives disruptive innovation, however, this can not explain for instance Spotify’s success, which is according to the original theory is not disruptive. We argue that business model innovation is the driver of disruption in some cases where technology is merely an enabler for business to reach disruptive effects. We would like to propose a stronger categorization of disruption types, such as “technology driven disruption” or “business model driven disruption” in order to identify disruption with different roots. / Syfte - Syftet med denna forskning är att undersöka disruptiv (omstörtande) innovation och att avgöra om Christensens senaste version (2015) av den disruptiva (omstörtande) innovationsteorin kan förklara framgången med flersidiga plattformar inom musikbranschen. Således analyserar vi tre fallstudier baserade på teorin: Napster, Spotify och Apple Music. I slutet presenterar vi våra resultat avseende Christensens teoris förmåga att förklara de senaste framgångshistorierna för digitala flersidiga plattformar. Forskningsfråga - “Förklarar teorin om disruptiv innovation framgången med flersidiga plattformar i musikbranschen?” Metodik - En jämförande fallstudie med tre nivåer av framgång ger oss den bredd som vi tycker är nödvändig för att dra slutsatser. Spotify anses vara en global marknadsledare och Apple Music är mycket framgångsrikt samt marknadsledande i USA. Napster anses emellertid inte framgångsrikt på grund av de rättsliga problem som uppstått. Sekundär data används i alla exempel, samt en djupgående litteraturöversikt av teorin som stöder den teoretiska ramverk som vi använder för att jämföra fallen. Resultat - Denna undersökning utforskar Christensens teori som är brett misstolkad och felaktig tillämpad under de senaste åren. Christensens teori bygger starkt på en teknikfaktor som driver disruptiv innovation, men detta kan inte förklara exempelvis Spotifys framgång, vilken enligt den ursprungliga teorin inte är disruptiv. Vi argumenterar för att affärsmodellinnovation driver störningar i fall där tekniken bara är en katalysator för att verksamheten når disruptiva effekter. Vi skulle vilja föreslå en starkare kategorisering av disruptionstyper, till exempel “tekniskt driven disruption” eller “affärsmodelldisruption” för att identifiera disruptioner med olika rötter.

The adoption of blockchain technology for cross-border payments is not an easy task.However this qualitative study further investigates the connotations associated with adoptionof blockchain in cross-border financial transactions within Swedish financial institutions suchas banks, fintech, and credit management service companies. To answer this question, weinterviewed six participants that work in a credit management company, an open bankingcompany, and a digital mortgage service company using semi-structured interviews. Datacollection was done using this method because the purpose of this research work is to identifypeople's insights and experiences based on their real-life experiences. Data were analyzedusing thematic analysis. Our results showed that the impact of adoption of blockchain incross-border payment transactions in terms of technical implementation challenges,customers' use cases and pilot programs, compliance and security enhancements, industrycollaboration and knowledge sharing, legacy systems integration and interoperability, and keydrivers beyond adoption. In addition, the study findings were compared with the determinantsand influence factors of the model through the lens of the DOI. The implications of this studycould used to help financial institutions' focus on blockchain adoption in cross-borderpayment transactions. As a whole, this study contributes to the idea that financial institutionsshould develop an accurate strategy, as well as guidelines that can assist them in leveragingblockchain technology for cross-border payments, enhancing their services, and fosteringsustainable growth in cross-border digital markets.

本論文主要在探索作為產業組織核心之「公司」，將其知識以公開或特定之標準或程序加以模組化(modularization)後，進行公司內部與外部以產品開發為主之知識分工(division of knowledge)與再用(reuse)活動，因而衍生的組織與管理問題，以及公司間知識移轉與學習問題。並希望藉由產業實證，發展以「知識模組化與再用」為基礎之技術創新理論。 研究過程採取紮根理論，針對了軟體產業四家公司與半導體設計業四家公司，分別就其採取軟體元件與矽智財之模組化創新現象進行深入訪談研究，進行編碼過程，將觀念類別抽象化為「績效與競爭力」、「研發知識模組技術力」、「知識模組再用力」、「知識模組平台演進力」、「組織政策與文化」、「產業基礎模組主導者之引導力」、「市場異質性」、「知識模組交易/交換成熟度」及「產業中介組織推動力」等九項。 根據實證發現，知識模組創新公司企業常規為(1)採取知識模組再用平台為核心之產品/服務創新模式；(2)以平台為考量之組織構型設計；(3)建立四項公司內部重要能力—包括研發知識模組技術力、知識模組再用力、知識模組再用平台演進力、及組織政策與文化。至於影響產業知識模組交換/交易之因素，則為(1)開放之平台知識模組來源；(2)營造利於知識模組再用之供需脈絡；(3)妥善運用產業網絡。 有關理論之建構，本研究選擇「平台經濟性」作為核心類別，並以「知識模組動態組合價值性」作為演化準則，經由主軸編碼與選擇編碼等程序，發展出九項命題，藉以建構「平台經濟性創新(economies of platforms innovation)」理論。根據該理論，本研究指出知識模組創新公司，可依據能力審視、能力構築、能力持續等三階段，建構其動態核心能力。 本研究最後針對產業與政府等實務界，提出綜合性建議如下： 一、對產業界之建議 應注意與學習辨識所處產業是否正進入後產業化階段之分合(dis-integration)過程所產生之知識分工趨勢，並參考本研究所提出之「平台經濟性創新理論」，研擬以「平台經濟性」為基礎之知識模組化創新策略。同時，應積極運用知識模組供需脈絡與產業網絡之力量。 二、對政府產業政策之建議 針對協助個別企業提升內部能力方面，可加強輔導企業發展以知識模組再用平台為基礎之研發計畫，並且建立標竿案例與最佳實務，以提供企業導入「平台經濟性創新策略」之參考。同時，針對有主導潛力之知識模組創新企業，協助其深化發展產業主流平台。 此外，與國際相較，台灣知識型企業之規模仍屬偏小，政府輔導機制可加強推動國際級產業基礎模組主導者與國內業者結盟、輔導建立夥伴廠商體系(e.g.旗艦計畫)、輔導建立知識模組交易/交換機制、協助釐清知識模組之智慧財產權爭議、以及積極參與國際標準制訂，並快速擴散相關資訊與技術供產業參考等。 / Knowledge modularization is a popular phenomenon in knowledge-based industries. This study explores issues related to companies, which use open or specific stan-dards/procedures to encapsulate their knowledge into modules, and then use such mod-ules to pursue internal and/or external division of knowledge and knowledge reuse activi-ties, for the purpose of developing products. The said issues include the organization and management issues, as well as knowledge transfer and learning. Through the process of empirical field investigations this study aims to develop a new technological innovation theory, which is based on knowledge modularization and reuse. This study adopted the Grounded Theory, together with case studies, as the main methodology to guide the research process. Eight companies were selected as case stud-ies, which included four companies from the software industry and four design houses from the semiconductor industry. We interviewed these companies to discuss in-depth modularization innovation concerning software components in software industry and silicon intellectual properties (SIPs) in the semiconductor industry. The collected data is differentiated into nine conceptual categories, which are the (1) performance and com-petitiveness, (2) technology capabilities for developing knowledge modules, (3) capabili-ties for reusing knowledge modules, (4) evolution of knowledge module platforms, (5) organization policy and culture, (6) leadership in terms of basic industry modules, (7) market heterogeneity, (8) maturity of knowledge module transactions/exchanges, and (9) promotion of intermediary industry organizations. According to the study's findings, knowledge module innovation companies usually adopt the following procedures : (1) use knowledge module reuse platforms as the core of product/service innovation models; (2) organization structure design based on platforms; establish four internal capabilities, including (i) enhance the technology capabilities for developing knowledge module, (ii) reusing knowledge modules, (iii) speed up the evolution of knowledge module reuse platforms, (5) establish organization policy and culture. As for factors impacting industry knowledge module exchanges/transactions, these include 1) knowledge module sources for open platforms, 2) create supply and demand beneficial to knowledge module reuse, 3) making good use of industry networks. Regarding the formation of a theory, the “economies of platforms” are used as the core category, and develop the “dynamic combination value of knowledge modules” as a criterion of evolution. Through axial and selective coding, nine propositions are devel-oped to support and construct the theory of "economies of platform innovation". Accord-ing to this theory, the study finds that knowledge module innovation companies can build their dynamic core capabilities through three phases, including capabilities positioning, building up capabilities, and sustaining capabilities. The study also proposes several suggestions for the industry and government: 1. Suggestions for the industry: Companies should closely watch and learn to recognize whether the structure of the industry in which they operate is entering a dis-integration process leading to division of knowledge. If so, the companies can refer to the theory of "economies of platform in-novation", to take action on knowledge module innovation strategies based on the economies of platforms. Meanwhile, they should utilize the power of the sup-ply-demand of knowledge modules and industrial networks. 2. Suggestions for the government's industry policies: For the purpose of helping individual firms raise their capabilities, the government could improve R&D assistance programs focused on the establishment of knowledge module reuse platforms. The government can also establish benchmarks or best practice cases as references for companies who would like to adopt innovation strategies for economies of platforms. Furthermore, knowledge module innovation companies with the potential to become industry leaders can be further assisted in developing mainstream industry platforms. Besides, compared with international companies, the scale of knowledge-based companies in Taiwan is small. Therefore, the government can strengthen its efforts in promoting alliances between international industry leaders and Taiwanese companies, help Taiwanese companies to establish strategic partner networks, assist companies in establishing transaction/exchange mechanism for knowledge modules, clarify issues re-lated to intellectual properties of knowledge modules, participate in international stan-dards bodies, and provide up-to-date and relevant market and technology information.