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Submitted by Rosa Maria Lopes da Costa e Souza Lima (rosa.souzalima@gmail.com) on 2016-03-21T16:17:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 De consumidora a empreendedora institucional.pdf: 1713497 bytes, checksum: f8599b92f6c08c5c629435c7c1839936 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2016-03-22T17:01:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 De consumidora a empreendedora institucional.pdf: 1713497 bytes, checksum: f8599b92f6c08c5c629435c7c1839936 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:28:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 De consumidora a empreendedora institucional.pdf: 1713497 bytes, checksum: f8599b92f6c08c5c629435c7c1839936 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / The creative fashion industry is being impacted by the action of consumers using new media as a means of interaction, such as blogs, Twitter and Instagram. Consumers in that context who assumed the role of entrepreneurs, were not dissatisfied with the market, just wanted to share their ideas and acquisitions with other network users. With the passage of time, however, this action initially unassuming, achieved popularity and captured the attention of players and companies in the industry, earning scale (DIAMANDIS & KOTLER, 2015) and visibility. Therefore, this research will aim to identify and analyze the discursive strategies that led consumers who only wanted to communicate and exchange their ideas about a topic that interested them to the category of institutional entrepreneurs (ANSARI & PHILLIPS, 2011; DOLBEC & FISCHER, 2015). The question answered here was: What are the discursive strategies used by consumers who have become institutional entrepreneurs? For this was an exploratory study carried out in the form of a case study, with the blogger Camila Coutinho, from Garotas Estúpidas blog. The discursive strategies of the entrepreneur were mainly compiled through blog posts, materials published in the media and interviews analysis. Data were analyzed by speech analysis method (VAN DIJK, 1997; PHILLIPS & HARDY, 2002). This research contributesto the theory of institutional entrepreneurship in the identification and analysis of the discursive strategies used by an institutional entrepreneur. It also contributes to the management practice by identifying the changes generated by entrepreneurs in social media field. / A indústria criativa de moda está sendo impactada pela ação de consumidores que utilizam novos meios de comunicação como forma de interação, tais como blogs, Instagram e Twitter. Os consumidores que, nesse contexto, assumiram o papel de empreendedores, não estavam insatisfeitos com o mercado, apenas queriam compartilhar suas ideias e aquisições com outros usuários da rede. Com o decorrer do tempo, no entanto, essa ação, inicialmente despretensiosa, alcançou popularidade e captou a atenção de leitores e de empresas do setor, ganhando escala (DIAMANDIS & KOTLER, 2015) e visibilidade. Sendo assim, a pesquisa terá como objetivo identificar e analisar as estratégias discursivas que conduziram consumidores, que apenas desejavam se comunicar e trocar suas ideias em torno de um tema que lhes interessava, à categoria de empreendedores institucionais (ANSARI & PHILLIPS, 2011; DOLBEC & FISCHER, 2015). A pergunta de pesquisa respondida foi: Quais são as estratégias discursivas utilizadas por consumidores que se tornaram empreendedores institucionais? Para tal foi realizado um estudo exploratório, na forma de estudo de caso, com a blogger Camila Coutinho, do blog Garotas Estúpidas. Foram analisadas as estratégias discursivas da empreendedora, compiladas principalmente por meio de postagens do blog, materiais divulgados na mídia e entrevistas. Os dados foram analisados pelo método de análise de discurso (VAN DIJK, 1997; PHILLIPS & HARDY, 2002). Esta pesquisa contribui para a teoria de empreendedorismo institucional ao identificar e analisar as estratégias discursivas usadas por um empreendedor institucional. Além disso, contribui para a prática gerencial ao identificar as mudanças geradas por empreendedores no campo de mídia virtual.

Submitted by Leonardo Oliveira (leonardo.augusto@fgvmail.br) on 2017-10-23T13:25:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTATION_LEONARDO_OLIVEIRA_V_FINAL.pdf: 1596350 bytes, checksum: 3181fe8e348909e630b20e2ed8ff7e9e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-10-24T19:44:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTATION_LEONARDO_OLIVEIRA_V_FINAL.pdf: 1596350 bytes, checksum: 3181fe8e348909e630b20e2ed8ff7e9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-10T18:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTATION_LEONARDO_OLIVEIRA_V_FINAL.pdf: 1596350 bytes, checksum: 3181fe8e348909e630b20e2ed8ff7e9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-17 / Our research draws on the Institutional Entrepreneurship Capability (DiMaggio, 1988) intending to uncover the sources of institutional entrepreneurship capabilities and if these capabilities developed at home can be used by overseas subsidiaries to deal with local institutions. Scholars have focused on describing Institutional Entrepreneurship, not analyzing it, assuming agency exists; they have failed to explain how actors overcome the institutional environment in which they are embedded to be able to alter it (Mutch, 2007). So far, we have not been able to find any research that has specifically defined and put together the organization´s characteristics providing the ability to influence and change institutions. This paper contributes to the Institutional Entrepreneurship literature by filling this gap. We first identify which specific resources are providing companies with institutional entrepreneurship capability, providing us with a framework for measuring the ability to influence and change institutions. We identify four dimensions of institutional entrepreneurship capability: Political Power; Technological Power; Social Power; and Financial Power. We further developed Hypotheses about which of these sources of institutional entrepreneurship capabilities can be transferred from headquarters to overseas subsidiaries, thus, contributing to international business literature by introducing the institutional entrepreneurship capability, of both headquarters and subsidiaries, on subsidiaries' analysis. We further develop a measurement model for Institutional Entrepreneurship Capability (IEC), determining the degree of its presence in firms by disaggregating and describing IEC power dimensions to obtain a model to measure this capability. It assesses firm capability to change existing institutional arrangements. As there usually exist several institutional entrepreneurs in any field, measuring their IEC is relevant to understand the field, and how institutional change takes place, considering firm-specific capabilities. Intending to bridge the gap between abstract theoretical constructs and empirical measures, we define IEC through a network of associations with its observable properties and proxies, determining possible measurement techniques. This study concerns the recent changes in the Brazilian energy sector, which resulted in a set of new rules and regulations for the production and distribution of electrical energy in the national territory. We have analyzed all public hearings ranging from 2010 to 2015 at the National Agency for Electrical Energy (ANEEL) that resulted in changes the regulatory framework. About this period, we have identified 86 public hearings, with the participation of 217 entities, including state-owned and private companies, associations and state and federal governmental entities and individual contributions. About these 86 public hearings, we have identified 625 participations totaling 3170 contributions. Results showed the proposed model for measuring Institutional Entrepreneurship Capability of firms had a good fit and that this construct explained 56% of the variance in Firms´ driven institutional change. A theoretical contribution was made on the transferability of IEC from headquarters to subsidiaries oversee. We proposed further research.

Submitted by Armando Alexandre Castro (aaccastro@gmail.com) on 2014-09-23T20:02:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE COMPLETA - ARMANDO CASTRO.pdf: 3733774 bytes, checksum: 1b74a6b916131a1e136401591bafa42c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2014-09-29T18:22:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE COMPLETA - ARMANDO CASTRO.pdf: 3733774 bytes, checksum: 1b74a6b916131a1e136401591bafa42c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-29T18:22:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE COMPLETA - ARMANDO CASTRO.pdf: 3733774 bytes, checksum: 1b74a6b916131a1e136401591bafa42c (MD5) / Esta investigação trata da música popular massiva baiana e suas inúmeras articulações na indústria contemporânea do entretenimento, procurando apresentar a gestão da obra como elemento relevante e estratégico no mercado musical. A dinâmica, representativa e reconhecida música baiana atual se constitui como elemento sociocultural relevante junto ao desenvolvimento econômico do Estado, e, com sua rápida associação às diversas indústrias (cultural, turística, etc.), muitos setores da cadeia produtiva musical foram estimulados, criados e aperfeiçoados mediante necessidade e demanda crescente. Em Salvador, por exemplo, nas últimas décadas, surgiram inúmeras empresas produtoras de artistas e eventos, empreendedores culturais, estúdios, compositores e editoras musicais. A partir da profissionalização e crescente apropriação mercantil do modelo carnavalesco soteropolitano por atores e artistas locais, um dos desdobramentos mais evidentes destes fenômenos é o fortalecimento de uma música baiana de entretenimento, massiva, sobretudo elétrica na disposição do seu instrumental, resistente às mais rigorosas críticas e discursos quanto ao seu fim, não raro, preconceituosos e resultantes de considerável desconhecimento acerca de suas inúmeras articulações organizacionais e mercadológicas. Um dos elementos resultantes do trabalho empírico desta tese é o mapeamento do novo e crescente campo da gestão da obra musical na Bahia, fato que insere o estado e seus gestores culturais, de forma representativa, no relevante debate e mercado da propriedade intelectual e direito autoral contemporâneos. O institucionalismo e o empreendedorismo institucional são as correntes teóricas principais desta tese, pois se contrapõem ao modelo de interpretação funcionalista e positivista das organizações, centrado nas disposições técnicas das dinâmicas gerenciais, produtivas e exclusivamente utilitaristas. Compreendendo as inúmeras transformações no campo da produção musical soteropolitana nas últimas três décadas, o empreendedorismo institucional, nesta tese, se justifica por seus aspectos conceituais e relacionais que procuram investigar e compreender os modos pelos quais os indivíduos e/ou organizações desenvolvem novas normas e regras institucionais, reconfigurando comportamentos e/ou estruturas vigentes.

Product labelling schemes have become one of the most prominently used instruments to facilitate more Sustainable Consumption and Production. But with a plethora of labelling schemes having been implemented, many now accuse them of being confusing rather than facilitating. As a result, governments in France, UK and Germany, as well as businesses, such as Walmart, and non-governmental organisations, like WWF, have begun to consider seriously the implementation of some form of ‘Sustainability Meta Label’ that condenses existing product-labels and other communication measures into a more coherent overarching scheme. Yet so far, in depth studies on the potential institutionalisation of a Sustainability Meta Labelling Scheme are missing.Based on case study research of four existing product labelling schemes (EU eco, EU energy, Fairtrade and MSC label), this study addresses this gap by developing a novel theoretical framework to study the causalities behind product labelling institutionalisation processes. Combining theoretical arguments of constructivist institutionalism and institutional entrepreneurship with concepts of legitimacy from the governance and organisational studies literature, this framework establishes the institutionalisation of product labelling schemes as contingent on an interactive legitimacy construction between actors involved in the initiation and organisational structures of a labelling scheme and other actors within the production and consumption system. This construction tends to cluster around aspects of tradition, regulation, charisma, knowledge, consequences, and procedures.By concretizing this framework in the context of the studied cases, it is shown how legitimacy constructions are highly complex and how in particular procedural and consequential legitimacy can give rise to fundamental conflicts. The potentially large scope, focus and area of application of a Sustainability Meta Label with the need to find agreements in regard to the very contested notion of Sustainable Development, seems to make the task of managing such conflicts even more difficult. While the mobilisation of knowledge, traditional, regulatory and charismatic logics can circumvent some of these conflicts, they have also demonstrated to be anything but a silver bullet. In a sense, this study shows that the very issue that is claimed to drive the establishment of a Sustainability Meta Labelling Scheme-the different interpretations of the Sustainable Development concept through different product labels-might in fact pose one of the main challenges for its institutionalisation and effectiveness in facilitating more Sustainable Consumption and Production.With these findings this study makes important contributions not only to an increasingly prominent policy making discussion but also to the wider product labelling and new institutional literature. After further empirical testing, the developed theoretical framework could guide future research into the institutionalisation of product labelling schemes and potentially also other ordering mechanisms. While the focus of this study is on commonalities across product labelling schemes such further research could especially expand on how micro, meso, and macro level factors can shape institutionalisation processes in diverse ways.

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To avoid dangerous climate change a massive reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is required in a relative short time span. However, as development is moving in the wrong direction, there appears to be great inertia in changing activities. This dissertation’s overarching purpose is, from an institutional perspective, to advance the understanding of greenhouse gas-related inertia, as well as change, in industrial agri-activities. This purpose is addressed in four individual but related papers and an introductory chapter. A case study methodology is utilized to advance knowledge regarding greenhouse gas-related inertia and change. Two change initiatives involving the Swedish Board ofAgriculture, the designated expert authority on agricultural matters, were chosen and explored with qualitative methods. The first case consisted of a project to create at an Action Plan, a policy suggestion regarding strategies to reduce emissions from agriculture. The second case focused on the Swedish Board of Agriculture’s co-owned agricultural extension service, Greppa Näringen. More specifically, the case consisted of the provision of climate advice to farmers. The analyses of the initiatives focused on assessing, discussing and explaining the types of change advanced within them. The papers show how and why convergent rather than divergent change was pursued, describing different mechanisms generating this inertia. / För att undvika farliga klimatförändringar krävs massiva minskningar av växthusgasutsläpp på relativt kort tid. Detta kan inte uppnås utan omfattande förändringar av utsläppsintensiva aktiviteter. Det förefaller dock finnas en stor tröghet avseende detta, eftersom utvecklingen går i fel riktning. Såväl tröghet som förändring kan analyseras på olika nivåer, och den industriella nivån är speciellt relevant eftersom industriella aktiviteter bidrar med stora utsläpp. I detta sammanhang är primärproduktion av livsmedel av relativ betydelse, både med anledning av utsläppens storlek och produktionens betydelse för mänsklighetens överlevnad. För att förstå de ofta värdeladdade och idédrivna beteendena involverade i miljörelaterade förändringsprocesser använder jag mig av institutionell teori, en icke-reduktionistisk organisationsteori innehållande ett antal, i sammanhanget passande begrepp. Jag kombinerar institutionell teori med en positionering i det ”starka” hållbarhetsparadigmet, vilket ger ett analytiskt ramverk som betonar betydelsen av divergent, snarare än konvergent, förändring av industriell praktik. Följaktligen är denna avhandlings syfte att, ur ett institutionellt perspektiv, öka förståelsen av tröghet och förändring, relaterat till växthusgasutsläpp och industriella jordbruksaktiviteter. Syftet adresseras i fyra individuella men relaterade papper och en inledande kappa. Kappan presenterar det teoretiska ramverket, metoden, en översikt över artiklarna och en avslutande diskussion av artiklarnas sammanlagda bidrag i relation till litteraturen och avhandlingens syfte. Avhandlingen använder en fallstudie metodologi för att öka förståelsen av tröghet och förändring relaterat till växthusgasutsläpp. Två förändringsinitiativ relaterade till Statens jordbruksverk, expertmyndigheten på jordbruksområdet, valdes ut och utforskades med kvalitativa metoder. Bägge dessa initiativ riktade sig specifikt emot primärproduktion, där de största utsläppen sker. Det första fallet utgjordes av ett projekt för att skapa en handlingsplan: ett förslag på strategier för att reducera utsläpp från jordbruket. Det andra fallet fokuserade på Jordbruksverkets rådgivningsorganisation, Greppa Näringen, och utgjordes av klimatrådgivning riktat mot lantbrukare. Analysen av fallen sökte bedöma, diskutera och förklara den typ av förändring som eftersträvades. Resultaten har beskrivits i de fyra artiklarna, där de två första koncentrerade sig på studiet av handlingsplanen och de två senare på klimatrådgivningen. Artiklarna visar hur och varför som konvergent, snarare än divergent, förändring eftersträvades, genom att beskriva olika mekanismer som skapar denna tröghet. Konvergent förändring inbegriper ett fokus på effektivitet eller rådande politiska mål snarare än att minska förekomsten av utsläppsintensiva aktiviteter. I diskussionen av artiklarnas sammanlagda resultat föreslås att förändringsinitiativen bidrar till tröghet inom industrin genom att påverka öppenheten och motivationen gentemot divergent förändring hos andra aktörer. Avhandlingen bidrar till hållbarhetsfältet genom att ge en institutionell analys av tröghet och förändring på industriell nivå, vilket visar på hur begreppen konvergent/divergent förändring kan användas för att utforska hållbarhetsfrågor. Genom detta exempel kan förändringsprocesser i andra industrier inbegripande andra hållbarhetsfrågor förstås bättre. Utöver detta bidrar avhandlingen till institutionell teori, mer specifikt till diskussionen rörande hållbart entreprenörskap och institutionella logiker. Det förstnämnda bidraget inkluderar förbättrad förståelse av möjliggörande såväl som institutionellt entreprenörskap i fält karakteriserade av institutionell komplexitet, medan det sistnämnda utgörs av konceptualiseringen av konkurrerande institutionella logiker och deras inflytande på översättning.

En 2004, le gouvernement québécois s’est engagé dans une importante réorganisation de son système de santé en créant les Centres de santé et des services sociaux (CSSS). Conjugué à leur mandat de production de soins et services, les CSSS se sont vus attribuer un nouveau mandat de « responsabilité populationnelle ». Les gestionnaires se voient donc attribuer le mandat d’améliorer la santé et le bien-être d’une population définie géographiquement, en plus de répondre aux besoins des utilisateurs de soins et services. Cette double responsabilité demande aux gestionnaires d’articuler plus formellement au sein d’une gouverne locale, deux secteurs de prestations de services qui ont longtemps évolué avec peu d’interactions, « la santé publique » et « le système de soins ». Ainsi, l’incorporation de la responsabilité populationnelle amène à développer une plus grande synergie entre ces deux secteurs dans une organisation productrice de soins et services. Elle appelle des changements importants au niveau des domaines d’activités investis et demande des transformations dans certains rôles de gestion. L’objectif général de ce projet de recherche est de mieux comprendre comment le travail des gestionnaires des CSSS se transforme en situation de changement mandaté afin d’incorporer la responsabilité populationnelle dans leurs actions et leurs pratiques de gestion. Le devis de recherche s’appuie sur deux études de cas. Nous avons réalisé une étude de deux CSSS de la région de Montréal. Ces cas ont été choisis selon la variabilité des contextes socio-économiques et sanitaires ainsi que le nombre et la variété d’établissements sous la gouverne des CSSS. L’un des cas avait au sein de sa gouverne un Centre hospitalier de courte durée et l’autre non. La collecte de données se base sur trois sources principales; 1) l’analyse documentaire, 2) des entrevues semi-structurées (N=46) et 3) des observations non-participantes sur une période de près de deux ans (2005-2007). Nous avons adopté une démarche itérative, basée sur un raisonnement inductif. Pour analyser la transformation des CSSS, nous nous appuyons sur la théorie institutionnelle en théorie des organisations. Cette perspective est intéressante car elle permet de lier l’analyse du champ organisationnel, soit les différentes pressions issues des acteurs gravitant dans le système de santé québécois et le rôle des acteurs dans le processus de changement. Elle propose d’analyser à la fois les pressions environnementales qui expliquent les contraintes et les opportunités des acteurs gravitant dans le champ organisationnel de même que les pressions exercées par les CSSS et les stratégies d’actions locales que ceux-ci développent. Nous discutons de l’évolution des CSSS en présentant trois phases temporelles caractérisées par des dynamiques d’interaction entre les pressions exercées par les CSSS et celles exercées par les autres acteurs du champ organisationnel; la phase 1 porte sur l’appropriation des politiques dictées par l’État, la phase 2 réfère à l’adaptation aux orientations proposées par différents acteurs du champ organisationnel et la phase 3 correspond au développement de certains projets initiés localement. Nous montrons à travers le processus d’incorporation de la responsabilité populationnelle que les gestionnaires modifient certaines pratiques de gestion. Certains de ces rôles sont plus en lien avec la notion d’entrepreneur institutionnel, notamment, le rôle de leader, de négociateur et d’entrepreneur. À travers le processus de transformation de ces rôles, d’importants changements au niveau des actions entreprises par les CSSS se réalisent, notamment, l’organisation des services de première ligne, le développement d’interventions de prévention et de promotion de la santé de même qu’un rôle plus actif au sein de leur communauté. En conclusion, nous discutons des leçons tirées de l’incorporation de la responsabilité populationnelle au niveau d’une organisation productrice de soins et services. Nous échangeons sur les enjeux liés au développement d’une plus grande synergie entre la santé publique et le système de soins au sein d’une gouverne locale. Également, nous présentons un modèle synthèse d’un processus de mise en œuvre d’un changement mandaté dans un champ organisationnel fortement institutionnalisé en approfondissant les rôles des entrepreneurs institutionnels dans ce processus. Cette situation a été peu analysée dans la littérature jusqu’à maintenant. / In 2004, the Quebec Government has engaged in a major reorganization of its health system, by creating the Health and Social Services Centers (Centre de santé et de services sociaux-CSSS). In addition to their mandate of delivering care and services, the CSSS gained a mandate of population-based responsibility. The managers of these organizations obtained the mandate to improve the health and well-being of the population living on a specific territory in addition to responding to the users of health care services. This dual responsibility brings managers to articulate more formally two fields of services delivery that have traditionally evolved with few interactions: “public health” and “healthcare”. Incorporating the population-based responsibility to the practice of managers creates a greater synergy between these two fields within an organization that produces health care services. The reform calls for major changes in different areas of activities and management roles. The main objective of our research is to have a better understanding of the change in the CSSS management practices in response to the required population-based responsibility. We conducted an in-depth longitudinal analysis of two CSSS cases. These cases were selected from the same region, Montréal. The two cases have been chosen according to the variability of their socio-economic context as well as the number and variability of institutions under the governance of CSSS. One case included an acute-care hospital while the other did not. Data collected include real-time observations of top management meetings at the regional and local levels during more than two years (2005-2007), 46 interviews with managers and key stakeholders as well as secondary data (planning documents, organizational charts, minutes of executive board meetings, etc.). We adopted an iterative process based on inductive thinking. We based our analysis on institutional theory in the theory of organization studies. This perspective is interesting because it allows us to link the organizational fields analyzed (pressures from different healthcare actors) to the roles of actors in the change process. This theory proposes to analyze both the environmental pressures which explain the constraints and opportunities of the actors in the organization field and the pressure created by the CSSS and the local strategic actions they develop. We discuss the evolution of CSSS by presenting three temporal stages characterized by dynamic interaction between the pressures created by the CSSS as well as those created by the other actors in the organizational field; stage 1 refers to compliance with policies put forward by the Government, stage 2 focuses on the adaptation to suggestions made by different actors in the organizational field and stage 3 corresponds to the development of projects at local level. We show through the process of incorporating population-based responsibility some change in management practices. Some management roles are closer to the entrepreneurship institutional theory being seen as leaders, negotiators and entrepreneurs. Through the process of transforming management roles, important changes happen regarding the actions put in place by CSSS such as the formal organization of primary care services, the development of health promotion and prevention activities and a more active implication in the community. In conclusion, we discuss findings from incorporating population-based responsibility into a delivery of health care services organization. We exchange on challenges associated with the development of a greater synergy between public health and healthcare into the same governance structure. Also, we present a synthetic model of the process of implementation of a mandated change into an organization field that is strongly institutionalized. We expand more specifically on the institutional entrepreneur role in that process of change. This situation has been rarely discussed in the literature so far.

Este estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar a formação do mercado de agências digitais no Rio Grande do Sul a partir de relações sociais e econômicas desencadeadas pelo empreendedorismo institucional coletivo de empresários, reunidos em uma associação de negócios (business association). O estudo fundamenta-se teoricamente nos pressupostos da Sociologia Econômica dos Mercados. A tese busca evidenciar a relevância de estudos sociológicos sobre a atividade empresarial, notadamente das associações de negócios, com ênfase sobre as ações que uma organização do tipo desenvolve na tentativa de conferir identidade, normas, padrões e fronteiras de atuação comercial e também profissional a um mercado de origem recente, isto é, o mercado de serviços de empresas designadas como agências digitais e que possuem matriz em território gaúcho. Por agências digitais entendemos todas aquelas companhias que têm projetos de Internet como atividade-fim, bem como conteúdo para outras mídias/plataformas digitais (celulares, TV digital e games), e que se situam na interseção de áreas de criação e Comunicação Social, como a Publicidade e Propaganda, e de base técnica, no caso de Tecnologia da Informação (TI). Como resultado desta tese, apontamos qual papel que uma associação de negócios (Agadi / Abradi-RS) desempenha no mercado de agências digitais do Rio Grande do Sul e qual o estágio em que se encontra a formação desse mercado, que possui caráter híbrido, reunindo mais de uma expertise. / This study aims at evaluating the market creation of digital agencies in Rio Grande do Sul privileging the social and economic relations triggered by the collective institutional entrepreneurship within a business association. The study is based on theoretical assumptions of the Economic Sociology of Markets. The study seeks to demonstrate the relevance of sociological research on entrepreneurial activity, particularly related to a business associations, emphasizing the actions of an organization created to give identity, norms, standards and boundaries for the commercial operations as well as to a recent professional market, that is, the market for services companies designated as digital agencies with headquarters in RS. For digital agencies it is understood all those companies that work with Internet projects, as well as with content for other media / digital platforms (mobile phones, digital TV and games), and which lie at the intersection of areas of creation and the Media, as Advertising and Propaganda, and technical basis, in the case of Information Technology (IT). The study examines the role the association plays for the creation of the market for digital agencies do Rio Grande do Sul and the stage it is in the formation of this market, which has hybrid character, gathering more than one expertise.

En 2004, le gouvernement québécois s’est engagé dans une importante réorganisation de son système de santé en créant les Centres de santé et des services sociaux (CSSS). Conjugué à leur mandat de production de soins et services, les CSSS se sont vus attribuer un nouveau mandat de « responsabilité populationnelle ». Les gestionnaires se voient donc attribuer le mandat d’améliorer la santé et le bien-être d’une population définie géographiquement, en plus de répondre aux besoins des utilisateurs de soins et services. Cette double responsabilité demande aux gestionnaires d’articuler plus formellement au sein d’une gouverne locale, deux secteurs de prestations de services qui ont longtemps évolué avec peu d’interactions, « la santé publique » et « le système de soins ». Ainsi, l’incorporation de la responsabilité populationnelle amène à développer une plus grande synergie entre ces deux secteurs dans une organisation productrice de soins et services. Elle appelle des changements importants au niveau des domaines d’activités investis et demande des transformations dans certains rôles de gestion. L’objectif général de ce projet de recherche est de mieux comprendre comment le travail des gestionnaires des CSSS se transforme en situation de changement mandaté afin d’incorporer la responsabilité populationnelle dans leurs actions et leurs pratiques de gestion. Le devis de recherche s’appuie sur deux études de cas. Nous avons réalisé une étude de deux CSSS de la région de Montréal. Ces cas ont été choisis selon la variabilité des contextes socio-économiques et sanitaires ainsi que le nombre et la variété d’établissements sous la gouverne des CSSS. L’un des cas avait au sein de sa gouverne un Centre hospitalier de courte durée et l’autre non. La collecte de données se base sur trois sources principales; 1) l’analyse documentaire, 2) des entrevues semi-structurées (N=46) et 3) des observations non-participantes sur une période de près de deux ans (2005-2007). Nous avons adopté une démarche itérative, basée sur un raisonnement inductif. Pour analyser la transformation des CSSS, nous nous appuyons sur la théorie institutionnelle en théorie des organisations. Cette perspective est intéressante car elle permet de lier l’analyse du champ organisationnel, soit les différentes pressions issues des acteurs gravitant dans le système de santé québécois et le rôle des acteurs dans le processus de changement. Elle propose d’analyser à la fois les pressions environnementales qui expliquent les contraintes et les opportunités des acteurs gravitant dans le champ organisationnel de même que les pressions exercées par les CSSS et les stratégies d’actions locales que ceux-ci développent. Nous discutons de l’évolution des CSSS en présentant trois phases temporelles caractérisées par des dynamiques d’interaction entre les pressions exercées par les CSSS et celles exercées par les autres acteurs du champ organisationnel; la phase 1 porte sur l’appropriation des politiques dictées par l’État, la phase 2 réfère à l’adaptation aux orientations proposées par différents acteurs du champ organisationnel et la phase 3 correspond au développement de certains projets initiés localement. Nous montrons à travers le processus d’incorporation de la responsabilité populationnelle que les gestionnaires modifient certaines pratiques de gestion. Certains de ces rôles sont plus en lien avec la notion d’entrepreneur institutionnel, notamment, le rôle de leader, de négociateur et d’entrepreneur. À travers le processus de transformation de ces rôles, d’importants changements au niveau des actions entreprises par les CSSS se réalisent, notamment, l’organisation des services de première ligne, le développement d’interventions de prévention et de promotion de la santé de même qu’un rôle plus actif au sein de leur communauté. En conclusion, nous discutons des leçons tirées de l’incorporation de la responsabilité populationnelle au niveau d’une organisation productrice de soins et services. Nous échangeons sur les enjeux liés au développement d’une plus grande synergie entre la santé publique et le système de soins au sein d’une gouverne locale. Également, nous présentons un modèle synthèse d’un processus de mise en œuvre d’un changement mandaté dans un champ organisationnel fortement institutionnalisé en approfondissant les rôles des entrepreneurs institutionnels dans ce processus. Cette situation a été peu analysée dans la littérature jusqu’à maintenant. / In 2004, the Quebec Government has engaged in a major reorganization of its health system, by creating the Health and Social Services Centers (Centre de santé et de services sociaux-CSSS). In addition to their mandate of delivering care and services, the CSSS gained a mandate of population-based responsibility. The managers of these organizations obtained the mandate to improve the health and well-being of the population living on a specific territory in addition to responding to the users of health care services. This dual responsibility brings managers to articulate more formally two fields of services delivery that have traditionally evolved with few interactions: “public health” and “healthcare”. Incorporating the population-based responsibility to the practice of managers creates a greater synergy between these two fields within an organization that produces health care services. The reform calls for major changes in different areas of activities and management roles. The main objective of our research is to have a better understanding of the change in the CSSS management practices in response to the required population-based responsibility. We conducted an in-depth longitudinal analysis of two CSSS cases. These cases were selected from the same region, Montréal. The two cases have been chosen according to the variability of their socio-economic context as well as the number and variability of institutions under the governance of CSSS. One case included an acute-care hospital while the other did not. Data collected include real-time observations of top management meetings at the regional and local levels during more than two years (2005-2007), 46 interviews with managers and key stakeholders as well as secondary data (planning documents, organizational charts, minutes of executive board meetings, etc.). We adopted an iterative process based on inductive thinking. We based our analysis on institutional theory in the theory of organization studies. This perspective is interesting because it allows us to link the organizational fields analyzed (pressures from different healthcare actors) to the roles of actors in the change process. This theory proposes to analyze both the environmental pressures which explain the constraints and opportunities of the actors in the organization field and the pressure created by the CSSS and the local strategic actions they develop. We discuss the evolution of CSSS by presenting three temporal stages characterized by dynamic interaction between the pressures created by the CSSS as well as those created by the other actors in the organizational field; stage 1 refers to compliance with policies put forward by the Government, stage 2 focuses on the adaptation to suggestions made by different actors in the organizational field and stage 3 corresponds to the development of projects at local level. We show through the process of incorporating population-based responsibility some change in management practices. Some management roles are closer to the entrepreneurship institutional theory being seen as leaders, negotiators and entrepreneurs. Through the process of transforming management roles, important changes happen regarding the actions put in place by CSSS such as the formal organization of primary care services, the development of health promotion and prevention activities and a more active implication in the community. In conclusion, we discuss findings from incorporating population-based responsibility into a delivery of health care services organization. We exchange on challenges associated with the development of a greater synergy between public health and healthcare into the same governance structure. Also, we present a synthetic model of the process of implementation of a mandated change into an organization field that is strongly institutionalized. We expand more specifically on the institutional entrepreneur role in that process of change. This situation has been rarely discussed in the literature so far.