Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-11T17:48:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviniciusdasilva.pdf: 3307250 bytes, checksum: 5237cca25b500fed8d68027a19990087 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-27T19:23:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviniciusdasilva.pdf: 3307250 bytes, checksum: 5237cca25b500fed8d68027a19990087 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T19:23:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviniciusdasilva.pdf: 3307250 bytes, checksum: 5237cca25b500fed8d68027a19990087 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-12 / O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o estado mental flow e a motivação em corredores de velocidade e de resistência do atletismo. No estudo 1, que investigou a teoria do Flow-feeling, a amostra foi composta de 25 atletas sendo 18 do sexo masculino, divididos em grupos de acordo com a especialidade: 8 velocistas (VE) (20±3,3 anos), 7 meio fundistas (MF) (25±8,4 anos), 8 fundistas (FD) (31,3±12,3 anos), e 2 ultramaratonistas (UM) (44±7,07 anos). No estudo 2, sobre motivação, participaram 31 atletas (23 do sexo masculino), sendo: 8 velocistas (20±3,3 anos), 8 meio fundistas (24,2±8,1anos), 8 fundistas (31±12,1 anos), e 7 ultramaratonistas (37,7±9,3 anos). Para investigar a teoria do Flow-feeling optou-se pela entrevista individual, aberta e semi-estruturada, orientada por um roteiro com 11 questões. As dimensões equilíbrio desafio-habilidade e concentração intensa na tarefa foram as mais citadas pelos atletas, representando respectivamente, 17,7 e 16,1 % do total das unidades de registro. Os indivíduos da amostra relacionaram a ocorrência da dimensão equilíbrio desafio-habilidade ao nível de treinamento e à possibilidade de êxito na competição. A ocorrência da dimensão concentração intensa na tarefa demonstrou que os atletas de velocidade utilizam mais a estratégia de atenção associativa. Em contrapartida, os atletas de resistência utilizam predominantemente a estratégia de atenção dissociativa. No estudo 2, a motivação intrínseca e extrínseca foi avaliada por meio do questionário Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) validado para a língua portuguesa (BARA FILHO et al., 2010). A motivação dos corredores das diferentes modalidades foi similar, à exceção da subescala de motivação extrínseca identificada que foi maior nos ultramaratonistas, quando comparados aos corredores meio fundistas (p=0,029). Em todos os grupos, os valores de motivação intrínseca total apresentaram valores ligeiramente superiores à motivação extrínseca, contudo, apenas no grupo de fundistas a diferença estatística foi constatada (p<0,000). Não foram encontradas diferenças ao comparar os gêneros. Conclui-se a partir dos resultados dos estudos 1 e 2 que há diferenças entre a ocorrência das dimensões do fluxo em cada modalidade, sugerindo que as predominâncias dessas características do fluir estão fortemente relacionadas às peculiaridades de cada prova. Já a motivação para a prática de corridas independe da modalidade e do gênero do atleta. Além disso, a motivação intrínseca tende a ser maior do que a motivação extrínseca. / The present study aimed to investigate the mental state flow and motivation in the runners sprinters and endurance of track and field. In the study 1 that it investigated the theory of Flow-feeling, the sample was composed of 25 athletes being 18 males, divided into groups according to specialty: 8 sprinters (VE) (20±3.3 years), 7 middle distance runners (MF) (25±8.4 years), 8 distance runners (FD) (31.3±12.3 years), and 2 ultramarathon runners (UM) (44±7.07 years). In the study 2, about motivation, they participated 31 runners (23 males), divided into groups according to specialty: 8 sprinters (20±3.3 years), 8 middle distance runners (24.2±8.1 years), 8 distance runners (31±12.1 years), and 7 ultramarathon runners (37.7±9.3 years). To investigate the theory Flow-feeling opted for the interview, open and semi-structured, guided by a script with 11 questions. The dimensions of challenge-skill balance and intense concentration on the task were the most mentioned by athletes, representing respectively 17.7 and 16.1% of total registration units. They individuals of the sample related to occurrence of challenge-skill balance dimension to the level of training and the chance of success in the competition. The occurrence of intense concentration on the task dimension demonstrated that sprinters use more to attention associative strategy. In contrast, endurance athletes use predominantly attention dissociative strategy. In the study 2, the intrinsic motivation and extrinsic, it was evaluated through the questionnaire Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) validated for Portuguese (BARA FILHO et al., 2010). The motivation of runners of different modalities was similar, with the exception of the subscale of extrinsic motivation identified, which was greater in ultramarathon runners when compared to middle distance runners (p = 0.029). In all groups the values of intrinsic motivation showed slightly higher extrinsic motivation, however, only in the group of runners distance was found statistical difference (p<0.000). No differences were found when comparing genders. Was concluded starting from the results of the studies 1 and 2 that there are differences among the occurrence of the dimensions of the flow in each modality, suggesting that the predominances of those characteristics of flowing are strongly related to the peculiarities of each proof. Already the motivation for the practice of run does not depend of the modality and of the athlete's gender. Besides, the intrinsic motivation tends to be larger than the extrinsic motivation.

Motivation in the classroom: Teachers' perspectives on what motivation is; how you attain and sustain it Daniel Kvick 1. Abstract The aim of this essay was to explore the issue of motivation and gain better understanding of what motivation in the school environment is all about.  Is it just a term we use in our everyday life without putting any meaning into what we really mean by it? I have centered my work around the following questions:  What is motivation in school?  What makes for a motivating school task?  How do teachers best motivate their students?  What motivates the teachers?  Why is it that some students just can’t be motivated?  The research for this essay was carried out in two ways.  The first part was to complete an online survey, which was then e-mailed to several teachers in the Laholm area.  The second part consisted of a series of interviews with four different teachers which centered around the questions stated above.  The teachers, who were between the age of 31-51, were all working at Osbecksgymnasiet in Laholm (Upper-Secondary-school) and were all teaching different sets of subjects (English, French, Maths, Swedish, Physical education, and Sciences).  Interviewing teachers from a variety of subjects rather that just focusing on English gave me an opportunity to compare attitudes towards the different subjects.  The interviews were carried out in the school, and varied between 44 minutes to 1 hour and 24 minutes Keywords: motivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, immediacy

Open source is growing outside the boundaries of hackers, amateurs and software development, creating a humongous potential in many different areas and aspects of society. The intrinsic and extrinsic motivations that drives open source have been in the subject of much research recently, but how they affect each other when paid and unpaid contributors come together is still hidden in obscurity. In this study I investigate how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation correlates with each other and how those correlations affect paid and unpaid open source software contributors. The literature synthesis is based on of systematic reviews through searches in library databases, identification of articles by searching on the Internet and by reading relevant books. My results indicate that intrinsic and extrinsic motivations continuously affect each other and that paid contributors are more vulnerable since their extrinsic motivation in terms of money is reached only when many other motivations are fulfilled. The paid contributor’s lower autonomy may result in a decrease in intrinsic motivation while social interaction may result in an increase of the same. The unpaid contributors are more likely to be intrinsically motivated than the paid contributors, resulting in higher psychological satisfaction, less stress, creativity and input of higher work effort among unpaid contributors.

En grundfaktor för att en digital tjänst ska komma till användning är vilken motivation den ger användarna. Med detta i åtanke bör de motivationer tänkta användare av en tjänst har, kartläggas och ämnas uppfyllas. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur spelifiering kan påverka användares engagemang och motivation för en social speltjänst. Studien utgick ifrån teorimodellen HMSAM (Hedonic-Motivation System Adaption Model), för att förstå hur uppfattad användarvänlighet, uppfattad användarnytta, glädje, kontroll och nyfikenhet kan leda till inre motivation, med tillägget spelifiering som en faktor. En modell och en tes över hur detta kunde samverka skapades, och därifrån undersöktes studiens frågeställning genom semistrukturerade intervjuer, där fokusområdet var en social speltjänst, som hjälper människor att spela tillsammans på travspel, och de tillfrågade användarna lagkaptener för lag som använder sig av tjänsten. Frågor rörande motivation, engagemang, social kontakt och relationer, samt glädje ställdes. Mönster gjordes utifrån resultatet, och dessa kategoriserades sedan inom relevanta områden. Undersökningens resultat visade att tjänsten redan bistår med hög upplevd- användarvänlighet och användarnytta samt kontroll. Områden där motivationen skulle kunna ökas är glädjen och nyfikenheten - även om det i dagsläget finns en del som främjar detta, framkom det att stödet för de två känslorna inte existerar fullt ut. Datan från intervjuerna resulterade i tre gränssnittsförslag på hur spelifiering skulle kunna implementeras för användarna på den befintliga webbsidan. Gränssnitten som togs fram antas öka den inre motivationen genom att bistå med infrastruktur dels för direkt och tydlig kommunikation - som väntas leda till att användarna upplever ökad glädje och nyfikenhet, och dels en möjlighet att tävla lag emellan - som väntas leda till ökad nyfikenhet. Studien visade att bland användarnas största motivation till användning var möjligheten att spela tillsammans, där gränssnitten som tagits fram kan bidra med en starkare social känsla och att underhålla den solidaritet många känner med sitt lag. Vidare testning av gränssnitten behöver göras över en längre period för att kunna verifiera förändringarnas påverkan på det fortsatta engagemanget och motivationen. / A key factor for the use of a digital service is which motivation it provides the users with, where the intrinsic- and extrinsic motivations are triggered by different functions, elements and feeling. With this in mind, the different motivations of the service’s users should be researched and strived to be fulfilled. The purpose of this study has been to examine how Gamification can affect users engagement and motivation regarding a social game service. The theory of the study has been grounded in the theory model HMSAM (Hedonic-Motivation System Adaption Model), to understand how perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, joy, control and curiosity can lead up to intrinsic motivation, with Gamification as a contributing factor to the motivation. With the support of these two main subjects, a model and thesis were formed on how this could work together. The method used in this study was semi structured interviews, where the focus area was the social game service ‘ATG Tillsammans’ - which provides a platform for people to bet on horse racing together, and the subjects were captains for teams on that platform. The results of the study showed that the service already provides highly perceived ease of use and usefulness, and control. The areas where the motivation could be increased are joy and curiosity - even though they are somewhat supported today, the results indicated that the support wasn’t enough. The data from the interviews resulted in three different interface proposals, where Gamification was significant in the design process. The created interfaces are assumed to increase the intrinsic motivation, by providing an infrastructure for direct and clear communication - which is expected to lead the users perceiving more joy and curiosity, and also an opportunity to compete between the teams - which is presumed to lead to increased curiosity for the service. The study showed that among the users largest motivation for using the service was the opportunity to bet together with others, where the interface proposals could lead to a stronger social feeling och help maintain the solidarity that many feel towards their own team. Further research and testing over time is needed, to be able to verify the alterations effect on the continued engagement and motivation.

The study is based on the answers of 106 international students of Spanish as a foreign language from three different private schools in Madrid. The purpose of this paper is to study, firstly, whether or how the intrinsic motivation of adult Spanish learners, their choice of strategies and the time they spend on vocabulary learning outside of the school, are influenced by the their age, gender or mother tongue. Secondly, the aim of this study is to identify whether learners with a higher degree of intrinsic motivation use more of their free time on vocabulary learning and whether they use a greater variety of vocabulary learning strategies than learners with a lesser degree of intrinsic motivation. Apart from the learning intensity and strategic variety, there is the aim of finding particular strategies preferred by the two different motivation groups. The hypothesis regarding the first part of the study is that, while gender and mother tongue probably won't influence the students' intrinsic motivation or the time they spend on vocabulary learning outside of the classroom, age, and in that sense, responsibility, will. Also, learners from different parts of the world are likely to apply different strategies in order to learn and remember the vocabulary so the mother tongue is important regarding their choice of strategies. The hypothesis regarding the second part of this study is that learners with a high degree of intrinsic motivation will use more of their time on vocabulary learning, they will apply a greater variety of vocabulary learning strategies and are more likely to use mnemotechnics and look for conversation possibilities than learners with a lesser degree of intrinsic motivation. The evidence from this empirical study partly supports the hypothesis. Gender had influence on the participants' intrinsic motivation. The evidence suggests that female learners have a higher degree of intrinsic motivation than the male learners. Correlations were found between the metacognitive and cognitive learning strategies of the Romanic and Germanic language group suggesting that learners with a Romanic mother tongue tend to use more metacognitive strategies than any other language group of the research. As for the Germanic mother tongue, the evidence suggest that learners belonging to this group tend to use more cognitive strategies than learners with a Romanic mother tongue. Also, the research results suggest that learners with a higher degree of intrinsic motivation use more time on vocabulary learning. Furthermore, the results indicate that learners with a higher degree of the intrinsic motivation tend to use more memory strategies than those learners with a lower degree of intrinsic motivation.

Games are increasingly becoming a powerful and effective tool for training. The use of games as a training tool increase intrinsic motivation which enhances learning. This study concerns why people play and why they continue play. The study consists of two parts; a focus group and a web questionnaire. The results suggest that people prefer playing together with others, and that they play mainly because of entertainment, fellowship and pastime. Results also show that the participants come to an agreement of five different characteristics a game must have in order for the participants to play; a pleasant game feeling  i.e.- effects like sounds, characters and environments, variation in tasks, successively increased difficulty, a exciting story and that the game must be understandable. These findings are important because these are factors that game designers must take into consider when designing training games. After all, entertainment and intrinsic motivation in games is some of the general reasons why people play and why they learn, and therefore, a game only designed for training is doomed to fail.

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Hur får matematiklärare tillsammans med specialläraren, ungdomar att efter upprepade misslyckanden med matematik att fortsätta kämpa. Svaret på den frågan kan vara matematisk elasticitet. Matematisk elasticitet är något som skulle vara värt att utveckla hos ungdomar i Sverige. De fyra grundpelarna matematisk elasticitet står på är att eleven har vetskap om: Tro på att hen kan lära sig matematik, värdet av kunskap i sitt framtida liv, för att utvecklas i matematik behöver eleven lägga ner tid på träning i matematik, och att våga bege sig in i utvecklingszonen och att stanna kvar där med hjälp av stöttning från läraren är viktigt. I den semistrukturerade intervjustudien ingick sju personer. Från intervjuerna sorterades citat in i sju kategorier enligt följande: tid, negativa känslor, positiva känslor, motivation, externmiljö, internmiljö och förhållningssätt. Studien visade att trots upprepade misslyckanden så går det att övervinna svårigheter. Ingenting är omöjligt. Det fanns elever med en inre motivation som tack vare det lyckades att klara matematiken trots tidigare misslyckanden. Mycket tack vare matematisk elasticitet. Som speciallärare i matematik är det lätt att fokusera på enstaka saker i matematik som måste läras ut, och att se helheten är lätt att glömma bort. Att istället fokusera på matematisk elasticitet är ett sätt att lära eleven självhjälp och inte bli beroende av vilken lärare som hen har. Komvuxlärarna jobbade med matematisk elasticitet fast de inte var medvetna om begreppet och vad det innebär, instinktivt gjorde de det ändå. / How do the mathematics teacher together with the special teacher get pupils to struggle after repeated failures? Mathematical resilience could be the answer. In a Swedish context this is something needed to develop pupils in mathematics. One way out of this is to focus on three important themes: value, struggle and growth. From this it develops four different knowledges such as having a growth mindset, mathematics can be valuable, struggle and support to stay in the growth zone. Seven persons were interviewed using semi structured interviews. Selected quotes were sorted in seven categories as follows: time, negative feelings, positive feelings, motivation, extern-, intern-environment and treatment. The study shows that if a pupil has difficulties with mathematics things are not hopeless. There were pupils with intrinsic motivation who succeeded after several failures with the help of mathematical resilience. This is valuable to know for special teachers. The math teachers at the adult-school was not aware of that they worked with mathematic resilience, but instinctively they did.

Teleworking is an alternative way of working that has existed for several years and due to the Coronavirus pandemic, that started at the end of 2019, teleworking has increased drastically. For this reason, this quantitative study aims to identify the relation between telework and work motivation in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. We have constructed 4 hypotheses where we test the relation between work motivation and telework based on different categories of employees through a regression analysis. The results show that intrinsic motivation has a positive correlation with telework while extrinsic motivation shows a neutral correlation with telework. With the help of a descriptive statistic that shows the number 5 on a scale from 1 to 7, it can be stated that participating employees have a positive attitude in terms of how motivated they are with a focus on intrinsic motivation. In terms of extrinsic motivation, we have received the number 4, which indicates that the participants have a neutral attitude. Finally, the data analysis shows that employees who have families with children show higher intrinsic motivation and less extrinsic motivation during teleworking. It has also been found that the more employees work remotely, the higher the internal motivation.

I dagens samhälle blir det allt mer vanligt att människor lider av psykisk och fysisk ohälsa. Detta belastar sjukvården och många människors lidande kan förebyggas genom metoder såsom trädgårdsarbete. Det finns bevisat att trädgårdsarbete kan förebygga och bota livsstilssjukdomar som exempelvis hjärtsjukdomar, strokes, depressioner, diabetes och fetma. I denna studie har vi utgått från den psykologiska teorin Self-determination theory (SDT) som redogör för människors medfödda psykologiska behov. SDT berör de behov som påverkar människors val, dessa behov är autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet. Det teoretiska ramverket SDT presenterar även två olika motivationsområden, “inre” och “yttre” motivation. Studien undersökte om en applikation kan hjälpa till att skapa en “inre” motivation hos människor så att de blir mer inspirerande att vistas i utemiljöer och utföra trädgårdsarbete. Frågeställningen undersöktes genom en designorienterad ansats där vi utifrån de tre grundläggande psykologiska behoven, autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet, itererade fram sex designförslag. Dessa designförslag är menade att informera hur en e-hälsoapplikation kan designas för att främja inre motivation hos användare. / In today's society, people that suffer from mental and physical illness is becoming even more common. This burdens healthcare and many peoples suffering can be prevented through methods such as gardening. There is evidence that gardening can prevent and cure lifestyle diseases such as heart disease, strokes, depression, diabetes and obesity. In this study, we have worked from the psychological theory Self-determination theory (SDT) which describes people's innate psychological needs. SDT mentions that different needs affect people's choices and these needs are autonomy, competence andrelatedness. The theoretical framework SDT also presents two different areas of motivation, “intrinsic” and “extrinsic” motivation. The study examined whether an application can help create an "intrinsic" motivation in people so they become more inspired to engage in outdoor environments and gardening. The issue was investigated through a design-oriented approach where we, based on the three basic psychological needs, autonomy, competenceand relatedness, iterated six design proposals. These design proposals are intended to inform how an e-health application can be designed to promote intrinsic motivation in users.