Submitted by CRISTINE BASSETO CRUZ (crisbasseto@gmail.com) on 2017-03-02T23:43:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao 2017-02-24 final.pdf: 2091106 bytes, checksum: 2ffbc1ca866db49e442bf1009d316bf2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2017-03-02T23:47:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao 2017-02-24 final.pdf: 2091106 bytes, checksum: 2ffbc1ca866db49e442bf1009d316bf2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T12:53:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao 2017-02-24 final.pdf: 2091106 bytes, checksum: 2ffbc1ca866db49e442bf1009d316bf2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-08 / This paper intends to discuss the legal adequacy of loan arrangements among shareholders, companies offering shares in initial public offer and their underwriters pre-initial public offer. These transactions – known as 'equity kickers' – became popular during 2004 – 2007 Brazilian capital markets’ IPO wave, when several Brazilian corporations went to public offering their shares after borrowing pre-IPO money from their underwriters. Taking into account the usual arrangements among those agents and a few researches made afterwards, we examine the economic and social consequences to the issuer and to the securities market, the legal role of the underwriter under the Brazilian securities exchange legal environment and discuss the fiduciary duty imposed to financial intermediaries in capital. Further on, we discuss the potential conflict of interest arising from credit relationship between underwriters and issuing companies and the adequacy of mandatory information provided in IPO information memorandum (prospecto) for the purpose of warning potential conflict that may arise from such credit relationship. Finally, we conclude our legal analysis and suggest a review of security exchange commission (CVM) current regulation in order to address fiduciary duties to financial intermediaries and improve disclosure standards on conflict of interest to potential investors during securities public offers. / Este trabalho pretende discutir a legalidade dos arranjos contratuais e empréstimos firmados entre acionistas, companhias ofertantes e instituições intermediárias previamente à realização de ofertas públicas iniciais. Esses arranjos – conhecidos como 'equity kickers' – foram largamente utilizados por companhias brasileiras que ofertaram suas ações durante os anos de 2004 a 2007. Tendo por base o formato usualmente utilizado nessas transações e os resultados trazidos por algumas pesquisas realizadas após a realização dessas ofertas, analisamos as consequências econômicas e sociais observadas e sua pertinência para o contexto do mercado de capitais, o papel das instituições intermediárias sob a ótica da regulamentação Brasileira e seu dever fiduciário perante os demais agentes de mercado. Ademais, discutimos o potencial conflito de interesse inerente ao papel simultâneo de distribuidor e credor desempenhado pelo coordenador nessas ofertas e a comunicação desse conflito ao mercado através da divulgação das informações pertinentes no prospecto de distribuição da oferta. Por fim, apresentamos uma análise jurídica e sugerimos a revisão da regulamentação da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários no sentido de tratar expressamente o tema do dever fiduciário das instituições intermediárias no mercado de captais e aumentar a exigência de informações acerca de transparência das situações de conflito ao mercado na realização de ofertas públicas de valores mobiliários.

Submitted by GUSTAVO DANTAS FALCIN (gustavofalcin@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-02-27T19:47:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_v11.3.pdf: 1650132 bytes, checksum: 712ff822b40cf5e3fa6ef0f3380c39d2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-02-27T19:48:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_v11.3.pdf: 1650132 bytes, checksum: 712ff822b40cf5e3fa6ef0f3380c39d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-27T21:18:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_v11.3.pdf: 1650132 bytes, checksum: 712ff822b40cf5e3fa6ef0f3380c39d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-07 / A crise do subprime no mercado norte americano em meados de 2008 trouxe grande volatilidade ao mercado de capitais global e se caracterizou por ser dado crédito em excesso a tomadores que não apresentavam garantias reais para estas operações. No entanto, até o surgimento de tal crise, o mercado brasileiro vivia um momento de grande expansão no setor imobiliário, impulsionado pelo bom momento econômico do país e pelos avanços no financiamento à habitação implementados pelos governos recentes, o que motivou diversas empresas do setor de construção civil a optar pela abertura de seu capital na bolsa de valores para financiar novos projetos e dar liquidez aos seus acionistas. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as tomadas de decisão destas companhias pela abertura de capital baseado na teoria de opções reais, comparando os valores obtidos em suas avaliações como empresa pública e o valor da opção de abertura de capital utilizando o modelo binomial para incluir nestes cálculos as possibilidades de diversos cenários futuros de alta ou baixa do valor desta companhia. A Teoria de Opções Reais se demonstrou capaz não somente de realizar uma avaliação dos fluxos de caixa destas companhias mais completa decorrente das probabilidades nela utilizadas, como também nos trouxe que apesar das grandes variações de volatilidade ocorridas no período, as decisões de abertura de capital não se alterariam de forma relevante quando esta volatilidade foi bastante modificada. / The subprime crisis in the North American market in mid-2008 brought great volatility to the global capital market and was characterized by being given too much credit to borrowers who did not present real guarantees for these mortgages. However, until the onset of such crisis, the Brazilian market was experiencing a moment of great expansion in the real estate sector, driven by the good economic moment of the country and by the advances in housing financing implemented by the recent governments, which motivated several companies of construction sector to opt to open their capital in the stock exchange to finance new projects and provide liquidity to its shareholders. The object of this paper is to evaluate the decision making of these companies by the stock option based on the real options theory, comparing the values obtained in their valuations as public companies and the value of the option to open their capital using the binomial model to include in these calculations the chances of several future scenarios of high or low of the value of each company. The Real Options theory has demonstrated that it is not only able to carry out a more complete assessment of these companies cash flows due the probabilities used in it, but also that in spite of the large volatility variations occurring in the period, their decisions would not change significantly when this volatility was significantly modified.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:51:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 61060100567.pdf.jpg: 20106 bytes, checksum: 1ff7adf4792cc6a22adf6d7d1a9838cc (MD5) 61060100567.pdf: 845220 bytes, checksum: 2626aeceb589dd82625e0a79d1ed7a1b (MD5) 61060100567.pdf.txt: 236945 bytes, checksum: 2c82a62e156a9da7528d1164f9df2908 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-26T00:00:00Z / Este trabalho investiga a influência da participação de gestores de private equity e venture capital (PE/VC) na governança corporativa das empresas investidas. Mais especificamente, o objetivo do presente estudo é verificar se as empresas financiadas por fundos de PE/VC estréiam no mercado acionário brasileiro com melhor qualidade de informação contábil e melhores padrões de governança corporativa do que as restantes. A amostra utilizada é composta por 69 empresas que efetuaram oferta pública inicial (IPO) na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA) no período de janeiro de 2004 a julho de 2007. Primeiramente, constatou-se que o nível de gerenciamento de resultados contábeis, ou earnings management (medido pelas acumulações discricionárias correntes) das companhias com investimento de PE/VC é significativamente inferior ao nível apresentado pelas empresas que não receberam este tipo de aporte de capital. Ademais, os resultados indicam que a influência do gestor de PE/VC na redução da manipulação de informações contábeis é mais importante exatamente no momento mais crítico, ou seja, no intervalo imediatamente ao redor da data do IPO, quando as empresas gerenciam os resultados mais intensamente. Por fim, também foram encontradas evidências de que as empresas investidas por PE/VC possuem conselhos de administração mais independentes da gestão, em comparação às demais empresas da amostra. A proporção de membros executivos e instrumentais, estreitamente relacionados à administração, é menor entre o grupo de companhias do portfolio dos fundos de PE/VC, enquanto a participação relativa de conselheiros com a função de monitoramento é substancialmente maior. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo foram robustos a diversos testes de sensibilidade. Em síntese, as evidências encontradas levam à conclusão de que as organizações de private equity e venture capital influenciam de forma positiva as práticas de governança corporativa das empresas por elas financiadas. / This paper investigates the role of private equity and venture capital (PE/VC) organizations in the corporate governance of portfolio firms. More specifically, the objective of the present study is to verify if the PE/VC-backed companies have better financial reporting quality and corporate governance standards than others at the time of the Initial Public Offering (IPO) in Brazil. The sample is composed of 69 firms’ IPOs on the Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA) in the period from January 2004 to July 2007. First, it was verified that PE/VCbacked companies have significantly lower earnings management (measured by the level of discretionary current accruals) than non-PE/VC-backed firms. Moreover, the results indicate that the influence of PE/VC managers in reducing the manipulation of accounting information is more important exactly in the most critical moment, that is, in the interval immediately around the date of the IPO, when firms manage earnings upwards more intensely. Finally, evidences have showed, as well, that PE/VC invested companies have boards of directors more independent from management, compared to other companies in the sample. The proportion of executive and instrumental members in the board, closely related to the management, is lower among the group of companies in the portfolio of PE/VC funds, while the participation of directors with the task of monitoring is substantially greater. The results obtained in this study were robust to different tests of sensitivity. In summary, the evidences found lead to the conclusion that private equity and venture capital organizations influence in a positive way the practices of corporate governance at companies they finance.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Tharso Bossolani.pdf.jpg: 13639 bytes, checksum: 8ee5f1f8943534333d827d42b7b43087 (MD5) Tharso Bossolani.pdf.txt: 97419 bytes, checksum: a09e6ef5f7bc3920ee912a85c0e9fe51 (MD5) Tharso Bossolani.pdf: 343773 bytes, checksum: 2273b0e57adeef163462c9113f661b6e (MD5) license.txt: 4886 bytes, checksum: 5a30b7eb4485f26b12dbeb3883b77a18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-10T00:00:00Z / The creation of the European “New” Markets represented a substantial change to support innovative, fast growing companies. In Brazil, there is no evidence of empirical studies that analyze how an IPO impacts the companies’ performance. This study compiles data of companies that went public during 2004 and 2006, when the capital markets went through an important progress. The purpose of this study is to analyze if companies improve their performance after an IPO. The results suggest that companies accelerate the growth of assets and sales after the IPO, becoming less leveraged. These changes as consistent with credit constraints faced before the IPO. As a consequence, profitability is maintained the same after the IPO. Further, companies utilize the larger owner`s equity as a result of the IPO to increase their debt. / A criação dos novos mercados europeus representou uma mudança substancial para suportar empresas inovadoras e de alto crescimento. No Brasil, não foi verificado nenhum estudo empírico que avaliasse o impacto do IPO para o desempenho das empresas. Para tal, utilizou-se dados de empresas que fizeram seu IPO durante os anos de 2004 até 2006, quando o mercado acionário passou por um importante progresso. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar se as empresa melhoram seu desempenho após o IPO. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as empresas brasileiras aceleram o crescimento dos ativos e receitas após o IPO, tornando-se menos alavancadas que no período pré-IPO. Estas mudanças indicam uma restrição de crédito antes do IPO. Assim, as empresas conseguem manter a mesma rentabilidade após o IPO. Além disso, as empresas utilizam-se do aumento do patrimônio líquido proveniente do IPO para fazerem captações de novas dívidas.

Submitted by Cristiane Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T19:09:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100238.pdf: 680454 bytes, checksum: 38184d6f6453052e7092f60631e97b3f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T20:20:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100238.pdf: 680454 bytes, checksum: 38184d6f6453052e7092f60631e97b3f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T20:41:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100238.pdf: 680454 bytes, checksum: 38184d6f6453052e7092f60631e97b3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-03T18:56:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100238.pdf: 680454 bytes, checksum: 38184d6f6453052e7092f60631e97b3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-21 / Este trabalho estuda a formação dos Bookbuildings em emissões de ações no Brasil, também conhecidos como 'Livro de Ofertas', o último e mais importante estágio de um processo de IPO. Testam-se hipóteses de assimetria de informação, monitoramento e liquidez e conflito de interesse para o caso brasileiro em um conjunto de 18 emissões, todas oriundas de IPO’s emitidos no mercado de capitais brasileiro, sob a ótica das 5 variáveis mais significativas: Tipo de Investidor – curto e longo-prazo; Nacionalidade – Investidores dos Estados Unidos e locais; Participações em ofertas; Tamanho das ofertas; e Preço das emissões. O nosso banco de dados analisa todas as 209 operações de listagem primária e secundária dos últimos 7 anos, desde 2004, na Bovespa. São 209 ofertas públicas. Aprofundamo-nos em 18 delas, das quais possuímos todas as informações de formação de livro de ofertas. Demonstrou-se que em todas essas 18 ofertas o volume de ofertas feitas por investidores estrangeiros de fato 'ancorou' as operações (representando mais do que 67% das ordens dos livros), fato que teve uma função muito importante, de 'sinalizar' a força das determinadas ofertas em termos de demanda. Das 18 operações, o livro de ofertas de 39% excedeu mais do que 3 vezes a quantidade ofertada pela empresa issuer ao mercado. Em 56% dos casos, a demanda foi maior do que o dobro do número de ações oferecidas pelo issuer. Em 72% dos casos, a demanda excedeu a oferta em pelo menos 50%. A média de demanda das 2.229 ofertas de compra, divididas nos 18 IPO’s estudados, foi de quase 4 vezes o número de ações ofertadas, ou 394%, conforme tabela 11 deste trabalho. Os resultados obtidos seguem na direção das teorias de preferência por investidores de longo prazo em detrimento de investidores de curto prazo. Encontramos que o preço e a participação em diversos IPO’s não são determinantes para explicar as diferenças nas alocações, distanciando nossos resultados das teorias de assimetria de informação. Já as variáveis que exprimem características dos investidores mostraram-se bastante relevantes para explicar as diferenças nas alocações. Primeiramente, o tipo de investidor mostrou-se uma variável decisiva na alocação. Nas hipóteses testadas, encontramos evidências de que investidores de longo prazo, os chamados Long-Only são beneficiados enquanto investidores de curto prazo, em geral hedge-funds e tesourarias, são penalizados nas alocações. Segundo, a nacionalidade do investidor também exprime papel fundamental na alocação. Investidores norte-americanos são beneficiados enquanto investidores brasileiros são penalizados, outro resultado contrário às teorias de troca de alocação por informação, dado que investidores domésticos, em teoria, deveriam ter maior informação do que estrangeiros. Em realidade, se existe um consenso nesse campo de pesquisa é o de que investidores norte-americanos determinam a direção da grande maioria dos recursos destinados a esse mercado e emitem forte sinalização quando 'entram' em negócios dessa natureza ao redor do mundo, o mesmo ocorrendo no caso brasileiro e demonstrado em nossa análise, conforme acima mencionado. Os resultados apenas comprovam que esse tipo de ação de tais investidores tem sido premiado por meio de favorecimento em alocações nas ofertas no mercado brasileiro, principalmente quando controlamos para emissões com alta demanda, os chamados Hot IPO’s. Também encontramos evidências contrárias às teorias de controle. Ao regredir nossa variável Tamanho, encontramos um sinal contrário ao esperado. Isto é, para os dados que dispúnhamos, verificamos o favorecimento de grandes ofertas em detrimento de pequenas, enquanto esperaríamos que os underwriters evitassem concentração de ações, 'protegendo' as empresas emissoras de eventuais problemas de liquidez e até potenciais tentativas de hostile take-overs no futuro. / This work studies the composition of Bookbuildings of IPOs in Brazil. Bookbuilding is the last and most important stage in an IPO process. Hypotheses tested are information asymmetry, liquidity and monitoring conflict of interest for the Brazilian case in a sample of 18 IPOs, considering the4 5 most significant variables: Investor Profile – short and long term investors; Nationality – Local and US Investors; Participation in offering processes; Size of the offerings; and Pricing of the IPOs. Our database analyses all 209 shares emissions both primary and secondary offerings in the last 7 years in Bovespa, since 2004, all public offerings. We detailed 18, those of which we had more complete data available of the Bookbuilding. We learnt that foreign investors “anchored” those 18 IPOs. Foreign investor’s orders represented more than 67% of the offering books. This fact signed the “strength” of those IPOs in terms of demand. Out of the 18 operations, in 39% of the cases the offering book amounted for 3 or more times the number of offered shares by the issuers. In 56% of the cases, the demand was higher than twice the amount of offered shares. In 72% of the cases the demand exceeded the offer by at least 50%. The average demand of the 2.229 bids was almost 4 times the number of offered shares by the issuers, or 394%, showed in the table 11 of this work. The main results of this work point out in the direction of the preference for long-term investors rather than short-term investors. We found that pricing and participation in many IPOs are not determiners for allocations by book runners, putting our results away from information asymmetry theories. Investor profile was found as a very important variable to explain allocations. We found evidences that long-term investors (long-only) are benefited in allocations and short-term investors (hedge-funds and treasuries) are penalized. The investor nationality was also found as very relevant. US investors are benefited while Brazilian investors are penalized, another result that goes against our first beliefs, once we had the perception that Brazilian investors had more information than the US investors about Brazilian companies. Actually, what explains this preference for US investors in the allocation processes is the fact that when an US investor bids for an specific IPO this investor is actually “sending” a sign to the markets of the quality of the issuer (the company is a “worth investing” company), therefore US investors end up determining the direction of an IPO, if it will be Hot IPO of Cold IPO. So underwriters give better allocations to US investors once the US investors sign positively to the markets about an specific IPO as afore mentioned. When doing our regressions we found a sign contrary to our expectation in the variable “size” of the bid order. This evidence goes against the theories of control. According to our database we found that underwriters favored large bid orders rather than small bid orders, whereas we expected underwriters to avoid concentration of allocations, defending the company issuer from liquidity problems and even a potential hostile take-over threat in the future.

Cette thèse a pour objet d’analyser l’impact du suivi par les analystes financiers lors de l’introduction en bourse sur la qualité du marché secondaire et sur la future vie boursière de l’entreprise. Dans cet objectif, trois études empiriques sont menées sur le marché français. La première apporte une nouvelle explication à la relation positive qui existe entre la sous-évaluation initiale et la liquidité sur le marché secondaire. Elle montre que cette relation positive se forme par le biais de la couverture des analystes financiers. En se basant sur la méthode de l’analyse de survie, notre deuxième étude révèle que le suivi par les analystes financiers a un impact positif sur la durée de vie boursière de l’entreprise. La troisième étude démontre que la couverture peut également influencer l’occurrence et la rapidité d’occurrence d’une émission secondaire. Il apparaît que les firmes les plus couvertes au moment de l’introduction sont celles qui retournent le plus rapidement au marché pour effectuer une émission secondaire garantie. Ces travaux soulignent l’importance du suivi par les analystes financiers des introductions en bourse. / This thesis aims to analyze the impact of IPO analyst coverage on the quality of the secondary market and on the future market life of the firm. For this purpose, three empirical studies are conducted on the French market. The first one provides a new explanation for the positive relation between initial underpricing and post-listing liquidity. We find that this positive relation is formed through analyst coverage. Our second study shows that analyst coverage has a significant positive impact on IPOs survival. The third study explores the linkage between analyst coverage and subsequent seasoned equity offerings. Our results indicate that analyst coverage is a significant predictor of subsequent SEO and that more covered firms are those that return more quickly for an insured offering. Our findings enlighten the importance of analyst coverage around IPOs.

Le succès du modèle d’innovation américain pour faire émerger des firmes leaders dans plusieurs domaines a largement influencé de nombreuses transformations réglementaires concernant les Droits de Propriété Intellectuelle (DPI) et le financement par les marchés en Europe. Cette thèse vise à analyser le rôle et l’importance de ces transformations dans l’organisation et la performance des firmes du logiciel. Nous montrons que des multiples mutations réglementaires des DPI ont ouvert la voie à un certain type de brevetabilité « très restreint » du logiciel en Europe. En parallèle, les évolutions dans le domaine financier ont favorisé l’émergence des marchés financiers dont le rôle est de plus en plus déterminant dans la croissance et le développement des jeunes firmes innovantes. De plus, il semblerait que l’usage stratégique du brevet soit complémentaire avec le financement par le marché de firmes du logiciel. Nous étudions cette complémentarité à travers l’analyse de la valeur du brevet en tant que signal pour les investisseurs lors de l’introduction en bourse ainsi que son effet sur la survie des firmes du logiciel après leur cotation. Cette complémentarité expliquerait en partie le recours accru au brevet dans un secteur dans lequel il est très controversé. Elle renvoie à un processus de sélection particulier du système et à l’émergence d’acteurs gagnants et perdants. / The success of the US innovation model to help start-ups emerge as global leaders has greatly influenced many regulatory changes on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and the external finance of firms in Europe. This study aims to analyze the role and importance of these changes in the organization and performance of software firms. We show that multiple regulatory mutations of IPR have paved the way for some kind of “restricted” patentability of software in Europe. In parallel, via changes in financial markets, they play an increasing role in the growth and development of young innovative companies. In addition, it seems that the strategic use of patents is complementary with software firms’ access to capital markets. We study this complementarity by analyzing the value of patents as signals for IPO markets and their impact in the likelihood of survival of newly-listed companies. We argue that this complementarity may explain the increased importance of patents in a sector where patents are highly controversial. It refers to a particular market selection process and the appearance of winning and losing actors.

The folowing work deals with primary public issue of stocks - an external financial source of business activities. This source of finance is defined to the reader as: there are explained advantages and disadvantages of IPO Process, including supposition of succesful enter to the stock exchange. This work is concretly oriented on Pre-filing phase of a company for an enter to the stock exchange with the aim to set a procedure of IPO Process and apply it to a concrete company.

This Master’s thesis deals with the analysis of long-term corporate financing. Described is financing through the capital market securities – by shares and bonds as well as bank loan. The first part compares the theoretical possibilities of external financing, the second part is focused on the analyse of IPO and analysis of IPO which was realized in Czech republic by listed companies.

The phenomenon of underpricing is a matter often spoken about in previous research, there are also well known papers that touch upon the subject of asymmetrical information on the marketplace as the central theory. This paper seeks to analyze the Swedish IPO market from 2011 through 2021 and is further limited to Swedish Tech companies listed on Nasdaq First North Growth Market. When a company decides to introduce their stocks onto the market, it is interesting to observe the market trends and the stock price changes from the first day of introduction. Prior studies analyze how stocks are heavily underpriced on the date of introduction as a strategy to spike the value on the first active day on the market, and thereafter slow down their growth in the coming months. Using prior research as a point of reference, the purpose of this paper is to observe how market trends on the day of an IPO affect its long-term performance. This study is based on an observation of 79 IPO:s on First North, where 30% of the cases were underpriced, and 70% were overpriced. The analysis shows that the underpricing of an IPO tends to lead to a positive performance of the stock over the coming 6 months, and the opposite is considered to be true for overpriced stocks. Further analysis of the result implies that the stock's performance follows a negative trend among 50 of the studied cases, independent of the industry trend as a whole. A statistical significance could not be found for underpricing in regard to both the following long-term performance of the stock and the industry trend; therefore, no statistical correlation could be determined. / Fenomenet om underprissättning är ett omtalat ämne i tidigare forskningsstudier fram till idag. Det finns även välkända teorier som behandlar detta ämnesområde där asymmetrisk information på marknaden är den centrala ideologin. Denna studie ämnar analysera den svenska IPO-marknaden från och med 2011 till och med 2021, och är vidare avgränsad till svenska tech-bolag listade på Nasdaq First North Growth Market. När ett företag tar beslut om att introduceras på aktiemarknaden är det intressanta att observera marknadstrenden och aktiekursens riktning från bolagets första handelsdag. Detta eftersom tidigare forskning har studerat hur aktier vid börsintroduktion är signifikant underprissatta för att sedan snabbt stiga i värde de första handelsdagarna och därefter sjunka kraftigt månaderna efter. Med utgångspunkt från dessa forskningsstudier är syftet med denna studie att observera hur marknadstrender på börsintroduktionsdagen påverkar aktiens långsiktiga prestation. Studien är bestående av 79 observerade börsintroduktioner på First North, där 30% av fallen var underprissatta och resterande 70% överprissatta. Analysen visar att när en underprissättning sker vid börsintroduktion tenderar aktien att prestera positiv avkastning sex månader efter, och motsatsen för om en överprissättning sker. Vidare analys av resultatet visar att aktiens kursriktning vid 50 av fallen har en nedåtgående trend oavsett hur dess branschtrend beter sig. En statistisk signifikans mellan underprissättning och den efterföljande total avkastningen samt branschtrenden och den efterföljande totalavkastningen var inte möjlig att påvisas i studien, och något samband mellan dessa anses därmed inte föreligga.