This thesis deals with the optimal control of PDEs. After a brief introduction in the theory of elliptic and parabolic PDEs, we introduce a software that solves systems of PDEs by the finite elements method. In the second chapter we derive optimality conditions in terms of function spaces, i.e. a systems of PDEs coupled by some pointwise relations. Now we present algorithms to solve the optimality systems numerically and present some numerical test cases. A further chapter deals with the so called lack of adjointness, an issue of gradient methods applied on parabolic optimal control problems. However, since optimal control problems lead to large numerical schemes, model reduction becomes popular. We analyze the proper orthogonal decomposition method and apply it to our model problems. Finally, we apply all considered techniques to a real world problem.:Introduction The state equation Optimal control and optimality conditions Algorithms The \"lack of adjointness\" Numerical examples Efficient solution of PDEs and KKT- systems A real world application Functional analytical basics Codes of the examples

Retiring baby boomers and the lack of interest and awareness among college students to enroll in an accredited Clinical Laboratory Science (CLS) program have created a shortage of CLS professionals in the 21st century. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts 18,000 CLS vacancies by 2018. However, only about 5,000 students graduate from accredited CLS programs each year. The purpose of this study was to explore students' perceptions of allied health professions and factors that influenced students and CLS professionals to select CLS as a profession. Bandura's social cognitive career theory served as the theoretical framework for this phenomenological study. Convenient purposeful sampling was used to select the 7 CLS professionals, 5 high school students, and 5 college students in the Chicago area. Participants took part in either a 30- to 60-minute group session or a 45- to 90-minute semi structured interview. Qualitative analysis included open axial coding to identify emerging patterns and themes from the transcripts. Findings revealed that the perceptions of both high school and college students' knew little about the CLS profession, and factors influencing CLS as a career choice included interests in science, health care, and family. CLS professionals indicated their interests in science and a high demand for CLS services in the workforce led them to pursue careers in the field. Implications for social change include improving professional-development programs for student awareness of allied health professions and mitigating the shortage of clinical laboratory scientists.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelse av arbetsmiljön på en sjukhusavdelning och hur denna upplevelse påverkar deras relation och inställning till arbetet. Metod: Metoden består av en fallstudie som utgår från en abduktiv ansats tillsammans med en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Insamling av empirisk data gjordes i samband med sex stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer, varav samtliga respondenter representerade en avdelning inom en organisation. Fenomenologisk design har sedan tillämpats i samband med tolkning av den empiriska datainsamlingen där kategorier utifrån upplevelser kunde identifieras.  Slutsats: Slutsatsen är att det finns betydande brister i hur sjuksköterskor hanteras inom vården, och att dessa faktorer inte är isolerade utan påverkar varandra i ett kretslopp. Faktorerna som kunde fastställas är: personalbrist, bristande balans mellan krav och resurser samt bristande kommunikation mellan kommunikationsleden. Däremot identifieras kollegialt stöd och den gemensamma viljan att hjälpa andra och bidra till samhällsnyttan vara faktorer som gör sjuksköterskornas arbete meningsfullt och får dem att fortsätta arbeta. För att förbättra sjuksköterskornas arbetsmiljö krävs åtgärder för att adressera negativa faktorer och parallellt med kollegialt stöd implementera förbättringar i den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. / Purpose: The purpose of the study is to describe nurses' experience of the work environment in a hospital unit and how this experience affects their relationship and attitude to work. Method: The method consists of a case study based on an abductive approach together with a qualitative research method. Collection of empirical data was done in connection with six semi-structured interviews, of which all respondents present a department within an organization. Phenomenological design has then been applied in connection with the interpretation of the empirical data collection where categories based on experiences could be identified. Conclusion: The conclusion is that there are significant shortcomings in how nurses are managed in healthcare, and that these factors are not isolated but influence each other in a cycle. The factors that could be determined are: Staff shortage, lack of balance between requirements and resources and lack of communication between the communication links. On the other hand, collegial support and the common desire to help others and contribute to the social good are identified as factors that make the nurses' work meaningful and make them continue to work. In order to improve the nurses' work environment, measures are required to address negative factors and, in parallel with collegial support, implement improvements in the psychosocial work environment.

This study is based on interviews with five unit managers working in the functional disabilities business. The purpose of this paper is to examine how these unit managers see their roles and their leadership, and to give the reader an insight into what it might entail to be a manager in social work. Theories applied are the role theory and three leadership theories. The previous research this study made ​​use of affects “leadership in social work" and "manager's role and leadership style." Being a unit manager of the functional disabilities business means having a so-called middle management position, which entails expectations being directed upon them from various avenues. The results show that managers in this study specifically identify that their guidance is being directly affected by the absence of a job description, which according to the managers means they are forced to rely on themselves to construct a framework for their own professional capacity. The interviewed managers say that the lack of a job description causes a number of negative consequences, not only on their personal roles but for the business as a whole. Examples of such negative consequences have shown that the unit managers are not always certain of what is included in their role and how to prioritize between different tasks. According to the managers, the absence of a job description is ultimately driving large variations between different units in terms of how managers work. However, the results also show that the lack of a job description is affecting the managers performance in their ability to make confident, executive decisions. Factors affecting management and leadership in social work highlighted as important include education, social skills, ability to understand individuals in a group, self-awareness and humility. An important point to be emphasized is that education does not automatically make a person a good manager and leader, the personal qualities are essential.

Syfte – Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur undervisningen för hållbar utveckling ser ut för fem grundskolor i Varbergs kommun. Förhoppningsvis ska studiens resultat kunna hjälpa skolor i framtiden att se över sin undervisning gällande hållbar utveckling och på vis kunna bidra för en ljusare framtid. Metod – Den genomförda studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod och baseras på semi-strukturerade intervjuer av sju stycken lärare på fem kommunala grundskolor i Varbergs kommun. Intervjuerna har bestått av åtta stycken frågor där författaren utgått från granskning av skolverkets läroplan samt aktuella undervisningsmetoder gällande hållbar utveckling. Resultat – Samtliga lärare för studien uttrycker kompetensbrist, tidsbrist samt brist av stöd från skolverket och Varbergskommun i sin undervisning när det gäller undervisningen av hållbar utveckling. Utifrån insamlade intervjuer konstaterades det att undervisning för hållbar utveckling hos berörda lärare för studien sker till största del genom miljöundervisning, speciellt i yngre åldrar. Där ligger fokus på lärdom om miljön i närområdet, materials egenskaper och förändring samt källsortering. Slutsats– Av studien kan författaren dra slutsatsen att lärarna behöver mer resurser för att kunna följa läroplanens mål för hållbar utveckling. Det räcker inte att som lärare utföra sina avsedda timmar med givna läroböcker för att nå läroplanens mål. För att kunna nå målen för hållbar utveckling måste lärare finna eget material som inspirerar elever och möter de kunskapskrav som idag är bärande i lärandet. / Purpose - The aim of this study is to investigate how the teaching of sustainable development looks for five primary schools in the municipality of Varberg. Hopefully, the study’s findings will help primary schools to revise their teaching regarding sustainable development and contribute to a brighter future. Method - The current study is based on a qualitative approach, based on semi-structured interviews with seven teachers at five public primary schools in the municipality of Varberg. The interviews consisted of eight questions, which the author has assumed from the review of the curriculum and the current teaching practices on sustainable development. Results – Teachers for the study expresses lack of skills, time and support from Skolverket and the municipality of Varberg in their teaching regarding work of sustainable development. Based on the collected interviews, it was found that education for sustainable development is done mainly through environmental education, especially at younger ages. There, the focus is on learning about the local environment, material properties and change and recycling. Conclusion - The author can conclude that teachers need more resources for to be able to follow the curriculum's sustainable development objectives. It is not enough that teachers perform their intended hours with given textbooks to reach the objectives of the curriculum. In order to achieve sustainable development goals, teachers must find their own material that inspires students and meet the proficiency requirements that are currently bearing in learning.

The dissertation thesis deals with discounts and premiums in business valuation, especially lack of marketability discount and control premium (minority discount). There are no complex theoretical publications concerning these topics in the Czech Republic. Abroad, the publications are mostly descriptions and results of empirical studies originated in U.S. markets. These empirical studies usually deal with a single or a few aspects of a discount or premium. There are still some blank areas in the discounts and premiums theory even abroad, such as the sources of control premium, relationship between the levels of value and standards of value, the relation between the value of a company as a whole and the value at the level of shareholders. I develop a theoretical model of control premium, in the dissertation, which is trying to fill-in these blank areas and thus help practitioners to deal with the control premium or minority discount in a correct way. Moreover the model shows how protection of minority shareholders in general and especially during acquisitions influences the magnitude of control premium. It also shows that the magnitude of control premium depends on the market competition structure. If the competition is perfect (as we can suppose it would be at financial markets for minority interests) or there is a strong oligopsonistic competition the subjects of transaction are not able to influence the price, whereas for monopsonic structure (as it usually is in the M&A market in the Czech Republic) the subjects can influence the price. For monopsonic structure at the M&A market I conclude it is impossible to estimate the value of transaction as a point estimate since it will depend on nonfinancial factors what the price of transaction will be. We can only estimate the upper and lower boundary of interval the final price of transaction will lie within. The boundaries are the maximum price for the acquirer and minimum price for the seller in the sense of German Köln School. The dissertation also tests the possibility and theoretical correctness of using the results of foreign empirical studies of discounts and premiums for valuing businesses in the CR. We analyze the methodology and synthetize the problems connected with application of results of various studies. I conclude that it is impossible to use the results directly in the conditions of the CR. I suggest there should be a deeper analysis done and factors that influence the magnitude analyzed and considered. We should not rely just on averages. The thesis also contains an empirical part testing the magnitude of the lack of marketability discount in the Czech Republic.

Bakgrund: Illikviditetsrabatten (DLOM) är en omdiskuterad rabatt som ofta leder till konflikt vid värdering. DLOM uppstår i en brist på säljbarhet och problematiken ligger i att denna rabatt inte är observerbar och kan även anses subjektiv. DLOM beror också på flertalet ofta unika faktorer vilket medför att rabatten kan skilja sig kraftigt från fall till fall. DLOM kan anta allt från negativa värden upp till 90 % vilket medför att bolagets slutgiltiga värde i stor grad beror av denna rabatt. Således blir det relevant att bestämma en korrekt nivå för denna rabatt utifrån vetenskaplig litteratur och praxis. Fallföretaget för denna studie, PwC, har efterfrågat en ny modell för att estimera DLOM. Detta på grund av ett ökat fokus från Skatteverket och Fallföretagets kunder att kontrollera om estimeringar av DLOM har utförts på ett korrekt och argumenterbart sätt. I dagsläget hävdar Fallföretaget att ämnet har givits bristande uppmärksamhet i branschen, varför en uppdatering av deras nuvarande metodik för att estimera DLOM är kritisk för sitt fortsatta arbete. Syfte: Denna studies syfte är att analysera och skapa en modell, grundad i validitet och praktisk genomförbarhet, som estimerar illikviditetsrabatten. Genomförande: På grund av att rabatten inte är observerbar uppstår ett behov av att identifiera substitut för rabatten och förstå sambandet mellan dessa och DLOM. Till hjälp har en omfattande sammanställningsstudie gjorts i ämnet tillsammans med en fallstudie av Fallföretagets nuvarande metodik. Baserat på detta och triangulering har en modell sedan utvecklats. Denna modell har sedan tillämpats på fyra värderingsfall som tillhandahållits av Fallföretaget. Utifrån detta följer sedan en analys på Fallföretagets metodik, den framtagna modellen och en jämförelse av dessa. Resultat: EMQ-modellen är en modell som bygger på tre metoder för att estimera DLOM. De tre metoderna är en empirisk metod, en matematisk metod och en kvalitativ metod. Två intervall för vad DLOM kan anta för värden utifrån bolagsspecifika data skapas utifrån den empiriska och matematiska metoden. Dessa intervall viktas sedan ihop till ett intervall med avseende på inlåsningsperioden för innehavet som ska värderas. Slutligen undersöks kvalitativa faktorer som ger ett bestämt värde inom intervallet för DLOM. De tre metoderna är valda utifrån att ta hänsyn till de faktorer som påverkar DLOM för att sedan överföra dessa till ett faktiskt värde för DLOM. Modellen är även skapad för att vara anpassningsbar till varje specifikt värderingsfall. / Background: The marketability discount (DLOM) is a controversial discount that has often led to conflict in valuation. DLOM is derived from a lack of marketability and the problem lies in the fact that DLOM is not observable and also considered subjective. Furthermore, DLOM depends on multiple often unique factors, which means that the discount can differ greatly from case to case. DLOM can assume values ranging from negative values and up to as much as 90%, which means that the company's final value to a great extent depends on this discount. Thus, it becomes relevant to determine a reasonable level of this discount based on scientific literature and practice. The case company for this study, PwC, has requested a new model to estimate DLOM. The reason behind the request is that the Swedish Tax Agency and customers of the case company have increased its effort on controlling whether estimates of DLOM have been carried out in a correct and arguably manner. Currently, the case company claims that the subject has been given a lack of attention in the industry, which is why an update of their current methodology for estimating DLOM is critical for their continued work. Aim: The aim of this report is to create and analyze a model, based on validity and practical feasibility, which estimates the marketability discount. Completion: Due to the fact that the discount is not observable creates a need for identifying proxies for the discount and an understanding of the connection between these and DLOM. An extensive literature study together with a case study on the case company has been made in order to achieve this. A model is then developed based on this and triangulation. The model is then used on four valuation cases, provided by the case company. After that follows an analysis of the methodology of the case company, the model of this study and a comparison between these two. Findings: The EMQ-model is a model that is based on three methods for estimating DLOM. The three methods are an empirical method, a mathematical method and a qualitative method. Two possible intervals for DLOM is created based on company-specific data by the empirical and mathematical method. These intervals are then weighted together into one interval with respect to the restriction period for the holding to be valued. Finally, qualitative factors that provide a definite value are investigated within the interval of DLOM. The three methods are chosen based on considering the factors affecting DLOM. The model is also created to enable adaptability to each specific valuation case.

Esta pesquisa pretende, no contexto da expansão do protagonismo judicial (principalmente sobre o aspecto da judicialização das políticas públicas), estudar as audiências públicas realizadas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal e seus efeitos na realização do direito à saúde que, por ser um direito social, se concretiza, principalmente, por meio de políticas públicas. O objetivo é verificar se as audiências públicas realizadas sobre o tema (audiências sobre a judicialização da saúde, sobre o programa Mais Médicos e sobre a internação com diferença de classe no SUS) foram satisfatórias no sentido de serem capazes de criar uma sistemática de atuação para o Poder Judiciário nos casos que envolvem o controle de políticas públicas de saúde. Para tanto, realizamos a análise de obras teóricas sobre a judicialização dos conflitos, o estudo de casos concretos envolvendo a efetivação da saúde e dividimos a dissertação em quatro partes. Na primeira parte (capítulo um), abordaremos os limites metodológicos do direito positivo tradicional no que se refere à efetivação dos direitos sociais, no contexto da expansão do protagonismo judicial e da ascensão do neoconstitucionalismo, apontando como reflexo a estes desafios a institucionalização das audiências públicas. No segundo capítulo trataremos do papel que as audiências públicas assumiram no STF, destacando de forma crítica a apropriação do instituto como um canal de diálogo democrático com a sociedade civil, asseverando que sua utilização é discricionária, pontual e seletiva, atendendo assim, principalmente, a uma busca por maior legitimidade decisória. No terceiro capítulo, tendo em vista as dificuldades inerentes para a efetivação do direito à saúde e o caráter limitado que as audiências públicas assumiram junto à Corte Suprema, analisaremos os efeitos do instituto na criação do que poderíamos chamar de política judiciária de saúde. Por fim, no quarto capítulo, apontaremos para caminhos que visam a superação da lógica compensatória e individualista da aplicação do direito à saúde, por meio da valorização de um verdadeiro diálogo do Judiciário com a sociedade civil, alcançada somente com a realização de audiências públicas verdadeiramente deliberativas. / In the context of the expansion of judicial protagonism (especially on the aspect of judicialization of public policies), this research aims to study the Supreme Court public hearings and the effects on social rights awereness. The goal is to verify if the public hearings regarding \"judicalization of health,\", \"Mais Médicos\" program and \"admission to differences classes in the SUS\", were able to create a pattern of the Judiciary acting in cases involving control of public health policies satisfactorily. The research compreends the analysis of theoretical works on the judicialization of conflicts, case studies involving the effectiveness of health and is divided in four parts. On the first chapter the analysis will be on the methodological limits of traditional positive law, in the context of the expansion of the judicial role and neoconstitutionalism rise. On the second, the analysis will be on the role of the public hearing at the Supreme Court level. The emphases is critically pointing the institute\'s institucionalization as a democratic channel of dialogue with civil society, stressing that its use is discretionary, timely and selective. In the third chapter, given the difficulties inherent to the application of the right to health and the limited nature that the public hearings have taken by the Supreme Court, we will analyze the effects of public hearings in creating what we might call \"judicial policy of health\" . Finally, in the fourth chapter, we will point to ways to overcome the compensatory and individualistic logic of the application of the right to health through the promotion of a true judicial dialogue with civil society.

Background: Mental illness is a growing problem in society, which means that pediatric nurses in neonatal departments meet parents with mental illness more and more often. The pediatric nurse should respond to all children and families in a respectful, empathetic and careful manner, as well as be able to identify the child's and family's resources and needs. Purpose: To describe the pediatric nurses' experience of responding to parents with mental illnesses in neonatal departments. Method: Qualitative design with inductive approach. Data was collected through four semi-structured focus group discussions, with 18 pediatric nurses. Data was analyzed with qualitative manifest content analysis. Result: The analysis resulted in three categories; experience of inadequacy, experience of insecurity and experiences whit good structure and increased knowledge. Frustration and uncertainty were prominent in the discussions and were mainly due to lack of knowledge or lack of cooperation between instances. Anxiety and fear were felt to have a negative impact on the responding between nurses and parents. Feelings of security appeared in good structures and higher levels of knowledge. Conclusion: By raising awareness of pediatric nurses' thoughts and feelings of responding to parents with mental illness, a development and improvement can be made with regard to knowledge and working methods in the field. Education, tutorial and better interdisciplinary co-operation create security, which has a positive impact on the respond and furthermore, the role of the parents strengthens, which ultimately will be beneficial for the child and its development. Keywords: Focus group, Lack of knowledge, Mental illness, Qualitative study, Uncertainty. / Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa är ett växande problem i samhället, vilket medför att barnsjuksköterskor på neonatalavdelningar träffar föräldrar med psykisk sjukdom allt oftare. Barnsjuksköterskan ska bemöta alla barn och familjer på ett respektfullt, empatiskt och omsorgsfullt sätt, samt kunna identifiera barnets och familjers resurser och behov. Syfte: Att beskriva barnsjuksköterskors upplevelse av att bemöta föräldrar med psykiska sjukdomar på neonatalavdelningar. Metod: Kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats. Data samlades in genom fyra semistrukturerade fokusgruppsdiskussioner, med 18 barnsjuksköterskor. Data analyserades med kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier; upplevelse av otillräcklighet, upplevelse av otrygghet och upplevelser vid god struktur och ökad kunskap. Frustration och osäkerhet var framträdande i diskussionerna och uppkom främst på grund av kunskapsbrist eller bristande samarbete mellan instanser. Oro och rädsla upplevdes påverkade bemötandet negativt. Trygghetskänslor infann sig vid goda strukturer och högre kunskapsnivå. Slutsats: Genom att öka medvetenheten om barnsjuksköterskors tankar och känslor av att bemöta föräldrar med psykisk sjukdom, kan en utveckling och förbättring ske avseende kunskap och arbetssätt inom området. Utbildning, handledning och bättre tvärprofessionellt samarbete skapar trygghet vilket påverkar bemötandet positivt och vidare stärker föräldrarnas roll, något som i slutändan blir gynnsamt för barnet och dess utveckling. Nyckelord: Fokusgrupp, Kvalitativ studie, Kunskapsbrist, Osäkerhet, Psykiska ohälsa.

Cette thèse étudie dans l’oeuvre d’Albert Camus, les formes que prend un thème récurrent, le malentendu. Cette omniprésence pourrait s’expliquer d’abord par la vie de l’auteur, particulièrement par les traumatismes de l’enfance : une étude comparative des deux oeuvres autobiographiques montre bien le douloureux malentendu avec la mère. Mais l’incompréhension se situe aussi sur le plan politique et moral, car les positions ambiguës de l’écrivain sur la question algérienne ont suscité de violentes polémiques avec les intellectuels, alors que Camus n’a cessé de dénoncer l’injustice dont étaient victimes les autochtones. La réception de l’oeuvre n’a pas échappé à cette difficulté. Camus a été « mal-entendu » par la critique, tant en France métropolitaine qu’en Algérie, si bien qu’il met en place un imposant paratexte afin d’éviter toute « mauvaise » lecture. Ainsi, toutes les expériences vécues par l’auteur (le malentendu avec la mère, avec les intellectuels, avec les critiques…) nourriront son oeuvre qui sera marquée par l’incompréhension entre ses personnages, par un déchirement dans leurs relations dû à une différence au niveau de la pensée, de la culture, de la race. / The following thesis studies the forms that the recurrent theme of misunderstandingtakes in the writings of Albert Camus. This omnipresence could be explained first bythe author’s life, especially his childhood trauma: a comparative study of twoautobiographical works shows the painful misunderstanding with the mother. But themisunderstanding is also located on the political and moral levels, as the writer’sambiguous positions on the Algerian question started up violent controversies withintellectuals although Camus has always denounced the injustice whose victims werethe aboriginal. The reception of his writings has not escaped this difficulty. Camuswas "poorly understood" by critics, both in France and Algeria, so he sets up animposing paratext to avoid "bad" reading. Thus, all the author’s experiences of(misunderstanding with the mother, with intellectuals, with critics ...) feed up hiswritings - which will be marked by misunderstanding between the characters - with atear in their relationship caused by a difference at the level of thought, culture, race.