Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLKO.pdf: 834201 bytes, checksum: 994d7b70c6b1001f9dec962fafc8b72e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-13 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The purpose of this work is to develop exact methods, based on Lagrangean and Surrogate relaxation, with good performance to solve the manufacturer s pallet loading problem. This problem consists of orthogonally arranging the maximum number of rectangles of sizes (l,w) and (w,l) into a larger rectangle (L,W) without overlapping. Such methods involve a tree search procedure of branch and bound type and they use, in each node of the branch and bound tree, bounds derived from Lagrangean and/or Surrogate relaxations of a 0-1 linear programming formulation. Subgradient optimization algorithms are used to optimize such bounds. Problem reduction tests and Lagrangean and Surrogate heuristics are also applied in the subgradient optimization to obtain good feasible solution. Computational experiments were performed with instances from the literature and also real instances obtained from a carrier. The results show that the methods are able to solve these instances, on average, more quickly than other exact methods, including the software GAMS/CPLEX. / O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver métodos exatos, baseados em relaxação Lagrangiana e Surrogate, com bom desempenho para resolver o problema de carregamento de paletes do produtor. Tal problema consiste em arranjar ortogonalmente e sem sobreposição o máximo número de retângulos de dimensões ( , ) l w ou ( , ) w l sobre um retângulo maior ( , ) L W . Tais métodos exatos são procedimentos de busca em árvore do tipo branch and bound que, em cada nó, utilizam limitantes derivados de relaxações Lagrangiana e/ou Surrogate de uma formulação de programação linear 0 1 − . Algoritmos de otimização do subgradiente são usados para otimizar estes limitantes. São aplicados ainda testes de redução do problema e heurísticas Lagrangiana e Surrogate na otimização do subgradiente para obter boas soluções factíveis. Testes computacionais foram realizados utilizando exemplos da literatura e exemplos reais, obtidos de uma transportadora. Os resultados mostram que os métodos são capazes de resolvê-los, em média, mais rapidamente do que outros métodos exatos, incluindo o software GAMS/CPLEX.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2228.pdf: 979050 bytes, checksum: ffa6f96c8eada124b6f1e6ba3ebe02da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-11 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Cutting and packing problems are important in the production planning of various industrial segments involving goals such as minimizing the negative efects generated by waste of materials or idle spaces. The loss of material due to an inadequate programming of the cutting or packing patterns, can be substantial, and, in general, parts of these losses can be avoided only with a more eficient production planning, not resulting in additional investments in production processes. This study aimed at evaluating the performance of the Benders decomposition method, applied to the manufacturer and distributor pallet loading models. The manufacturer pallet loading model involves packing equal boxes on a pallet, so as to optimize its use. The distributor pallet loading model involves packing boxes of diferent sizes on a pallet, also a way to optimize its use. The approach based on Benders decomposition, defines a relaxation algorithm that partitions the original problem in two other problems easier to be solved. To check the effectiveness of the approach, computational tests were carried out by comparing the results with those obtained by a computational package composed of a modeling language (GAMS) and a last generation optimization solver (CPLEX ). / Os problemas de corte e empacotamento são importantes no planejamento da produção de vários segmentos industriais envolvendo objetivos como, por exemplo, minimizar os efeitos negativos gerados por desperdício de materiais ou espaços ociosos. As perdas de material, devido a uma programação pouco adequada dos padrões de corte ou empacotamento, podem ser substanciais, sendo que, em geral, parte destas perdas pode ser evitada apenas com uma programação da produção mais eficiente, não implicando em investimentos adicionais nos processos de produção. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar o desempenho do método de decomposição de Benders aplicado a modelos de carregamento de paletes do produtor e do distribuidor. O problema de carregamento de paletes do produtor envolve empacotar caixas iguais sobre um palete, de maneira a otimizar o aproveitamento deste. O problema de carregamento de paletes do distribuidor envolve empacotar caixas de tamanhos diferentes sobre um palete, também de maneira a otimizar o aproveitamento deste. A abordagem baseada na reformulação de Benders define um algoritmo de relaxação que particiona o problema original em dois outros problemas mais simples de serem resolvidos. Para verificar a eficiência da abordagem, realizaram-se testes computacionais, comparando os resultados obtidos com os obtidos pelo pacote computacional composto de uma linguagem de modelagem (GAMS) e um software de otimização de última geração (CPLEX).

La présente étude explore le problème, curieusement peu étudié en gestion, de l'innovation dans le développement des applications Web. En partant de la distinction entre innovation par « l'usager » (U) et innovation par « l'industriel/entrepreneur » (E) et en utilisant une approche de « phenomenon-based research », elle identifie un troisième acteur, le « développeur » (D), dont l'action se positionne entre les deux autres. Trois figures d'acteur sont proposées pour le décrire : celle de l'usager-développeur (UD), de l'usager-développeur-entrepreneur (UDE) et du développeur-entrepreneur (DE).Cette grille de lecture (U, D, E) est testée, dans la 2ème Partie, sur le cas de trois industries dont on peut retracer l'histoire, depuis leur genèse jusqu'à des stades de maturité avancés : l'industrie des radiocommuni- cations, celle du PC, celle de l'ordinateur d'entreprise. L'importance du rôle joué par l'acteur D identifié se retrouve dans chacune de ces 3 industries. Les étapes de développement de chacune de ces industries peuvent être lues comme une suite d'innovations liées à des acteurs différents - successivement : UDs, UDEs, DEs - jusqu'à l'étape de proposition de rationalisations par des entreprises (Es) puis d'autonomisation de chacun trois acteurs U, D, E.Dans la phase de maturité intermédiaire que connaît le Web où sont déjà apparues des entreprises spéciali- sées E mais où les développeurs D continuent à exister sous les formes riches de DEs ou d'UDEs, se pose la question pour les entreprises de savoir comment mobiliser et gérer l'activité de ces développeurs à des fins d'innovation. Trois formes de gestion sont identifiées dans la 3ème Partie. La première méthode consiste à favoriser l'auto-révélation de ces acteurs. La seconde consiste à mobiliser ces acteurs dans des actions éphé- mères visant l'exploration du potentiel d'un service donné. La dernière consiste à animer une communauté de développeurs qui utilisent déjà la technologie de l'entreprise pour les encourager à développer des applications sur la base de cette technologie.Mots clés : développement des applications Web, innovation par les usagers, innovation par les industriels, entrepreneurs, développement industriel, potentiel technologique. / He current study explores the curiously not much studied in management problem of innovation of contemporary Web-based applications. Starting from the distinction between user (U) and manufacturer/entrepreneur (E) innovation and using a phenomenon-based research approach, it identifies a third actor, the developer (D), whose action is found to lie in-between the two. Three actor figures are proposed for his description: user-developer (UD), user-developer-entrepreneur (UDE) and developer- entrepreneur (DE).This interpretative framework (U, D, E) is tested in the second part on the cases of three industries, where it enables a tracing of their history, from their birth to their maturity: radio industry, PC industry and enterprise computer industry. The important role of D actor is identified in all three settings. Their development phases can be read as a sequence of innovations related to different actors, UDs, UDEs and DEs successively, until the proposition of a rationalisation by enterprises (Es) and leading to the independence of the three actors, U, D, E.During the intermediate maturity phase of the Web, where expert enterprises Es have appeared, yet the de- velopers Ds remain under the forms of DEs or UDEs, the question posed for enterprises is how to harness their activity for innovation. Three management modes are identified in the third part. The first method consists in fostering the self-revelation of these actors. The second consists in harnessing their action using ephemeral settings for the exploration of the potential of a given service. The last consists in animating a community of developers already using the enterprise's technology to encourage them in developing applications on the basis of this technology.

Avec plus de 57 milliards d’€ de CA en France en 2014, le e-commerce continue à se développer, tant en volume qu’en nombre d’acteurs. Pourtant peu d’industriels se lancent dans le e-commerce, alors que les théories économiques suggèrent que ceux-ci devraient intégrer les fonctions d’intermédiation dès lors qu’il est capable de les effectuer à un coût moindre que des opérateurs extérieurs.Dans cette recherche, nous explorons les freins des industriels du secteur de l’électrodomestique vis-à-vis du e-commerce et suggérons que, conformément à la théorie de la concurrence multipoints, les industriels évitent de commercialiser leurs produits sur Internet dans un souci de stabilité de leur système de distribution. Des résultats de notre recherche, nous mettons en évidence les facteurs de création du conflit dans ce contexte, ce qui nous conduit à formuler des recommandations à l’égard des managers qui envisageraient l’ouverture d’un site marchand. / With more than 57 billion € turnover in France in 2014, the e-commerce continues to grow, both in volume and number of players. Yet few manufacturers are engaging in e-commerce, while economic theories suggest that they should integrate intermediation functions as soon as they are able to perform at a lower cost than external operators.In this research, we explore why the household appliance industry sector do not launch e-commerce site and suggest that, according to the multipoint competition theory, they do so in order to avoid coercion from the traditional distribution system. From the results of our research, we emerge factors that create conflict in this context, which leads us to make recommendations in respect of managers who would consider opening a retail website.

「台灣的代工製造產業應該如何發展」的問題，是困擾PC產業的管理難題，特別是在公司面臨產品成熟、訂單驟減、毛利下滑的時刻。所有台灣的代工製造產業亟思轉型的方法和方向，但是轉型到的新的產品市場或產品也是非常複雜、動態、多重因素多相互依存及影響。屬於複雜難解的問題(Wicked Problem)、問題本身都還需要定義及釐清。本論文將列出想解決的議題並定義為服務設計的議題。 因此本研究的服務設計議題(Service Design Challenge)可定義如下:「以服務設計思維建構專業代工緯創的未來」。本論文經由訪談傳統PC產業的品牌公司、IC供應商、作業系統公司和工業PC的公司，研究過程藉由運用服務設計(Service Design)手法並發掘洞見(Insights)與價值，據此將真正符合客戶需求，在找出表面及深層需求後、設計新的服務模式，得到其反饋之後再修正設計；接著結合最新科技趨勢，例如：物聯網、工業4.0、感測器和機器手臂，以提供客戶安心的代工服務；最後希望藉由改變運營模式，達到緯創成功轉型的目標。 雖然新的科技尚未成熟，只要方向正確，這些模式或能力成熟後，可以快速讓公司保持彈性，能充分利用的資源，進行個別化差異設計。 / “How to develop the ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) industry in Taiwan” is plagued by PC industry management problems, especially for those companies facing product maturity, orders plummeted and the decline in gross margin. The ODM in Taiwan is trying to change the way and direction, but the transition to the new product market or product is very complex, dynamic and involves multiple inter-dependent factors. It is a complex problem (Wicked Problem), and the problem itself also needs to be defined and clarified. The aim of this thesis is to address and define the issues through the lens of service design. Therefore, our Service Design Challenge Problems can be defined as: “The Future of Wistron through the Service Design Lens". This thesis, through interviews with traditional PC industry brand companies, IC suppliers, operating systems companies and industrial PC companies, adopts the research process of the service design approach and explores the insights and value, which will truly meet Customer needs, identify the surface and deep demand, attain the design of new service model, and integrate the latest technology trends, such as Internet of things, industry 4.0, the sensor and the robot arm, in order to provide customers with reliable and assured ODM services. Our final hope is to change the operating mode and achieve a successful Enterprise Transformation of Wistron. Although the new technology is not yet mature, as long as the direction is correct in light of these models or abilities to mature, the company can remain flexible, make full use of resources, and create individualized design differences.

Syfte - Syftet med studien är att kartlägga hantering av information mellan original equipment manufacturer (OEM) och kontraktstillverkare. Syftet har brutits ner i tre frågeställningar: Vilken information skickas mellan OEM och kontraktstillverkare? Hur skickas information mellan OEM och kontraktstillverkare? Vilka faktorer påverkar informationsutbytet mellan OEM och kontraktstillverkare? Metod – En förstudie genomfördes för att formulera en problemformulering, vilket låg till grund för utformandet av studiens syfte samt frågeställningar. Fallstudien genomfördes parallellt med en kompletterande litteraturgenomgång för att skapa studiens teoretiska ramverk. Studiens syfte samt frågeställningar besvarades genom fallstudien och teorier. Slutsatser – Brister identifierades under studien gång och har en direkt påverkan på informationsutbytet mellan parterna. Det finns flera faktorer som kan påverka informationsutbytet, den främsta påverkande faktorn är kommunikationen inom företaget, vilket ligger till grund för ett väl fungerande informationsflöde. Ett tillverkande företag bör finna en balans mellan tillgång och användning av nödvändiga resurser för att integrera informationsflödet mellan parter och minska möjliga informationsgap. Det existerar svårigheter i att koordinera ett informationsflöde på bästa sätt vid användning av multipla tillverkningskanaler. Genom att identifiera slöseri i företagets administrativa processer kan de elimineras för att minska onödigt höga kostnader för företaget. Implikationer – Studien kan fungera som en vägledning hur företag ska hantera sitt informationsflöde vid användning av multipla tillverkningskanaler. Organisationer inom tillverkningsbranschen kan med fördel ta del av studien för erhållande av förståelse beträffande kommunikation, informationsutbyte, partnerskap samt framgångsfaktorer vid användning av lean i det administrativa flödet. Begränsningar – Då två enheter studerades, kan en relativt hög reliabilitet antas. Dock hade det varit fördelaktigt att studera fler företag med liknande tillverkningsprocess för att stärka studiens reliabilitet ytterligare. / Purpose – The purpose of the thesis is to map the handling of information between original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and contract manufacturers. The purpose has been broken down into three research questions: What information is sent between OEM and contract manufacturers? How is information sent between OEM and contract manufacturers? What factors affect the exchange of information between OEM and contract manufacturers? Method – A case study was conducted to formulate a problem formulation, which formed the basis for the design of the study's purpose and issues. The case study was conducted in parallel with a supplementary literature review to create the theoretical framework of the study. The purpose of the study and the three research questions were answered through the case study and theories. Findings – The study identified several deficiencies that have a direct impact on the exchange of information between parties. There are several factors that can influence the exchange of information, the main influencing factor being the communication within the company that forms the basis for a well-functioning information flow. A manufacturing company should find a balance between access and use of the necessary resources to integrate information flow between parties and reduce possible information gaps. There are difficulties in coordinating an information flow in the best possible way using multiple manufacturing channels. By identifying waste in the company's administrative processes, they can be eliminated to reduce ultimately unnecessarily high costs for the company. Implications – The study can serve as a guide for companies to manage their information flow when using multiple manufacturing channels. Manufacturing organizations can benefit from the study to gain an understanding of communication, information exchange, partnership and success factors when using lean in the administrative flow. Limitations – When two units were studied, a relatively high reliability can be assumed. Yet, it would have been advantageous to study more companies with similar manufacturing processes to further strengthen the study’s reliability.

Background: In light of the multitude of different channel options consumers have at hand and the rapidly advancing vertical integration of established brand manufacturers across industries, the question arises as to the basis on which consumers make their channel decision for a manufacturers direct-to-consumer (D2C) sales channel. Scholars have found that channel attributes and product-related factors generally play a pivotal role in consumer channel choice and have shown the influence they have on offline versus online channel choice. However, research in the context of established brand manufacturers offering D2C sales channels is so far underrepresented in the consumer channel choice literature despite its high current relevance. Purpose: This study investigates which channel attributes and product-related factors influence a consumer’s decision to fulfill a purchase through a manufacturer’s online D2C channel and how they do so, in order to gain insights into this so far insufficiently studied research context. Method: The data of this qualitative, explorative study was generated through semi-structured interviews with 16 purposefully selected samples. The sample was segmented demographically into four groups ranging from Baby Boomers to Generation Z, in which men and women are equally represented to create a heterogenous sample set. The data analysis followed an inductive approach using thematic analysis. Conclusion: This study found that 12 channel attributes and 8 product-related factors are relevant to consumer channel choice in the context of established manufacturers’ D2C channels.  Furthermore, it was found that channel choice is not exclusively based on the aforementioned, but that the individual factors are also interrelated. Particularly important are also influencing factors, which further affect consumer channel choice. Lastly, all identified factors are evaluated in tandem. A conceptual framework depicting these findings was developed.

With a purpose to provide insights on how to reduce the impact of future disruptive events on the supply chain and to raise awareness of the potential applications of disruptive technologies (DTs), this thesis will analyze the use of 3-Dimensional Printing (3DP), Big Data (BD), and Internet of Things (IoT) in Supply Chain Management (SCM). The devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for greater Supply Chain Resilience (SCR), as disruptions can have a domino effect and damage co-dependent supply chain actors. Just-In-Time (JIT) and standardized supply chain practices have been blamed for operational failings, leading to calls for better strategies and solutions to prepare against future disruptions. The thesis bridges the gap in knowledge between supply chain strengthening and the potential of disruptive technologies, and what solutions are viable for supply chain managers to create more resilient SCM. The study contributes to industrial manufacturing firms managing consequences of COVID-19, and how they are implementing precautionary measures to keep their supply chain resilient for future threats. This research aims to contribute to both scholars, practitioners, and the supply chain management field.

Purpose: This study aims to examine what is needed by manufacturers and their resellers in thetruck manufacturing industry that wants to pursue a result-oriented PSS. More specifically, thisstudy aims to answer what capabilities are needed for the actors and address what partnershipfactor is needed for collaboration. At the same time, collaboration has been found vital to pursuea PSS, whereas partnership factors can be used to leverage the needed capabilities. Method: This study builds on a qualitative single case study research strategy. The unit of analysisconsists of the European truck manufacturer and its resellers in Singaporean and Malaysianmarkets that want to pursue a product-service system (PSS). The primary data collection wasdone through 24 interviews with decision-makers in a three-phase model, and internalPowerPoint presentations were collected as secondary data. The primary data was then analyzedusing thematic analysis. The main role of theory was to use it to develop interview guides andto be used to code per the thematic analysis. Findings: The result of this study is a framework that shows scholars and practitioners whatcapabilities and partnership factors are needed when planning to pursue a result-oriented PSS inthe truck manufacturing industry. Thirty-three capabilities were identified and categorized acrossvarious business areas, such as capabilities related to the operations of the PSS and innovation.This research further identified six essential partnership factors and explained how these couldbe used to leverage the identified capabilities. Lastly, this research presents a roadmap forprioritizing capabilities and partnership factors for early-stage PSS implementation. The first stepof five is that management should create a clear concept and direction and then create a dedicatedPSS unit to further get the necessary capabilities and partnership factors through iterations. Theoretical- and managerial implications: This study contributes to current PSS literature byexpanding the understanding of what capabilities and partnership factors are needed from amanufacturer-reseller perspective to offer a PSS. Also, it addresses how the partnership factorscan be used to leverage the identified capabilities. Managers can use the framework to evaluatewhich of the capabilities and partnership factors they already have or which they need to get. Itcan further be used to assess the other party before going into a PSS collaboration together. Theroadmap initially guides what is essential so managers can prioritize how to develop or acquirethe necessary capabilities and partnership factors. / Syfte: Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vad som behövs av tillverkare och deras återförsäljare inom lastbilstillverkningsindustrin som vill erbjuda en resultatorienterad PSS. Mer specifikt syftar denna studie till att svara på vilka kapabiliteter som behövs för aktörerna men även villka partnerskapsfaktor som behövs för samverkan. Detta då samarbete visat sig vara avgörande för att driva en PSS, medan partnerskapsfaktorer kan användas för att maximera de nödvändiga kapabiliteterna. Metod: Denna studie bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi för enskilda fallstudier. Analysenheten består av den europeiska lastbilstillverkaren och dess återförsäljare på singaporeanska och malaysiska marknader som vill erbjuda en PSS. Den primära datainsamlingen gjordes genom 24 intervjuer med beslutsfattare i en trefasmodell och interna PowerPoint-presentationer samlades in som sekundärdata. Primärdata analyserades sedan med hjälp av tematisk analys. Teorins huvudsakliga roll var att använda den för att utveckling intervjuguider och användas även för att koda i den tematiska analysen Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie är ett ramverk som visar forskare och praktiker vilka kapabiliteter och partnerskapsfaktorer som behövs när man planerar att driva en resultatorienterad PSS inom lastbilsindustrin. Trettiotre kapabiliter identifierades och kategoriserades över olika affärsområden, såsom kapabiliteter relaterade till driften av PSS och innovation. Denna forskning identifierade även sex viktiga partnerskapsfaktorer och förklarade hur dessa kunde användas för att utnyttja de identifierade kapabiliteterna maximalt. Slutligen presenterar denna forskning en roadmap för en prioritering av de identifierade kapabiliteterna och partnerskapsfaktorer för PSS-implementering i ett tidigt skede. Det första steget av fem är att ledningen ska skapa ett tydligt koncept och riktning för att sedan skapa en dedikerad PSS-enhet vars upgift är att få tag eller skapa de nödvändiga kapabiliteterna och partnerskapsfaktorerna genom iterationer. Teoretiska och praktiska implikationer: Denna studie bidrar till aktuell PSS-litteratur genom att utöka förståelsen för vilka kapabiliteter och partnerskapsfaktorer som behövs ur ett tillverkare-återförsäljarperspektiv för att erbjuda en PSS. Den tar också upp hur partnerskapsfaktorerna kan användas för att utnyttja de identifierade kapabiliteterna maximalt. Beslutsfattare kan använda ramverket för att utvärdera vilka av de kapabiliteter och partnerskapsfaktorer de redan har eller vilka de behöver skaffa. Den kan vidare användas för att bedöma den andra parten innan man går in i ett PSS-samarbete tillsammans. Roadmappen vägleder initialt vad som är väsentligt så att beslutsfattare kan prioritera hur man ska utvecklar eller införskaffa de nödvändiga kapabiliteterna och partnerskapsfaktorerna.

Purpose – The aim of the study is to investigate the possibilities for circular economy in acrylicplastic in the lighting industry. To answer the purpose, it was broken down into two researchquestions: [1] What characterizes the handling of acrylic plastic waste by lighting manufacturers? [2] How can lighting manufacturers achieve a more circular handling of acrylic plastic waste? Method – To be able to answer the research questions, a case study was conducted at acompany active in the lighting industry. The data collection consisted of observations,interviews, and document studies. The observations were unmasked and of a direct nature. Theinterviews that were held were both unstructured and semi-structured. The documents wereinvoices and quotations mostly collected from the case company. Furthermore, four differentsolutions were developed with help of the theoretical framework and collected data. The empiricand the theoretical chapters were compared to be able to analyse and answer the researchquestions. Findings – The study shows that a company in the lighting industry throw away plastic lensesas they believe that they have no use for them. The lenses are made of acrylic plastic and arethrown in combustible waste. The waste goes to energy recovery that provides electricity,district heating and district cooling. During the combustion process, carbon dioxide is releasedwhich affects the environment. It is better to let the waste go to energy recovery than landfilling.To achieve a more circular handling of acrylic plastic waste, it is recommended to first andforemost reduce the waste. It is the result of one of the solution proposals "Minimize worksteps" which involves a point effort to take advantage of acrylic plastic instead of throwing itaway. In situations where there is no possibility of reducing, companies should instead try toreuse the acrylic lenses, which is a result of the solution proposal "reuse". In 2024, there willopen a new chemical recycling centre in Sweden that companies should keep track of. Implications – The study has implications for companies in the lighting industry that useacrylic plastic. It is also suitable for companies outside the lighting industry that handle acrylicplastic waste, as the study contributes to increased knowledge about circular economy and howacrylic plastic waste should be handled to benefit the circular economy. The study helps tohighlight potential approaches for environmentally friendly handling of acrylic plastic. A newrecycling centre opens 2024 in Stenungsund, which is the first in Sweden that can chemicallyrecycle acrylic plastic. It is recommended to talk to them early to review costs and opportunitiesthat arise in connection with the opening of the recycling centre. Limitations – The environmental impact of the study is measured in carbon dioxideemissions. No other environmental aspects are considered as carbon dioxide includes the areasthat are relevant, based on the size of the study. Due to the time constraint, the study wasconducted on only one case company, which may lower credibility. More companies should bestudied in order to further generalize and strengthen credibility even more.