This thesis examines the lives and experiences of poor young women street sex workers in the city of Surabaya, Indonesia. This thesis focuses on sexual and reproductive health knowledge and practices; conditions of work; and experiences of discrimination, marginalization, and agency. Qualitative research methods, including participant observation techniques and multiple in-depth interviews, were used to gain a detailed understanding of these women’s lives. Results of this research indicate that these young women are severely marginalized through poverty, state ideologies, and public moralities. Their marginalized status leads them to experience poor health outcomes, physical violence, sexual violence, and police harassment. The concept of structural violence is used to describe how poverty and marginalization impact these young women’s health, everyday-lives, and life chances.

Den europeiska domstolen för mänskliga rättigheter har tagit upp ett mål om tvångsarbete där de klargjort att en arbetsrelation kan utgöra tvångsarbete även om arbetaren initialt accepterat arbetsvillkoren om det finns exploaterande element. I uppsatsen används idé- och argumentationsanalys för att analysera domslutet genom applicering Iris Marion Youngs teori om fem ansikten av förtryck för att utröna om domstolens argumentation uppnår en nivå av moral i linje med teorin. Uppsatsen klargör bland annat, vikten av att domstolen sett till offrens hela livssituation från ett helhetsperspektiv och att de ansträngt sig att sätta sig in i sådant strukturellt förtryck som ofta är dolt i vardagliga beteenden. Uppsatsen visar att domslutet genom sitt tillvägagångssätt på ett tillfredställande sätt kunnat visa på förekomst av förtryck som annars kunde ha passerat ostraffat, och att motiven i beslutet utgår ifrån en moralisk grund i paritet med teorin. Argumentationen kunde dock ha innehållit en mer mångfacetterad beskrivning av strukturellt förtyck och dess konsekvenser på den sociala gruppen. / The European Court of Human Rights has made a judgement in favor of the workers in a case of forced labor in which they clarify that a working relationship can constitute forced labor even if the worker initially has accepted the working conditions if there are elements of exploitation. In this essay idea and argumentation analysis are used to analyze the judgement through the eyes of Iris Marion Youngs normative theory of the five faces of oppression, to explore if the courts argumentation reaches a moral standard in line with the theory. The essay reveals among other things, that an effort to explore the life situation of victims from a holistic perspective were crucial in the judicial process, as well as an effort to understand structural oppression hidden in the everyday life. The conclusions show that the judgment meets many aspects of Youngs theory in revealing oppression and giving arguments in line with its moral grounds. However, the argumentation could have been even more versatile around issues of structural oppression and consequences thereof on the social group.

This thesis attempts to address how and why North Shäwa deteriorated from a political heartland to a region of impoverished peasants by the beginning of the 20th century. One of the factors that determine the selection of the place for a seat of the government for a region or country and sustainability of its system is its resource potential. In this case, arable and grazing land with other related land resources were decisive. They were some of the major factors contributing to both the origin and development of the kingdom. However, by the beginning of the 20th century, the region was abandoned by the court and by a significant proportion of its population. This was mainly because of the impoverishment of the region. The growth of the number of consumers (town dwellers) and the supplies needed by the kingdom exceeded the carrying capacity of North Shäwa. The economic productivity of the region could not correspond to the development of its needs. Thus, this thesis accords due emphasis to the factors that contributed to the impoverishment of North Shäwa and the consequences that followed. Throughout the thesis, North Shäwan peasants are the main subject of discussion. Political, social, cultural and geographical factors that impacted on the peasants’ economy and that retarded its development are discussed in the study. It also attempts to unearth the measures taken by the court and peoples of North Shäwa to withstand or escape from the prevailing socio-economic problems. Finally a comparison is made with other regions of the country to describe the political and socio-economic status of North Shäwans that continue to live in the region. This discussion covers the period from the 1880s up to the Italian occupation of Ethiopia in 1935 / History / D.Litt. et Phil. (History)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os meninos de rua apontam para uma complexa trama de exclusão social a que estão submetidos milhares de crianças e de adolescentes. Uma realidade que, perpassada e constituída por fatores sociais, econômicos, políticos, culturais e históricos, tendem a ocultar o que há de singular na história, no sofrimento, nas dinâmicas familiares, nas trajetórias de sujeitos que, face aos conflitos vivenciados e ao lugar de dejeto que ocupam no meio social, adotam a mesma saída para poderem existir (CAMPOLINA, 2001): a rua. Crianças e adolescentes, portanto, relegados a um lugar que lhes revela a faceta mais crua e real da exclusão, do abandono, da miséria, da violência que tende a ser reproduzida na circulação pelos vários espaços a casa, a rua, as instituições em busca de um lugar possível de endereçamento que os inscreva enquanto sujeitos. Nesse sentido é que esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida, a partir da experiência numa instituição que atende crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua. Vinculada ao projeto de pesquisa de Frej (2007), intitulado Limites, fronteiras e endereçamentos entre mãe e criança, este estudo teve como objetivo compreender a demanda endereçada por crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua à instituição. As contínuas transgressões, a destrutividade na relação com a instituição, além de expressões como Vê se me desimbaça, Você é uma cata-lixo, fazem supor manifestações de apelo, demandas endereçadas à instituição. A teoria psicanalítica, sobretudo as formulações de Freud e Lacan, bem como de Bergès e Balbo, trouxe contribuições importantes no que concerne à demanda, ao apelo, ao endereçamento, ao jogo de posições entre o sujeito e o Outro. A pesquisa utilizou-se de dados colhidos nos registros da instituição para contextualizar o público e apontar especificidades do atendimento. Além disso, apresentou três casos clínicos, com o objetivo de, no percurso dos adolescentes na instituição, articular questões concernentes à demanda por eles endereçada. A partir das discussões feitas, apontamos a instituição como um lugar de endereçamento (tesouro de significantes) que, ao fazer a hipótese de um apelo nos gritos de socorro de crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua, constitui-se enquanto lugar que acolhe, interdita, nomeia, delimita e simboliza para além do real da rua. Um lugar que, ao inscrever o sujeito no campo da palavra portanto, numa outra posição , institui a aposta e a possibilidade de, no apelo Vê se me desimbaça, entrever a construção e o endereçamento de demandas à instituição / The street boys are related to a complex reality of social exclusion to which thousands of children and adolescents are submited. This reality, perpassed and constitued by social, economicals, politics, cultural and historical factors, has a tendency to occult what exists as singular in the history, in the suffering, in the families dynamics, in the lives of subjects that, in front of experienced conflicts and also considering the role of dejection in the social context, adopt the same exit in order to the existence be possible (CAMPOLINA, 2001): the street. Children and adolescents, thus, left in a way that reveal to them the most rude and real face of the exclusion, of the abandonment, of the poverty, of the violence which has a tendency to reproduce in the circulation among different spaces the house in the street, the institutions but also trying to find a possible way of addressing that recognize them as subjects. If this search always exists, or if they are searching. This research was developed in this way, based in an experience at one institution that takes care of children and adolescents in streets situation. Vinculated to the research project of Frej (2007), Limits, barriers and addressment among mother and child, this research had as objective understand the demand addressed by children and adolescents in streets situation to the institution. The continuous transgression, the destructiveness in the relationship with the institution, furthermore, the expressions as Make me blurred anymore, You are a search-trash, make possible suppositions about appeal, demands addressed to the institution. The psychoanalitic theory, fundamentally the formulations of Freud and Lacan, as well as Bergès e Balbo, brought important constributions to understand the demand, the appeal, the addressment, the play of positions between the subject and the Other. The research analysed data from the registers of the institution with the major purpose to contextualize the public and consider especificities in the attendance. Moreover, discussed three clinical cases, with the objective to, in the passage of the adolescents in the institution, articulate questions concernents to the demand that they have addressed. From the discussions made, we suggested that the institution as a space of addressment (treasure of significants) which, making a hypotheses of an appeal to the shouts of help of children and adolescents in streets situation, constitue itself as a place that receive, interdict, nominate, delimitate, and symbolize beyond of the real of the street. A place that when register the subject in the language domain thus, in another position -, institute the bet and the possibility that, in the appeal Make me blurred anymore see indistinctly the building and the addressment of demands to the institution. Key-words: Children and adolescents in streets situation, appeal, demand, institution, addressment

Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2014-01-27T18:10:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro, Anna-Dissert-2013.pdf: 2004394 bytes, checksum: 20e76a14f23de9c14076ebe2f789d8f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-01-27T18:10:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro, Anna-Dissert-2013.pdf: 2004394 bytes, checksum: 20e76a14f23de9c14076ebe2f789d8f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Estudo sobre as práticas políticas e representações dos judeus durante o reinado de Afonso X, através de fontes de cunho literário e normativo produzidas pelo círculo régio. Buscou-se analisar as diferentes formas de representação e as disposições referentes à tal comunidade. Utilizou-se como fundamento teórico o conceito de representações, de Georges Duby e Roger Chartier; de marginalização, de Bronislaw Geremek; de pária, de Louis Dumont; e de alteridade relativa, de Paul Zumthor, para compor o quadro de nossa análise. Buscamos demonstrar a forte relação existente entre processos de marginalização dos judeus com um projeto de centralização e construção de identidade para o reino. A conclusão apontou para a importância de pensarmos os processos de marginalização em sua dinâmica com a centralidade. Observamos movimentações de aproximação e distanciamento, com a construção de margens fluidas que situam grupos numa condição de alteridade relativa. / Study on political practices and Jewish representation during the reign of Afonso X, using literary and normative documentation produced by the royal power. In our analysis, we sought to expound the different forms of Jewish representation and the royal injuctions related to that community. In order to build a framework for our analysis, we used the following concept: representation, as used by Georges Duby and Roger Chartier, marginalization by Bronislaw Geremek, pariah, by Louis Dumont; and relative alterity, by Paul Zumthor. We sought to demonstrate the intrinsic relationship between Jewish marginalization and the royal centralizing project, with the obvious intention to construct an identity for the kingdom’s subject. In our conclusion, we pointed out to the importance for considering marginalization processes in their intrinsic bond to the centrality. In that matter, we observed movements of proximity and detachment, resulting in the construction of a fluctuating margin, in which social groups are situated on a condition of relative alterity to the majority.

À La Réunion, de nombreux demandeurs d'emploi en situation de handicap, âgés de plus de 50 ans, sont victimes de chômage prolongé et sombrent dans la précarité. Ce statut peu enviable que leur impose un environnement économique délabré par la crise et rendu très sélectif, les prédisposent à la marginalisation. L'existence d'entraves physiques, socioéconomiques, discriminatoires, auxquelles s'additionnent de représentations péjoratives, sont particulièrement préjudiciables à l'insertion professionnelle de ce public senior. Privé de travail qui est un élément fondamental de la structuration identitaire mais aussi un moyen unanimement reconnu d'intégration à la vie sociale, cette population se retrouve en posture d'échec, subit des perturbations psychologiques importantes. La dépression et la crise identitaire qui résultent de la survenue du handicap amplifiées par les effets du chômage prolongé, provoquent l'émergence d'un phénomène de déstructuration. Profondément affecté, l'individu se fragilise et ne se reconnaît plus dans une société qui le stigmatise et le pousse vers l'exclusion. Sortir de cette spirale infernale occasionne dans la plupart des cas des dommages collatéraux marquants si l'on se réfère aux témoignages de ceux qui ont pu le surmonter. / At Reunion Island, many job-seekers disabled of more than 50 years old, are victims of prolonged unemployment and sink into the precariousness. This little enviable status which imposes them an economic environment ruined by the crisis and the very selective depiction, predispose them to the marginalization. The existence of physical obstacles, socioeconomic, discriminatory and pejorative representations are particularly harmful, discriminate the occupational integration of this senior public. Deprived of work which is a fundamental element of the identical structuring but also a means unanimously recognized of integration in the social life, he meets in posture of failure, undergoes important psychological disturbances. The depression and the identity crisis which result from the arisen of the handicap amplified by the effects of the prolonged unemployment, cause the emergence of the phenomenon of disintegration. Deeply affected, the individual weakens and does not recognize any more in a society which stigmatizes him and pushes him to the exclusion. Go out of this infernal spiral often causes collateral damage according to accounts given by those who were able to overcome it.

Aging Hispanic populations are expected to increase in the United States (U.S.) to 21.5 million by 2060 according to the National Council on Aging (NCA) (2014). Although actual estimates vary, Gates (2013) asserts that over one million Hispanics identify as gay or bisexual and their unique needs must be explored (Clover, 2006; Cohn & Taylor, 2010; Fenkl, 2014). Unfortunately, few studies examine aging Hispanic men who identify as gay or bisexual according to the National Hispanic Council on Aging (NHCOA) (2013). The objective of the current study was to extend the limited research on aging gay/bisexual men in the southeastern U.S. (e.g., Fenkl, 2014) by focusing on Hispanic gay/bisexual men in South Florida. The current study identifies social networks that serve to help this population’s health and well-being concerns related to aging. Findings from the 20 male participants in the current study provided evidence that there are unique health concerns associated with aging within this population. The current project has the potential to help health care providers, social service providers and policy makers, with an increased understanding of the special needs and challenges experienced by aging gay ethnic minorities in communities throughout the U.S.

Introduction: Social networks have shown promise in curbing drug dependency and infectious diseases among marginalized populations. The purpose of this study is to elucidate how relationship strength in social networks is associated with risk behaviours for infectious diseases. Methods: Two reviews were conducted: 1) a systematic review exploring the association between risk behaviours and relationship strength 2) a review on the utilization of respondent driven sampling (RDS). We also analyzed network data to determine the association between recent injection drug use and recent crack use. Results: Our reviews revealed that few studies link relationship strength and risk behaviours; moreover, RDS is effective method of sampling from marginalized populations. Finally, our analysis demonstrated that close relationships are associated with drug use. Conclusion: “Close” relationships are important in arbitrating injection drug use and crack smoking. More research addressing the issues of using data from dynamic social processes and hard-to-reach populations is needed.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_paula_cristina.pdf: 2325010 bytes, checksum: 624c0588db2e1486499309d0bb39d579 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The street boys are related to a complex reality of social exclusion to which thousands of children and adolescents are submited. This reality, perpassed and constitued by social, economicals, politics, cultural and historical factors, has a tendency to occult what exists as singular in the history, in the suffering, in the families dynamics, in the lives of subjects that, in front of experienced conflicts and also considering the role of dejection in the social context, adopt the same exit in order to the existence be possible (CAMPOLINA, 2001): the street. Children and adolescents, thus, left in a way that reveal to them the most rude and real face of the exclusion, of the abandonment, of the poverty, of the violence which has a tendency to reproduce in the circulation among different spaces the house in the street, the institutions but also trying to find a possible way of addressing that recognize them as subjects. If this search always exists, or if they are searching. This research was developed in this way, based in an experience at one institution that takes care of children and adolescents in street s situation. Vinculated to the research project of Frej (2007), Limits, barriers and addressment among mother and child , this research had as objective understand the demand addressed by children and adolescents in street s situation to the institution. The continuous transgression, the destructiveness in the relationship with the institution, furthermore, the expressions as Make me blurred anymore , You are a search-trash , make possible suppositions about appeal, demands addressed to the institution. The psychoanalitic theory, fundamentally the formulations of Freud and Lacan, as well as Bergès e Balbo, brought important constributions to understand the demand, the appeal, the addressment, the play of positions between the subject and the Other. The research analysed data from the registers of the institution with the major purpose to contextualize the public and consider especificities in the attendance. Moreover, discussed three clinical cases, with the objective to, in the passage of the adolescents in the institution, articulate questions concernents to the demand that they have addressed. From the discussions made, we suggested that the institution as a space of addressment ( treasure of significants ) which, making a hypotheses of an appeal to the shouts of help of children and adolescents in street s situation, constitue itself as a place that receive, interdict, nominate, delimitate, and symbolize beyond of the real of the street. A place that when register the subject in the language domain thus, in another position -, institute the bet and the possibility that, in the appeal Make me blurred anymore see indistinctly the building and the addressment of demands to the institution. Key-words: Children and adolescents in street s situation, appeal, demand, institution, addressment / Os meninos de rua apontam para uma complexa trama de exclusão social a que estão submetidos milhares de crianças e de adolescentes. Uma realidade que, perpassada e constituída por fatores sociais, econômicos, políticos, culturais e históricos, tendem a ocultar o que há de singular na história, no sofrimento, nas dinâmicas familiares, nas trajetórias de sujeitos que, face aos conflitos vivenciados e ao lugar de dejeto que ocupam no meio social, adotam a mesma saída para poderem existir (CAMPOLINA, 2001): a rua. Crianças e adolescentes, portanto, relegados a um lugar que lhes revela a faceta mais crua e real da exclusão, do abandono, da miséria, da violência que tende a ser reproduzida na circulação pelos vários espaços a casa, a rua, as instituições em busca de um lugar possível de endereçamento que os inscreva enquanto sujeitos. Nesse sentido é que esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida, a partir da experiência numa instituição que atende crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua. Vinculada ao projeto de pesquisa de Frej (2007), intitulado Limites, fronteiras e endereçamentos entre mãe e criança , este estudo teve como objetivo compreender a demanda endereçada por crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua à instituição. As contínuas transgressões, a destrutividade na relação com a instituição, além de expressões como Vê se me desimbaça , Você é uma cata-lixo , fazem supor manifestações de apelo, demandas endereçadas à instituição. A teoria psicanalítica, sobretudo as formulações de Freud e Lacan, bem como de Bergès e Balbo, trouxe contribuições importantes no que concerne à demanda, ao apelo, ao endereçamento, ao jogo de posições entre o sujeito e o Outro. A pesquisa utilizou-se de dados colhidos nos registros da instituição para contextualizar o público e apontar especificidades do atendimento. Além disso, apresentou três casos clínicos, com o objetivo de, no percurso dos adolescentes na instituição, articular questões concernentes à demanda por eles endereçada. A partir das discussões feitas, apontamos a instituição como um lugar de endereçamento ( tesouro de significantes ) que, ao fazer a hipótese de um apelo nos gritos de socorro de crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua, constitui-se enquanto lugar que acolhe, interdita, nomeia, delimita e simboliza para além do real da rua. Um lugar que, ao inscrever o sujeito no campo da palavra portanto, numa outra posição , institui a aposta e a possibilidade de, no apelo Vê se me desimbaça , entrever a construção e o endereçamento de demandas à instituição

La stigmatisation territoriale est un concept qui soutient que certains groupes de personnes sont discrédités, dévalorisés et entachés par la réputation de leur lieu de résidence réel ou supposé. Ce mémoire cherche à illustrer la stigmatisation territoriale opérée sur Montréal-Nord — un arrondissement de la ville de Montréal touché par des enjeux de pauvreté et dont une grande partie de la population est issue de l’immigration. Affecté par une réputation peu enviable au sein de l’imaginaire spatial québécois, Montréal-Nord est généralement perçu comme le « Bronx montréalais » : un espace fréquenté par des gangs de rue et associé à un secteur enclavé de faible qualité urbanistique. Ces représentations, mettant l’accent sur le caractère dangereux et criminel de cet arrondissement, ont été renforcées suite au meurtre de Fredy Villanueva abattu par un policier en 2008 dans un parc de Montréal-Nord et des révoltes urbaines qui ont suivi. Or, dans quel contexte de production les récits médiatiques sur Montréal- Nord sont réalisés ? Et surtout, quelles actions sont proposées par les institutions publiques, les organismes communautaires et certains collectifs citoyens afin de renverser une image jugée négative et de cesser la paupérisation de l’arrondissement ? Grâce à une base de données regroupant les articles publiés sur l’arrondissement de Montréal-Nord par huit journaux de la presse écrite montréalaise entre 2006 et 2016, il est possible d’illustrer des processus de mise en visibilité qui concentre l’attention sur le caractère dangereux du quartier. De plus, 25 entretiens semi-dirigés avec différent·e·s acteur·trice·s issu·e·s de Montréal-Nord permettent de souligner l’influence que les récits médiatiques ont sur la production de l’espace urbain. L’émergence de collectifs citoyens performant une nouvelle citoyenneté sera aussi documentée afin d’illustrer une forme de réappropriation du discours sur Montréal-Nord. À l’intersection des enjeux de race, de représentations et de réparations, cette recherche vise à souligner les mécanismes ségrégatifs à l’oeuvre au sein de l’espace urbain et médiatique montréalais. / Territorial stigmatization is a concept that argues that certain groups of people are discredited, devalued and tainted by the reputation of their real or perceived place of residence. This research seeks to illustrate the territorial stigmatization of Montréal- Nord—a borough in the city of Montréal that is affected by poverty issues and where a large part of the population is of immigrant origin. Affected by an unenviable reputation in Quebec’s spatial imagination, Montréal-Nord is generally perceived as the “Montréal Bronx”: a space occupies by street gangs and associated with a landlocked area of poor urban quality. These representations, emphasizing the dangerous and criminal nature of this borough, were reinforced following the murder of Fredy Villanueva by a police officer in 2008 in a Montréal-Nord park and the urban revolts that followed. However, in which production context the media stories about Montréal-Nord are being made? And above all, what actions are proposed by public institutions, community organizations and certain citizen collectives in order to reverse an image deemed negative and to stop the impoverishment of the borough? Thanks to a database of articles published on the borough of Montréal-Nord by eight Montréal print media newspapers between 2006 and 2016, it is possible to illustrate processes that focus attention on the dangerous nature of the neighbourhood. In addition, 25 semi-directed interviews with various actors from Montréal-Nord highlights the influence that media stories have on the production of urban space. The emergence of collectives performing a new type of citizenship will also be documented in order to illustrate a form of recuperation of the discourse about Montréal-Nord. At the intersection of issues of race, representation and reparations, this research aims to highlight the segregating mechanisms at work within Montréal’s urban and media space.