The purpose of this paper is to study how the discourse on risk, threat and national security has developed over time within the context of Swedish print news media. The articles we look at are from 1992-2023, and originate from four of Sweden’s largest national newspapers (Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet, Expressen, Svenska Dagbladet). By mapping out when and where something or someone is described as a “threat to national security”, and by whom, we want to analyze how the perceived threats against Sweden as a nation has changed and been communicated over time. Other than the foundational theory package that is media logic, our theoretical framework includes Ulrich Beck’s concept of risk and risk society, Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman’s propaganda model and the theory of securitization as laid out by the Copenhagen school. Earlier works we have built upon include (among many others) Bakir & Kitzinger’s extensive research on mediated risk, as well as Westberg’s interesting analysis of Sweden’s COVID-19 strategy and its elements of public shaming. Our study is a quantitative content analysis of a body of 301 articles, with occasional qualitative dives into specific parts of the material to give further context. The media archive and search engine Retriever was used to find every article from the four papers within the chosen timespan containing the phrases “hot mot rikets säkerhet”. (threat to national security) and “hot mot Sveriges säkerhet” (threat to Sweden’s security). The contents of the articles were encoded into several categories pertaining to our four questions, and graphed out to see patterns of frequency over time. We found a clear and dramatic increase in “threat reporting” from all four newspapers starting in 2017, peaking in 2019 and continuing at a higher level than before. A whole two-thirds of the 301 articles were published in or after 2017. The 2019 peak largely centers on the case of several imams accused of being security threats, which Expressen wrote the most about using the phrases in question. Expressen generally appears the most (103 articles), and Aftonbladet the least (40). Islamism was most commonly pointed out as a threat overall, followed by terrorism and extraparliamentary political action. In almost half of the articles, the Swedish Security Service (SÄPO) was the source designating something or someone as a threat. The most common countermeasure after investigation was deportation of the (foreign) threat in question, consistent with there being more articles that point to an individual as the threat (121) rather than another state actor (68).

<p>Vi har genom intervjuer i fokusgrupper undersökt hur gymnasiestuderande 18-åriga ungdomar i Sundsvall reflekterar över bilder och bildpublicering på det sociala mediet Facebook. Tre fokusgrupper bestående av kvinnor, tre fokusgrupper bestående av män har resonerat kring frågor som berör fyra teman: medialisering, integritet, självbild och etik. Totalt ingick 24 ungdomar i undersökningen.</p><p>Studien besvarar frågor kring varför ungdomar publicerar bilder på Facebook och vilka problem och konsekvenser denna bildpublicering kan resultera i, samt om det finns några skillnader mellan män och kvinnor i deras svar.</p><p>Studiens ungdomar lever ett medierat liv. De återberättar händelser ur verkliga livet på Facebook med hjälp av bilder. Studiens ungdomar använder sig även av bilder för att skapa sina digitala jag, och ser dessa bilder som en viktig del av hur de uppfattas av andra. Tjejerna publicerar fler bilder på sig själva, än vad killarna gör, och är mer medvetna om hur de framställs på bilderna. Ungdomarna tänker på hur en okänd publik kan ta del av den information som finns om dem digitalt, och värnar därför om sin integritet på Facebook, samt vill kontrollera de bilder som de förekommer på. Ungdomarna visar medvetenhet över etisk problematik som kan uppstå, men ser inte detta som något problem då de ofta känner de som har publicerat bilderna, och menar att de själva aldrig skulle publicera oetiska bilder på Facebook eftersom de endast laddar upp bilder på sina vänner.</p> / <p>By focus group interviews, we have examined how 18 year old high school students in Sundsvall, Sweden, reflect over photos and photo publishing on the online social network Facebook. Three focus groups consisting of women and three focus groups consisting of men have talked about questions concerning four different themes: medialization, integrity, self presentation and ethics. A total of 24 youths participated in the survey.</p><p>This survey answers questions about why youths are publishing photos on Facebook, and in what kind of problems and consequences this publishing can result. This survey will also look into possible differences between men and women regarding their answer in these questions.</p><p>The youths of this survey lives a mediated life. With the use of photographs, they retell events from real life on Facebook. The youths also use photographs to create their digital self, and these images are seen as an important way of how they are perceived by others. The girls in the focus groups publish more photos of themselves than the boys, and are more conscious of how they appear on these photos. The youths do take in mind how an unknown public can take part of the information that is digitally gathered about them, and therefore defend their integrity on Facebook since they want to control the existence of the photos they are occurring on. The youths shows an understanding about the problems that can occur from an ethical point of view, but does not see this as a problem since they often knows the publisher of these photos, and expresses that since they only upload photos of their friends, they never would publish unethical photos on Facebook themselves.</p>

Vi har genom intervjuer i fokusgrupper undersökt hur gymnasiestuderande 18-åriga ungdomar i Sundsvall reflekterar över bilder och bildpublicering på det sociala mediet Facebook. Tre fokusgrupper bestående av kvinnor, tre fokusgrupper bestående av män har resonerat kring frågor som berör fyra teman: medialisering, integritet, självbild och etik. Totalt ingick 24 ungdomar i undersökningen. Studien besvarar frågor kring varför ungdomar publicerar bilder på Facebook och vilka problem och konsekvenser denna bildpublicering kan resultera i, samt om det finns några skillnader mellan män och kvinnor i deras svar. Studiens ungdomar lever ett medierat liv. De återberättar händelser ur verkliga livet på Facebook med hjälp av bilder. Studiens ungdomar använder sig även av bilder för att skapa sina digitala jag, och ser dessa bilder som en viktig del av hur de uppfattas av andra. Tjejerna publicerar fler bilder på sig själva, än vad killarna gör, och är mer medvetna om hur de framställs på bilderna. Ungdomarna tänker på hur en okänd publik kan ta del av den information som finns om dem digitalt, och värnar därför om sin integritet på Facebook, samt vill kontrollera de bilder som de förekommer på. Ungdomarna visar medvetenhet över etisk problematik som kan uppstå, men ser inte detta som något problem då de ofta känner de som har publicerat bilderna, och menar att de själva aldrig skulle publicera oetiska bilder på Facebook eftersom de endast laddar upp bilder på sina vänner. / By focus group interviews, we have examined how 18 year old high school students in Sundsvall, Sweden, reflect over photos and photo publishing on the online social network Facebook. Three focus groups consisting of women and three focus groups consisting of men have talked about questions concerning four different themes: medialization, integrity, self presentation and ethics. A total of 24 youths participated in the survey. This survey answers questions about why youths are publishing photos on Facebook, and in what kind of problems and consequences this publishing can result. This survey will also look into possible differences between men and women regarding their answer in these questions. The youths of this survey lives a mediated life. With the use of photographs, they retell events from real life on Facebook. The youths also use photographs to create their digital self, and these images are seen as an important way of how they are perceived by others. The girls in the focus groups publish more photos of themselves than the boys, and are more conscious of how they appear on these photos. The youths do take in mind how an unknown public can take part of the information that is digitally gathered about them, and therefore defend their integrity on Facebook since they want to control the existence of the photos they are occurring on. The youths shows an understanding about the problems that can occur from an ethical point of view, but does not see this as a problem since they often knows the publisher of these photos, and expresses that since they only upload photos of their friends, they never would publish unethical photos on Facebook themselves.

This thesis focuses on sibling interaction and children’s everyday media practices in their homes. Ten sibling pairs, aged four to nine years, have been followed in their homes during a six-month period with media ethnographic methods. The data mainly consist of video recorded sibling interactions. The thesis draws on sociocultural theories, cultural sociological perspectives and insights from social interaction research. The analyses are grounded in the social interaction and meaning making acts that take place in media activities in the home settings. However they also extend to a broader societal context, in order to show how social structure and social action are constantly interwoven in children’s lives. The thesis documents how the media represent an important part of the child's everyday culture. Media create key reference frames and common platforms for the children’s games and play activities. The siblings use media and various artifacts to negotiate, challenge or assume desirable positions. Media artefacts can also be used as a way to present oneself. The younger siblings progressively work their way into the older siblings’ media landscapes, and the elder siblings become guides or role models in handling video games, music, and YouTube activities. In addition to purely practical skills when it comes to handling the technical equipment, the older siblings also mediate local taste hierarchies, norms, and values. The thesis also describes how children are social actors who interpret and reinterpret the constant ongoing movements in the media landscape. Moreover, the thesis highlights how consumption is closely linked to media practices. Mobiles, games consoles and membership on virtual gaming sites become highly valued phenomena and status markers in children’s media worlds. / Detta arbete undersöker hur syskon samspelar och skapar mening och social ordning inom ramen för olika mediepraktiker. Med hjälp av medieetnografiska metoder har 14 barn i åldrarna fyra till nio år (tio olika syskonkonstellationer) följts i hemmiljö under en halvårsperiod. Materialet består främst av videoinspelad interaktion. Avhandlingen bygger på sociokulturella och kultursociologiska perspektiv, där individen ses som en aktiv, meningsskapande och samspelande aktör som påverkar och påverkas av sin sociala och kulturella kontext. Analysen är i huvudsak relaterad till de handlingar som äger rum i lokalt situerade aktiviteter och undersöker vad syskonen gör med medier i olika verksamheter, men visar även hur samhällelig kontext och barns aktörskap är parallella aspekter i barns liv. Avhandlingen synliggör hur medier utgör en stor och viktig del av barns vardagskultur. Medier är självklara referensramar och skapar gemensamma plattformar för barnens samtal och lekar. Syskonen använder medier och olika artefakter för att förhandla, utmana eller fördela positioner. Småsyskonen tar sig successivt in i de äldre syskonens medielandskap, medan de äldre ofta blir ledstjärnor eller ger sig själva tolkningsföreträde. Vidare visas hur kunskapsförmedling är ett väsentligt inslag mellan syskon. Utöver rent praktiska färdigheter i hur de tekniska apparaterna ska hanteras, förhandlas även smak, normer, värderingar och tillgång till symboliskt kapital. Spel, musik, TV, YouTube och medieartefakter används som resurser för självpresentation.  Analyserna pekar på barnens aktörskap; barnen tolkar, omtolkar, utmanar och förhandlar innebörder och föreställningar om vad som är kultur för barn. Avhandlingen belyser även hur konsumtion intimt hänger samman med mediepraktiker. Mobiler, spelkonsoler och medlemskap på virtuella spelsidor blir åtråvärda artefakter och statusmarkörer i barnens medievärldar.

In the beginning of 2021 the documentary “The selected children” was aired in one of the public Swedish television channels. In the film we follow the filmmaker as he returns to his elementary school that he left almost three decades ago. His memories where positive but the film depicts abuse with a focus on the leadership and a rope swing . The ensuing media debate was influenced by the fact that the school was, and still are, a waldorf school (Steiner school) and the cult concept was frequently used. This bachelor thesis aimed to find the underlying reasons for the media usage of the cult concept in this context and further how and why a description of a school in the past became a novelty in the present. The perspective is religion sociology and medialization. The purpose is to understand how and why the cult concept is used in nationwide written news media, narrowed down to 11 articles published in Aftonbladet, Dagens ETC, DN, Expressen, GP, SvD och SVT nyheter during May and June 2021. I used a qualitative content analysis method combined with an abductive reasoning. The theory used was in the field of cults, NRM and medialization with an emphasis on media logic also described as media modus operandi. The result shows that the cult concept is used to describe and frame the extreme characteristics of the school. There is a connection between the school and other waldorf schools both in the description of the schools as cults related to abuse and abnormality but the main reason is the foundation in relation to the waldorf pedagogy and anthroposophy. The media uses a very narrow number of sources describing the school, waldorf schools and the anthroposophic movement. The descriptions are made in the present as if the film was depicting the present school as well. As such the sources alongside the framing language constructs the news value in line with the media logic. In conclusion I argue that the findings show that media uses the cult as a description aswell as a news story in line with the theory, describing how the news are storytellers as they have developed into the entertainment industry.