¡@¡@After the year of 2000, the unemployment rate is growing up every year. Until March of 2001, the rate of unemployment had already climbed to 7.5% and the main reason for this situation was establishment closed or business shrunk. Because of facing hard competitive environment, many enterprises progressed the downsizing to solve the problem of bankruptcy or in order to restructure business. Even though downsizing always be viewed as an effective method to lower operation cost and increase organizational performance; however, some past researches showed that after downsizing many company not only did not achieve expected objectives but also give all workers a very big shock. This happened all the time especially when survivors felt unfair or uncomfortable to the process of downsizing, and usually accompanied with morale¡¦s decline and distrust managers. Finally workers maybe show unsteady performance spontaneously and affect company¡¦s competitiveness. For some successful downsizing enterprises, they considered downsizing as a strategic plan, and at the same time devote themselves to rebuild business culture or progress other human resource system to ease survivor pressure while executing downsizing In this research, we investigate employees who experienced downsizing before, and hope to understand how downsizing influence their work attitudes and behaviors. Besides, it wants to be approved if business could develop other human resource activities to lower downside actions of survivors. After analyzing the data, the results are stated as below: I. Difference of survivor attitudes and behaviors due to employee identification of downsizing plan. 1.There are obviously differences on job involvement due to different level of employee identification of downsizing reason. 2.Comprising with direct layoffs, when using the way of retire to progress downsizing, survivor organizational identification will get higher records. II. Relationships between downsizing and survivor attitudes and behaviors. 1.When employees felt that their company practiced downsizing for the reason of merge or acquisition, they would have positive organizational identification and job involvement but have negative relation with turnover. 2.When employees felt good and comfortable in downsizing process, they would have positive organizational identification but have negative relation with turnover. 3.When employees felt the way of downsizing was direct layoffs, they would get negative influence and make them to have higher turnover. Instead, when employees felt the way of downsizing was gentle retirement, they would have better feeling to company and higher organizational identification. III. All situational items have the moderating effects on the relationship between downsizing plan and survivor attitudes and behaviors. 1.Most growth need strength have the moderating effects on the relationship between downsizing plan and survivor attitudes and behaviors. When employee felt that the reason of downsizing was imitate other organization behaviors, then the workers who were high GNS would have lower organizational identification than low GNS. However, if survivor cognized that company was fair in downsizing process and let employees participate in the plan, then the workers who were high GNS would have higher organizational identification than low GNS. 2.Employees¡¦ cognitions to the change of human resource system would have moderating effects on the relationship between organizational process and survivor attitudes and behaviors. IV. The influence on organizational performance by survivor attitudes and behavior The results showed that this part could not get exactly demonstration from analysis records.

<p>Syftet med denna studie är att förklara och förstå hur lärare tänker kring med stort rörelsebehov i skolan och hur de tänker kring sitt agerande. Upplevs elevernas beteende som störande av lärarna? Vi har även försökt få förståelse om vad lärarna anser kan bidra till detta beteende hos eleverna, både i och utanför skolan. I första delen har vi tagit upp vad litteraturen säger om detta ämne och närliggande områden. I andra delen av vår bakgrund har vi behandlat lärarens roll, för att sedan lyfta fram betydelsen av skolmiljön. Metoden som använts vid studien är en kvalitativ metod med hermeneutisk inriktning. Vi har intervjuat fem lärare om deras tankar och erfarenheter kring elever med ett stort rörelsebehov. Lärarna i studien har vid ett flertal tillfällen tagit emot en klass där det förekommer en eller flera elever med ett större rörelsebehov än klasskamraterna. De har under sin yrkesverksamma tid arbetat fram olika arbetssätt för att hjälpa och stötta eleverna med stort rörelsebehov. I diskussionen framkom att lärarens elevsyn och förmåga att individanpassa är betydelsefull för bemötandet av elever med ett stort rörelsebehov.</p> / <p>In this study we have chosen to look at teachers attitude towards pupils with a great need of movement. Are those pupils with extra needs experienced as inconvenient by the teachers? Our aim was also to learn more about teachers views on some of the triggers which causes this behavior among children in school environments and other surroundings. The first part of the study contains previous research in this and similar topics. The second part concerns the teachers role and professionalism and the importance of the school environment. The method that was used in this study was a qualitative method with a hermeneutic aim. We interviewed five teachers about their experiences with pupils with a great need of movement. The teachers that participated in the study have experienced teaching those pupils which have a greater need of movement than their classmates at several occassions. During their career the teachers have found several different strategies to help and support these pupils. In the discussion of this study we discovered the importance of the teachers ability to approach and individualize teaching situations towards the pupils who have great needs of movement.</p>

<p>The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a correlation between birth order, academic performance and need for achievement. 166 students from Alvesta Gymnasium/ High school and Växjö Fria Gymnasium/ High school participated in the study. The result showed a significant correlation between birth order and study result, but unlike previous studies this study showed that it was the youngest siblings that had the best academic performance. Furthermore, a significant correlation between academic performance and need for achievement was found, also that higher need for achievement results in higher academic performance. The study also showed that there is a significant correlation between birth order and need for achievement, and it is the youngest children that have the highest need for achievement. Finally the study shows, in resemblance with previous studies, that sibship size has a negative effect on study results. Most prominent in this current study was that the number of brothers has a significant negative correlation with study result.</p> / <p>Syftet med denna föreliggande studie är att undersöka huruvida det finns samband mellan syskonplacering, studieresultat och prestationsbehov. 166 elever från Alvesta Gymnasium och Växjö Fria Gymnasium deltog i studien. Resultatet visade ett signifikant samband mellan syskonplacering och studieresultat, men i motsats till tidigare studier visar resultatet av föreliggande studie att yngstabarnen har högst studieresultat. Dessutom påvisades ett signifikant samband mellan studieresultat och prestationsbehov, där högre prestationsbehov leder till högre studieresultat. Slutligen visar studien, i likhet med tidigare forskning, att en stor syskonskara påverkar studieresultaten negativt. Mest framträdande i föreliggande studie är att antal bröder visar sig ha ett signifikant negativt samband med studieresultat.</p>

The aim with this thesis was to study how primary school teachers perceive their mission in working with inclusive education. The aim was also to study their thoughts and experience of the Special education support. To conduct the inquiry twelve primary school teachers from two different communities in Sweden were asked to give their views of inclusive education. The central issues was how the primary school teachers interprets the concept of inclusion, the opportunities and obstacles they perceived and how the Special education support was formed in the work with inclusion in their schools. The result shows that the majority part of the primary teachers interprets the concept as a spatial or social inclusion. The result also shows that primary teachers are familiar with the values given by national curriculum but to perceive all students as an asset in their daily educational work the primary teachers expressed a feeling of uncertainty. The Special education support was described as compensatory where the students mainly get help to catch up, often in a small group or individually. The conclusion is that the Special education mainly works traditionally and few teachers question the approach. The word inclusion was understood differently by the primary teachers and they perceived inclusion more like an obstacle than as an opportunity. A major reason is the requirement of high effectiveness and fear of not suffice for all students. / Syftet med denna studie var att få kunskap om hur grundskollärare ser på och uppfattar sitt uppdrag att arbeta med en inkluderande skolverksamhet. Syftet var också att undersöka deras tankar kring och erfarenhet av det specialpedagogiska stödet i detta arbete. För att genomföra studien har tolv grundskollärare i årskurserna 1-6 från två olika kommuner i Sverige genom kvalitativa intervjuer fått ge sin syn på verksamheten. Intervjuerna har utgått ifrån forskningsfrågorna hur grundskollärare tolkar begreppet inkludering, vilka möjligheter och hinder lärarna kan se med ett inkluderande arbetssätt och hur lärarna ser på det specialpedagogiska stödet vid inkludering. Resultaten visar på att de flesta lärare tolkar begreppet inkludering som placeringsorienterad, en fysisk placering, och/eller individorienterad, när enskild elev behöver stöd. Våra resultat visar också på att lärare är väl förtrogna med den värdegrundstanke som genomsyrar skolans styrdokument, men när det gäller att se alla elever som en tillgång i klassrummet och möta dem där de är, beskriver de en känsla av otillräcklighet. Det specialpedagogiska stödet beskrivs som kompensatoriskt, där eleven får stöd i att hinna ikapp övriga elever, oftast enskilt eller i liten grupp utanför ordinarie undervisningslokal. Slutsatsen blir att den specialpedagogiska verksamheten främst arbetar traditionellt och få lärare förändrar det arbetssättet. Ordet inkludering uppfattas olika av lärarna och inkludering ses mer som ett hinder än som en möjlighet. En stor anledning till det är kravet på hög måluppfyllelse och rädsla för att inte räcka till för alla elever.

This research explores the second-level agenda-setting effects of news photographs and news stories, separately and when presented together. The tone of photos and stories each independently influence public opinion on an affective level. Negative stories and photographs elicited negative opinions and emotions about the issue presented, while positive responses resulted from positive stories and photographs. When congruently toned stories and photos were presented together their affective agenda-setting effects were amplified. Positive stories paired with positive photos created stronger positive affect than negative stories and photos, which precipitated a strong negative response. However, because of the negativity bias, no significant differences were found between negative stories paired with negative photos and negative stories with positive photos. Audiences felt negative, regardless of the valence of the photo. When stories and photos were of incongruent tone, the audience's opinion about the issue followed the tone of the story. Findings from this study also confirmed that need for orientation was not a component of second-level agenda setting. However, a relationship was established between need for orientation and elaboration. Those with high need for orientation were more likely to process the information deeply than those with low need for orientation, thereby drawing ties between agenda-setting theory and the Elaboration Likelihood Model. / text

Young wedded requirements are important in modern society. It is interesting to see how they realize their requirements in computer skills, spending their own leisure time, driving a car, etc. The adults’ education in Finland, Denmark was presented in theoretic part of this diploma work. The recommendations about adults’ balanced requirements and possibilities are also offered in this diploma work. The real self – education is a process which happens from the personality’s requirements to supply spiritual interests. Individuals establish self education’s purposes and their own knowledge. To establish young wedded self – education requirements and the realization of those requirements was the research of this diploma work. The research goals are: 1. To get an information about wedded requirements and to make a list about it. 2. To show wedded requirements about profession, leisure time, daily living and sport. 3. To find a realization of wedded requirements. 4. To make analysis and conclusions of all research of this diploma work. The research methods are: 1. Theoretical: the analysis of philosophic, pedagogical, psychological literature. 2. The respondents’ questionnaire and analysis. 3. Mathematical statistic methods. The finding of this diploma work: Ų The analysis of scientific literature proved the social problem of wedded requirements and the possibilities to supply those requirements. Ų Independent process is the problem of wedded self – education. Ų Wedded... [to full text]

SUMMARY Kristina KLIMIENĖ Consumer behavior influence to milk processing companies marketing decisions The conclusive master work consists of 57 pages, 10 pictures, 2 tables, 40 references and 3 additions. The work is written in Lithuanian. The key words: consumer, consumer behavior, need, relationship marketing, product, organization. The aim of the work is to present milk processing companies relationship improvement means with consumers. The research object - consumer behavior. The research subject – consumer behavior influence to the marketing decisions. The main tasks of the work are to: 1. Characterize the outward and inherent factors of consumer behavior; 2. Identify the consumption stimulating marketing means; 3. Point out how the consumer behavior influence milk processing companies marketing decisions; 4. Present relationship improvement means with consumers. The work was written analising different literature resources, comparing the facts of different authors, systematizing and concentrating them, using graphic, logical abstraction methods, also it was used a inquest. In oder to influence consumer behavior it‘s necessary to understand what affects consumer docisions. Consumer behavior is influenced by many enviromental and personal factors. Understanding them the organization can accept the effective marketing decisions. One of the most important subjects for the milk processing companies is to satisfy consumer needs by educating their consumers and... [to full text]

Nacionalinės ir pasaulinės mokymo(si) sistemos išgyvena krizę: didėja atotrūkis tarp piliečių, turinčių galimybes įgyti kokybišką išsilavinimą ir jų neturinčių. Šiai problemai spręsti aktuali mokymo(si) visą gyvenimą sistemos plėtra. Lietuvoje sukurta valstybės švietimo strategija 2003–2012 metams, jos esmė – išplėtoti socialiai teisingą, visiems prieinamą švietimo sistemą, sudarančią sąlygas visuomenei mokytis visą gyvenimą. Viena tokio mokymo(si) formų – nuotolinis mokymas(is), grindžiamas moderniųjų IKT panaudojimu. Lietuvos nuotolinio švietimo esmė – plėtoti nuotolinio mokymo(si) tinklą, užtikrinantį kiekvienam prieinamą, visą gyvenimą trunkantį mokymą(si). Mokinių mobilumas, tėvų migracija ir kt. byloja, kad nuotolinio mokymo(si) poreikis gali būti jaučiamas ir bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje, todėl analizei pasirinkta tema ,,Nuotolinis mokymas(is) bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje: situacijos ir poreikio analizė“. Tyrimo objektas – nuotolinis mokymas(is) Lietuvos bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti nuotolinio mokymo(si) situaciją ir poreikį Lietuvos bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje. Tyrimo uždaviniai: išanalizuoti šiuolaikinę nuotolinio mokymo(si) sampratą, jo teorinius pagrindus; išanalizuoti nuotolinio mokymo(si) situaciją Lietuvos švietimo sistemoje; atskleisti nuotolinio mokymo(si) poreikį Lietuvos bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje, tokį poreikį lemiančius veiksnius ir tikslines grupes. Tyrimui atlikti pasitelkta mokslinės informacijos, dokumentų šaltinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / National and global education (learning) systems are in a crisis: the gap between citizens who have access to quality education and who don’t have is growing. To tackle this problem life long training (learning) system development is urgent. Lithuania has created a public education strategy for 2003–2012, its essence is the development of socially just, accessible education system, enabling the public to learn throughout their lives. One form of such training (learning) is distance learning based on the use of modern ICT. Essence of Lithuanian distance education is the development of distance education (learning) network that provides everyone with accessible lifelong learning (teaching). Student mobility, migration of parents etc. suggests that distance education (learning) needs may be felt in mainstream schools, so for analysis the following topic was chosen: “Distance education (learning) in general education schools: situation and needs analysis”. Research object is distance learning (teaching) in Lithuanian general education schools. Purpose of the survey is to analyse the need in the distance education (learning) in the Lithuanian general education schools. The objectives are: to analyze modern distance education (learning) concept, its theoretical framework, to analyze distance education (learning) situation and need in Lithuanian education system, to reveal distance education (learning) situation and its need in the Lithuanian general education schools, its demand... [to full text]

Darbo tikslas - ištirti ortodontinių anomalijų paplitimą, gydymo reikalingumą bei gydymo poreikį tarp Lietuvos moksleivių. Tikslui pasiekti iškelti šie uždaviniai: 1) nustatyti ortodontinių anomalijų paplitimą tarp 10–11 m. ir 14–15 m. amžiaus Lietuvos moksleivių; 2) įvertinti ir palyginti ortodontinių anomalijų gydymo reikalingumą tarp 10–11 m. ir 14–15 m. Lietuvos moksleivių; 3) ištirti Lietuvos moksleivių požiūrį į ortodontinių anomalijų gydymo poreikį; 4) nustatyti moksleivių ortodontinių anomalijų gydymo poreikio sąsajas su demografiniais ir socialiniais veiksniais. Tyrimas atliktas dešimtyje Lietuvos apskričių, 41 atsitiktinai pasirinktoje mokykloje. Tyrimo metu nustatytas dantų susigrūdimas, tarpai tarp dantų, gilus ir kryžminis sąkandis, pirmųjų krūminių dantų tarpusavio santykis pagal Angle klasifikaciją, gydymo reikalingumui nustatyti naudotas ICON indeksas, o gydymo poreikiui bei sąsajoms su socialinias veiksniais - klausimynas. Ortodontinės anomalijos nustatytos 77 proc. 10–11 m. amžiaus ir 61,7 proc. 14–15 m. amžiaus tirtųjų moksleivių. Ortodontinis gydymas reikalingas beveik pusei jaunesniojo amžiaus ir kas trečiam vyresniojo amžiaus moksleiviui, o ortodontinio gydymo poreikis buvo panašus abiejose amžiaus grupėse. / The aim of this study was to assess the malocclusion prevalence, orthodontic treatment need and demand among Lithuanian schoolchildren. The objectives of the study: 1) to describe the malocclusion prevalence among Lithuanian schoolchildren in 10–11 and 14–15-year old age groups; 2) to evaluate the need for orthodontic treatment among 10–11, 14–15 year-old schoolchildren in Lithuania using the ICON index; 3) to investigate the association between normative (objective) and self-perceived (subjective) orthodontic treatment need; 4) to assess the associations of age, gender, and socioeconomic factors with dental appearance satisfaction and demand for orthodontic treatment. The survey was conducted in 41 randomly selected schools in 10 counties of Lithuania. The study recorded crowding, spacing, overbite, crossbite, relationship of the first upper and lower molars according to Angle’s classification, the orthodontic treatment need was assessed using the ICON index and the children were also invited to complete a questionnaire about treatment need and their appearance. The results showed that 77% of 10–11-year-old and 61.7% of 14–15-year-old schoolchildren had malocclusion. The treatment need among younger schoolchildren was higher than in older group. The subjective demand for orthodontic treatment among 10–11-year-old schoolchildren and 14–15-year-old schoolchildren was similar.

Magistro darbo objektas – emociniai brendo atributai. Darbo tikslas – išsiaiškinti, ar emocinis marketingas taikytinas Lietuvos prekybos centrų kategorijoje konkurenciniam pranašumui ir diferenciacijai įgyti. Pagrindiniai darbo uždaviniai: išanalizuoti mokslines publikacijas šia tema; išanalizuoti prekybos centrų kategorijos ypatumus ir vartotojų emocinius poreikius; atlikti prekybos centrų komunikacijos analizę; įvertinti emocinio marketingo naudojimo galimybes prekybos centrų atveju. Remiantis mokslinių publikacijų analize, “TNS Gallup” tyrimo “Prekybos centrai Lietuvoje 2003 metai” duomenimis ir prekybos centrų komunikacijos analize, kurios duomenys buvo įvertinti pagal „Need Scope“ metodologiją ir apdoroti SPSS paketo programa, prieita išvados, kad emocinis marketingas tinkamas naudoti prekybos centrų kategorijoje. Emociniai brendo atributai padėtų centrams diferencijuotis, nes pagal vartotojai juos mato toje pačioje emocinės skalės vietoje. Nustatyta, kad beveik pusėje reklamų prekybos centrai nenaudoja emocinių atributų. Aiškiai identifikuojamos emocijos – vos 20 procentų visų tirtų reklamų. Brendai emocijas naudoja beveik vienodai. Kiek mažiau nei „Maxima“ ir „Rimi“ juos eksploatuoja „Iki“ savo reklamoje. „Iki“ dažniausiai komunikuoja apdairumą ir santūrumą. „Rimi“ dažniausiai komunikuoja žaismingumą ir laimę, o „Maxima“ – galią, drąsą ir sėkmingumą. Brendai nėra nuoseklūs komunikuojamų emocijų atžvilgiu, o tai kelia abejonių marketingo komunikacijos integruotumu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This is a master thesis on emotional branding within communication of main Lithuanian shopping centers. Its object is emotional branding. Its goal is to analyze applicability of emotional branding to the shopping center category. Its main tasks were to analyze scientific publications on the subject; peculiarities of shopping center category and emotive needs of its users; perform a content analysis of communication of main shopping centers; asses the possibility of applying emotional branding in this category. The thesis analyzes advantages and disadvantages of emotional marketing, consumer categories, their needs, relation between emotions and needs and provides an example of “Wal-Mart” emotional branding. Based on analysis of scientific publications, “TNS Gallup” research “Shopping center in Lithuania 2003”, and the analysis of shopping center communication (its data were assessed using “Need Scope” methodology and processed using SPSS program), the thesis was concluded with the statement that emotional branding is totally applicable in the shopping center category. According to the “TNS Gallup” research consumers see no difference between main shopping centers when it comes to emotions. Emotional branding would help the brands to differentiate and create competitive advantages. It was found that almost half of the ads communicate no emotion at all. Clearly identifiable emotions were found in only 20 percent of the ads tested. No brand is more emotional than others. A... [to full text]