This study examines how tempo of background music affects reading comprehension when consuming written news on a smartphone. It has taken inspiration from a study conducted in 2002 which investigated how tempo in music affects reading comprehension when reading news on a pocket computer in a distracting environment. There is a rapidly growing use of smartphones and with this an increasing use of both news applications and music streaming services. Therefore, especially in a time where the reliability of certain news is being discussed, it is interesting to examine if there is any correlation between the music we listen to and how we comprehend news. Two instrumental music samples, which could be described as of the electronic pop genre, were created with the tempo being the only difference between them. Participants got to read two articles from the business section on a smartphone with either no background music or one of the two samples playing in headphones. After each article, a questionnaire with five true or false questions regarding the contents of the articles was answered. A final questionnaire regarding the participants experience of reading news on smartphones and listening to music and prior knowledge of the contents of the articles was then presented to the subject. The results indicate that a slower tempo improves reading comprehension and efficiency. However, no significant differences between the experimental conditions were found. / Den här studien undersöker hur tempot i bakgrundsmusik påverkar läsförståelse vid konsumtion av skrivna nyheter på en smarttelefon. En studie av hur tempo i musik påverkar läsförståelse vid läsning av nyheter på en handdator i en distraherande miljö och som genomfördes år 2002 är den huvudsakliga inspirationen. Användandet av smarttelefoner blir bara större och detta innebär en ökning av både applikationer för nyhetskonsumtion och streamingtjänster. Därför är det intressant att undersöka om det finns en korrelation mellan musiken vi lyssnar på och hur vi förstår och uppfattar nyheter, speciellt i denna tid då trovärdighet av nyheter ofta diskuteras. Två instrumentala musikstycken, vilka tillhör genren elektronisk pop, skapades med tempot som den enda åtskilda variabeln. Deltagare i studien fick läsa två artiklar från ekonomidelen på en smarttelefon med antingen ingen musik eller ett av de två musikstyckena spelandes i hörlurar. Efter varje artikel fick deltagaren svara på ett frågeformulär med fem frågor av typen "sant eller falskt" som handlade om innehållet i artikeln. Ett formulär angående deltagarens erfarenhet av att läsa nyheter på en smarttelefon samtidigt som musik spelas i bakgrunden samt tidigare kunskap om innehållet i artiklarna besvarades slutligen. Resultaten indikerar att ett långsammare tempo förbättrar både förståelse och effektivitet vid läsning. Inga signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna kunde dock fastställas.

The purpose of this thesis is to determine how much the Swedish morning newspaper Dagens Nyheter and the evening newspaper Aftonbladet wrote about refugees and how they represented them during refugee crisis in September 2015 compared with when the border control began in January 2016. The purpose is to investigate how the news selection is been made, what events surrounding refugees became news and how they are described To be able to answer these questions I have combined two methods. The quantitative method used to observe how many articles were written about refugees, count and analize the number of the articles each newspaper produced during the mentioned period. In the qualitative section the rhetorical method by Karlberg & Mral's model (1998) ethos, pathos and logos concepts been used. In order to understand how the writer structured the text to convince the audience. The findnings of this study has been compared by each other and the reulst has showen a compiling differences and similarities between Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet. Both newspapers have different flow of news articles during different periods. At some stag in the refugee crisis period in September 2015 Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet has shown solidarity with the refugees, but during the border control period in January 2016 both newspapers monitoring and representation of refugees was not as positive and as much as during the refugee crises.

Saudi Arabia has been accused of sportswashing, which involves attempting to enhance its reputation by acquiring the English football club, Newcastle United. This study aims to conduct a framing analysis to explore how Saudi Arabia’s acquisition of Newcastle United can be perceived as an exercise of soft power and how the portrayed images in media construct and reinforce orientalist and eurocentric perspectives about Saudi Arabia and the region. This study analyzes the coverage from the media outlets The Guardian, Dagens Nyheter and the Saudi-based Al Arabiya. It focuses on how the media shapes and presents the image of Saudi Arabia in connection with the acquisition of Newcastle United and to what extent orientalist representations are reflected. Furthermore, the study’s findings indicate that orientalist depictions are identified to a certain extent, particularly in the coverage from The Guardian and Dagens Nyheter. The acquisition of Newcastle United has also resulted in increased soft power effects for Saudi Arabia, where the Saudi-newspaper Al Arabiya constructs a more positive narrative around acquisition of the football club, which can impact both local and global perceptions of the event.

The Moon Race in Swedish Newspapers: A Newspaper Analysis of Sputnik 1 and Apollo 11. This study will investigate Sputnik 1 and Apollo 11. This will be done in the form of a newspaper analysis, and the newspapers being analyzed are Svenska Dagbladet, Expressen and Dagens Nyheter. The study will address the differences and similarities in the newspapers reporting on Sputnik 1 and Apollo 11. It will also explore how these events may have been experienced by those who read theses specific newspapers. Finally, the study will discuss how this outcome can be utilized in history education. The study uses a qualitative mothodology. The theories used are gestalt theory and philosophical geography. The study concludes that the newspapers have different overarching themes they write from, and that Sputnik 1 and Apollo 11 were likely experienced differently depending on which newspaper you read. Lastly, the study finds that the outcome can be used for educational purposes by demonstrating to students the complexity of the Cold War era.

Denna studie undersöker hur engagemanget för nyhetsartiklar bestående av både text och video förändras om artikeln består av flera kortare videor istället för en längre video. Detta för att se hur multimodala metoder påverkar engagemanget för nyheter. Med mutimodala metoder menas blandningen av olika medier i en kommunikation vilket används för att skapa mening för användarna. Undersökningen består av totalt 23 st användartester där användarna blir exponerades för en av tre olika varianter av en nyhetsartikel. Skillnaden var att de bestod av noll, ett eller tre videoklipp. Engagemanget mättes sedan utifrån hur användaren agerar och hur användaren beskriver artikeln och video. I studien så undersöks engagemanget ur två aspekter, det inre engagemanget och det yttre engagemanget. Det inre engagemanget beskriver hur användaren upplever artikeln när hen läser den samt hur användaren läser artikeln. Det yttre engagemanget beskriver vad användare väljer att göra med artikeln efter att hen har läst klart den. Studiens resultat är att en uppdelad video påverkar vissa delar av engagemanget men inte alla aspekter. Mycket tyder på att det är troligare att användare väljer att se minst en video om den är uppdelad i flera kortare videor. De användare som exponerades för denna artikel utvärderade även varje video separat samtidigt som användarna som fick artikeln med en video talade mer allmänt om video i de fall de inte såg videoklippet. Användare som fick prototypen med fler video talade även mer negativt om video generellt. / This study examines how user engagement in news article consisting of text and video changes if the article consists of multiple short videos instead of one long video. This is to investigate how a multimodal methods affect user engagement in news articles. Multimodal methods is a combination of different types media in communication. The study consists of a total of 23 user tests where users was exposed to one of three different versions of a news article. The difference between the articles was that it consisted zero, one or three videos. Engagement levels was measured in how the user read the article and how the user described video. The study look at user engagement from two aspects, inner engagement and outer engagement. Inner engagement describes how users feel about the article when he or se reads it. Outer engagement describes what the user chose to do after he or she finish reading the article. The conclusions of the study is that multiple videos affects some parts of user engagement but not all aspects of it. The result suggests that its more likely that a user choses too se at least one video if there is more shorter videos to chose from. Users that tested this article evaluated each video separately and the users that tested the article whit one video evaluated video as a whole and not the individual clip. User that was exposed to multiple videos also spoke more negative about video.

The aim of this study has been to investigate how ChatGPT is portrayed in the Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter. Previous research shows that Swedes feel that they have relatively little knowledge of what artificial intelligence is. At the same time, news media are predicting that ChatGPT will have far-reaching consequences across society, and concerns are being raised about how the development could potentially lead to the end of humanity. The mass media's reporting on various issues has an influence on how the public perceives the issue, according to theories about the effects of the media. This may justify investigating how the reporting around ChatGPT takes shape. The method that has been applied is a qualitative thematic content analysis. The application of the method has been done by identifying patterns (themes) in the empirical material, based on the study's questions: (1) Which themes frame the depiction of ChatGPT? (2) What opportunities and risks are raised with the use and development of ChatGPT? (3) What potential differences exist between the newspapers' reporting on the issue? The identified themes have then been interpreted and related to previous research and studies of theoretical frameworks, which includes Agenda Theory, Framing, and Priming. In the empirical material, eight themes, which can be found in both papers, have been identified. Prominent themes linked to the first question are Society-changing, Breakthrough in AI development, Competent and Limited. Based on the second question, the themes Helping the individual, Helping society, Threats to human dominance, and Manipulation and misuse have been identified. Even though the same themes have been identified in both newspapers, there are some differences regarding how they take shape and how prominent they are in each newspaper. Moreover, the result gives an indication that a certain shift in news media's portrayal of opportunities and risks linked to AI has occurred, in the sense that news outlets have become more critical in their coverage of AI.

Denna undersökning har studerat hur förekomsten av nyheter, information och desinformation på Instagram påverkar unga vuxnas uppfattning om källor och avsändares trovärdighet. Syftet var att ta reda på vilken typ av källor och avsändare på Instagram unga vuxna väljer att tro på och varför. Därtill undersöks i vilken utsträckning unga vuxna påverkas av källor och avsändares position i förhållande till källkritik, samt vilka metoder som används för att ta reda på en källas tillförlitlighet. För att undersöka unga vuxnas syn på källkritik och förmåga att identifiera desinformation har det genomförts tre fokusgruppsintervjuer. För att analysera materialet genomfördes en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, där diskussionerna från fokusgrupperna kategoriserades utifrån identifierade teman. Dessa teman jämfördes med varandra för att finna likheter och skillnader, samt för att kunna bilda lämpliga underkategorier. Resultatet visade att det finns flertalet faktorer som påverkar trovärdigheten på Instagram såväl positivt som negativt. Innehåll som är publicerat av public service har en hög trovärdighet, medan influencers trovärdighet skiljer sig beroende på användarens uppfattning. Delade politiska åsikter mellan avsändare och mottagare behöver inte innebära högre trovärdighet. Däremot visar resultatet att unga vuxna ser på politiskt innehåll på Instagram med viss försiktighet. Resultatet visade även att unga vuxna har svårt att identifiera desinformation, men samtidigt har ett källkritiskt tänk. / Following study examines how the presence of news, information and disinformation on Instagram can have an effect on young adults´s perception of source and sender credibility. The purpose of the study was to find out what kind of sources and senders on Instagram young adults choose to believe and why. In addition to investigating the extent to which young adults are influenced by sources and senders' position in relation to source criticism, as well as what kind of methods are used to find out the reliability of a source. In order to investigate young adults' view of source criticism and ability to identify disinformation, three focus group interviews have been conducted. To analyze the material, a qualitative content analysis was carried out, where the discussions from the focus groups were categorized, based on identified themes. These themes were compared to find similarities and differences, as well as to be able to form suitable subcategories. The results showed that there are several factors that affect credibility on Instagram, both positive and negative. Content published by public service showed a high credibility, while the credibility of influencers differs depending on the user's perception. Shared political views between senders and receivers does not necessarily mean higher credibility. However, the results show that young adults view political content on Instagram with certain caution. The results also showed that young adults have difficulties identifying disinformation, but at the same time have a source-critical mindset.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka hur prostitution, sexköpare och sexsäljare, framställs i tryckt media. I detta fall, i åtta nyhetsartiklar från Aftonbladet. Detta för att sedan kunna se hur eller om diskursen förändrats, före och efter #Metoo. Metoden som användes var en kvalitativ, kritisk diskursanalys, med grund i representationsteori och genusvetenskap. Med dessa teorier som utgångspunkt har flera skillnader kunnat visas, medan andra detaljer fortsatte att existera. Resultatet säger att prostituerade kvinnors historier sällan var beskrivna i artiklar innan #Metoo, vilket det i högre utsträckning var efter #Metoo. Sexköparnas historier däremot framkommer ofta innan, och allt mindre efter. Dessa beskrivs även som närhetssökande, ensamma män, medan de efter #Metoo alltmer framställs som förövare och torskar på gruppnivå. Aftonbladets problemformulering tycks också ha ändrats. Slutsatsen var att texterna innan uppropen fokuserade på männen, hur de gått tillväga och varför de köper sex. Efteråt beskrivs ett systematiskt samhällsproblem, som heter människohandel och prostitution. / The purpose of this thesis was to examine how prostitution, sex buyers, and sex sellers are portrayed in print media. In this case, eight news articles from Aftonbladet were analyzed. This was done to see how or if the discourse has changed before and after #Metoo. The method used was a qualitative, critical discourse analysis, based on representation theory and gender studies. With these theories as a foundation, several differences have been identified, while other details continued to persist. The results indicate that the stories of prostituted women were rarely described in articles before #Metoo, but were more frequently covered after #Metoo. Conversely, the stories of sex buyers often appeared before and became less common afterward. Before #Metoo, sex buyers were depicted as men seeking closeness and being lonely, whereas after #Metoo they were increasingly portrayed as perpetrators and johns at a group level. Aftonbladet's problem formulation also seems to have changed. The conclusion was that the texts before the movement focused on the men, how they acted, and why they bought sex. Afterwards, a systematic social problem called human trafficking and prostitution is described.

The aim of this bachelor thesis was to examine how the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet represented the leading characters in the reporting about the murder of Yara Alnajjar. The questions examined were: How is Yara, the perpetrators and the municipality of Karlskrona represented in Aftonbladet? How is the relationship between the leading characters of the texts constructed? And what is the relationship between the characters and the audience?  To approach this we made a discourse analysis of ten texts from Aftonbladet, all related to the tragic series of events that costed Yara Alnajjar her life.  The result showed that Yara Alnajjar was represented as a classic victim-hero who’s only job was to be small, innocent, defenseless and to gather sympathy from the audience. And even though she had a different cultural background she became a part of “us”. The female perpetrator was, in contrast to the victim, represented as a mad non-woman. Discredited through her odd behaviour which contained both evil and sad moments. Next to her was the male perpetrator who, despite also being sentenced for the murder, gathered sympathy from the audience. As well as being represented as someone in the deep regret and sadness. The municipality of Karlskrona in return was both given blame for their non-actions and forgiven despite it, since Aftonbladet considered them to have tried to help.  We discovered that the media constructions in Aftonbladet were embedded with roles, archetypes and myths. It also showed that not everyone would fit into their roles so easily.

Several discussions rose in western media when Swedish high-jumper Emma Green Tregaro competed with her nails painted in the colors of the rainbow during the athletic world championship in Moscow, in August 2013. This was meant to show her support for the gay movement, but was viewed as a protest against the new Russian law which forbids gay propaganda.  Western media critizised Russian media for failing to report the incident to their readers and that is where we got interested in making this research. We got the idea of comparing a Swedish newspaper with a Russian one, to observe differences in how they chose to report the event.  Due to lack of knowledge of the Russian language and the kyrillic alphabet we had to turn to an English-speaking newspaper based in Russia: The Moscow Times.  We compared the Moscow Times with the Swedish daily newspaper Dagens Nyheter, to see their differences in terms of: How they chose to cover the event, from a gender perspective; what structures of power can be found, how Emma Green Tregaro and Yelena Isinbayeva are portrayed and what meaning the protest is given by the narrators. We achieved our results through narrative analysis, a qualitative method. We applied theories such as gender theory and media logic in order to obtain answers to our questions.   We came to the conclusion that there are great differences in how much attention the protest achieved in the two newspapers. From the Swedish perspective, more focus were put on Emma Green Tregaro where she is a brave messenger of love, while in the Russian, more emphasis lays on Yelena Isinbayeva as a defender of the Russian stance. While Dagens Nyheter has put resources into sending journalists to Moscow, The Moscow Times has used a lot of material from news bureaus such as Reuters and The Associated Press instead of covering the event themselves.  Another interesting fact is that the institutions presented in the news flow such as the IAAF, IOC and the Swedish Sports Confederation are only represented by men, and through the power structural dimension of gender theory we can see tendencies of control or influence over the female sports profiles’ actions.