在組織合併的過程中，不同組織文化的成員，對其原屬院校有深厚的情感認同，而其對原組織認同程度的高低，是否會影響對於組織合併的態度；以及哪些人口統計變項會影響組織成員對於原組織的認同；哪些人口統計變項可用來解釋組織成員對組織變革理解程度的差異，都是本研究所欲探討的問題。 本研究針對國軍六所軍校的教師及隊職官為調查對象，探討他們對於「軍官基礎院校調併專案」的相關態度，藉以提供專案推動者及國防部政策高層去消弭抗拒變革的力量，或規避變革過程中的不良影響；以及規劃未來新設「軍官大學」之組織系統、課程規劃與設計之參考，使院校調併專案能如期如質地順利達成組織變革預期的目標。 本研究問卷設計內容包括「原組織認同度」、「社會支配傾向」、「變革接受度」與「變革理解度」、以及「變革擬案偏好選擇」等變項，以Likert 6尺度來衡量，並以變異數分析（ANOVA）、多元迴歸分析以及卡方檢定等統計方法進行檢定。總計回收有效問卷202份，回收率達67.3%。 經分析有效樣本結果如下： (一)組織成員背景中，性別與校別對原組織認同程度關係不會產生差異；(二) 組織成員背景中，年資對組織變革理解程度的關係不會產生差異；(三) 組織成員中，不會因性別因素而產生變革接受程度的差異；(四)個人的原組織認同程度的高低，對個人在選擇生活教育方案時，不會造成影響，但對選擇學年教育方案時，原組織認同高者，會使個人傾向選擇多元化學年教育方案；(五)個人的組織變革理解程度的高低，對個人選擇生活教育與學年教育方案時，並不會造成影響。本研究建議：(一)加強溝通以化解變革阻力、(二)積極建構「新組織意象」的認同度、(三)重視領導軍官與專業軍官的學年教育差異性、(四)整合各校優點發展軍官大學的特色等。

A Educação a Distância tem significativa importância no contexto educacional brasileiro, sendo uma das apostas do Ministério da Educação para democratizar o acesso ao ensino superior, pela possibilidade de contribuir sensivelmente com a ampliação e, sobretudo, com a interiorização da oferta de educação em nosso país. A graduação a distância registrou em 2007, conforme último censo, crescimento de 80,7% em relação a 2006, contra 5,4% da educação presencial no mesmo período. É crescente o número de organizações educacionais interessadas em obter credenciamento para a oferta de ensino superior nesta modalidade. No entanto, esses números não garantem sobrevivência a todas as organizações envolvidas neste setor. Como em qualquer outro segmento, as instituições de ensino superior também sofrem com as mudanças que ocorrem no ambiente e precisam enfrentá-las desenvolvendo novas competências organizacionais que lhes confiram vantagens competitivas. Assim, torna-se essencial para as organizações educacionais o desenvolvimento e o aprimoramento de competências próprias que as diferenciem no processo concorrencial, possibilitando que elas se posicionem estrategicamente em diferentes momentos de sua trajetória. Para tanto, a necessidade de aprendizagem torna-se vital como um diferencial competitivo, frente à dinâmica movimentação concorrencial. O processo de aprendizagem, nessa realidade, significa o repensar das ações estratégicas da organização. No presente estudo, foram escolhidas instituições de ensino superior públicas e privadas que passaram por um processo de mudança, tendo em vista a oferta de ensino superior na modalidade a distância. O estudo teve por objetivos identificar quais foram as competências agregadas, como as organizações as desenvolveram; e quais dessas competências podem ser caracterizadas como distintivas, capazes de conferir vantagens competitivas às instituições e um benefício superior para os alunos. / Distance Learning has a paramount importance within the Brazilian educational context, and it is considered one of the main tools of the Ministry of Education to promote the democratization of access to higher education in the country, for it may help disseminate learning opportunities, particularly in the inland of Brazil. According to the latest census in 2007, distance graduation has shown an increase of 80.7% in relation to 2006, compared to 5.4% of presence learning during the same period. A growing number of educational institutions are applying for distance learning accreditation. However, the above figures do not ensure the survival of these institutions because, like any other segment, education is also affected by environmental changes, and must develop new organizational competencies, in order to become more competitive. Therefore, it is essential that the educational organizations develop and improve their own competencies, in order to distinguish themselves amongst their competitors and strategically position themselves in a changing market. Learning can make all the difference when it comes to face competition. The process of learning means rethinking the strategic actions of the organization. Two private higher education institutions that faced the new challenges of providing distance education were selected. This study aimed at identifying the competencies acquired for the offer of Distance Learning, how they were realised by the stakeholders, and which of these competencies can be characterized as distinctive, able to grant competitive advantages to the institutions and a superior benefit to the students

A Educação a Distância tem significativa importância no contexto educacional brasileiro, sendo uma das apostas do Ministério da Educação para democratizar o acesso ao ensino superior, pela possibilidade de contribuir sensivelmente com a ampliação e, sobretudo, com a interiorização da oferta de educação em nosso país. A graduação a distância registrou em 2007, conforme último censo, crescimento de 80,7% em relação a 2006, contra 5,4% da educação presencial no mesmo período. É crescente o número de organizações educacionais interessadas em obter credenciamento para a oferta de ensino superior nesta modalidade. No entanto, esses números não garantem sobrevivência a todas as organizações envolvidas neste setor. Como em qualquer outro segmento, as instituições de ensino superior também sofrem com as mudanças que ocorrem no ambiente e precisam enfrentá-las desenvolvendo novas competências organizacionais que lhes confiram vantagens competitivas. Assim, torna-se essencial para as organizações educacionais o desenvolvimento e o aprimoramento de competências próprias que as diferenciem no processo concorrencial, possibilitando que elas se posicionem estrategicamente em diferentes momentos de sua trajetória. Para tanto, a necessidade de aprendizagem torna-se vital como um diferencial competitivo, frente à dinâmica movimentação concorrencial. O processo de aprendizagem, nessa realidade, significa o repensar das ações estratégicas da organização. No presente estudo, foram escolhidas instituições de ensino superior públicas e privadas que passaram por um processo de mudança, tendo em vista a oferta de ensino superior na modalidade a distância. O estudo teve por objetivos identificar quais foram as competências agregadas, como as organizações as desenvolveram; e quais dessas competências podem ser caracterizadas como distintivas, capazes de conferir vantagens competitivas às instituições e um benefício superior para os alunos. / Distance Learning has a paramount importance within the Brazilian educational context, and it is considered one of the main tools of the Ministry of Education to promote the democratization of access to higher education in the country, for it may help disseminate learning opportunities, particularly in the inland of Brazil. According to the latest census in 2007, distance graduation has shown an increase of 80.7% in relation to 2006, compared to 5.4% of presence learning during the same period. A growing number of educational institutions are applying for distance learning accreditation. However, the above figures do not ensure the survival of these institutions because, like any other segment, education is also affected by environmental changes, and must develop new organizational competencies, in order to become more competitive. Therefore, it is essential that the educational organizations develop and improve their own competencies, in order to distinguish themselves amongst their competitors and strategically position themselves in a changing market. Learning can make all the difference when it comes to face competition. The process of learning means rethinking the strategic actions of the organization. Two private higher education institutions that faced the new challenges of providing distance education were selected. This study aimed at identifying the competencies acquired for the offer of Distance Learning, how they were realised by the stakeholders, and which of these competencies can be characterized as distinctive, able to grant competitive advantages to the institutions and a superior benefit to the students

在環境快速變遷的時代，對屬於公共組織的行政部門言，隨著社會進步及發展，不能以消極與被動角色因應變局，必須主動積極變革，迎頭趕上時代需求及民眾期望，故各國莫不以行政革新做為主要努力方向。在管理新典範下，透過系統思考模式所建構的學習型組織能為組織帶來前瞻、主動、積極、自我認知的能力，能夠駕馭變革。學者全鍾燮即建議行政革新最佳途徑在營造組織成為良好學習系統，能以廣博視野找出有效解決問題的方法。是以本研究的動機，即希望透過「組織學習」理論的應用，建構行政組織成為具有學習能力的組織，具有主動駕馭環境變革的能力，成為推動行政革新新方向。本研究流程如下：首先探討組織學習理論發展，分析學習與組織學習關係，指出組織學習理論概念分歧情形實源於對組織運作觀察不同。並研究有關組織學習領域中相關問題，從介紹「單圈學習」與「雙圈學習」的差異性，探討組織的學習系統型模到建構自我創生組織及全像圖組織的概念，導出符合自我指涉、自我成長的組織型模：學習型組織。其次探討行政革新的理論與經驗，從探討組織結構的特性著手，指出行政組織建構多以官僚型模為本，有制度及結構上的負功能，必須透過屬於組織變革下行政革新的過程，才能適應環境變遷及民眾需求。復分析各國及我國行政革新經驗，抽繹行政革新方案多以傳統科學典範效率及線性思考出發，只能順應環境變化，無法符合快速變遷的環境及廣大民眾要求。點出行政革新在傳統典範概念下，係行政組織以「單圈學習」方式被動學習適應環境，致成效不彰盲點處處。最後提出應用組織學習推動行政革新，探討行政組織在「單圈學習」特質下，形成組織學習障礙主因，並反思我國行政革新方案內容，是否亦受限於組織學習障礙，致推行不易；末討論以心智轉換模式，應用學習型組織五項修練過程，將行政組織轉換成為學習型組織，使具有「雙圈學習」主動駕馭環境變遷的能力，不致陷入傳統典範下行政革新方案不斷循環的困境。最後透過文獻探討，介紹學習型組織及學習型政府所具有的實例，及其對公共行政的意涵。

依據我國國防報告書指出，國防部近年基於我國「國防法」之立法精神，結合行政院「擴大內需」與「激勵市場」之政策指導，逐步推展各項「國防資源釋商」規劃及相關作為，藉以將國防資源挹注國內市場，提升我國科技及工業水準。 依現階段我國國防資源釋商規劃，除了增加國防預算投注國內金額比例，期達成有效提高民間參與國防建設之意願與能力，促進國家產業及經發展等目的，並且逐步落實一般性軍需全部向國內採購，現有武器裝備之非核心維持能量，亦逐步規劃釋出民間承接；新武器裝備需求，民間能自製者，則不向外採購，軍方得不建立能量；運用「減少軍中自辦業務」、「降低國外採購金額」及「擴大釋商預算規模」等3原則，進行國防資源配置調整，以擴大國內釋商規模。 以「國有民營」計畫為例，國防部自民國88年進入實驗規劃階段，並於民國90年11月依「國防法」第22條授權制定完成「國防部科技工業機構委託民間經營管理辦法」，業經行政院召開跨部會會議審核通過，於民國91年3月1日施行，據以加速國有民營個案推動。國防部現已完成軍備局第302經理品生產工廠轉型，成為軍方國有民營成功首例，未來可針對機敏性低且軍民通用性高之國防科技工業機構，逐依執行成效檢討辦理委託民營；本研究旨在探討國防資源釋商政策─國有民營案執行成效，並提出未來策略規劃精進建議。 / The National Defense Report indicates that the MND has been prosecuting various privatization plans of national defense resources. These plans are based on the conception of the National Defense Act and are to cooperate with the Executive Yuan's policy to expand domestic needs and to stimulating market. It also aims to inject capital to the domestic markets and to improve domestic technology levels. MND will reduce military engagement and foreign procurement expenditure to expand privatization budget. The capital injection into domestic market is intended to encourage non-military industries to participate in defense developments and to promote domestic economics. General military necessities will continuously be purchased from domestic supplier and the maintainance of the subordinate military components will be taken over by non-military industries. The future purchase of new weapons and equipment which can be domestically manufactured will be exclusive to non-military suppliers in Taiwan. Take the Government-Owned Company-Operated project (GOCO) for example. MND has initiated the test-run phase of the project since 1999. In November 2001, MND promulgated the draft of “Regulations of the Operation and Management of National Defense Technology Institutions by Private Entities”, according to Article 22 of the National Defense Act. The draft has been reviewed and approved by the Executive Yuan and took effect on March 1 2001 to boost the promotion of GOCO system. MND has completed the privatization of Military Necessity Factory No. 302, which is the first success of GOCO. MND will keep privatizing national defense industry of low confidentiality and high common utilities. This thesis aims to analyse the policy of defense resources privatization, by virtue of the case study of GOCO, and to offer suggestions for policy formulation in the future.

台灣的製造型企業目前正處於腹背受敵的窘境，先進國家之企業以巨資和科技應用優勢持續地擴大其市場空間，開發中國家之企業也運用其充沛的勞力資源而逐漸地擴充其規模，台灣製造型企業之生存空間因此受到嚴重的壓迫，為低毛利生產陷入了生產效率和成本導向之惡性競爭中。此時，台灣製造型企業所需要的是一套超越競爭的思考模式，而價值創造導向的策略思維正是破局而出的關鍵。它不依循過去的成功經驗，也不受制於競爭者之作為，反而聚焦於本身核心能力的延伸，使競爭與自己無關，並透過與顧客和關係夥伴合作、與自然環境和社會共生的方式，以及價值創造導向的組織轉型，來為企業開創全新的價值網域和生存空間。本論文提出顧客價值、企業價值、環境價值、社會價值等四種價值創造導向，配合變革三部曲的策略性再思考、組織轉型、變革管理等三項進程，來呈現日本製造型企業的價值創造導向之企業轉型內涵。企業可以顧客需求為思考點，提供整合性的解決方案，創造顧客價值；以關係夥伴的利益為考量，整合價值網絡的總體流程，創造無疆界事業，提升企業價值；以自然環境的長期發展為出發，創造環境價值；或以增添社會福祉為目標，創造社會價值。論文中的個案顯示，任何價值創造導向所產生的結果，最終都可以有利於企業本身；其中顧客價值應是價值創造的近程目標，而環境價值與社會價值的創造才是價值創造的長期根本。

本文針對臺灣以技術創新作為策略發展主軸的企業案例，以五芒星模型（Five Star Model），分析其從代工轉為品牌經營商時，在組織設計上，所採取的措施和手段，作為後進者依循的組織設計原則。 五芒星模型，以策略、組織結構、流程、薪酬制度和人力資源五大組織設計的基本元素，分析各項元素中組織設計的原則。而本文以華碩電腦、宏達國際電子兩家分別在個人電腦及手機業內卓然有成的臺灣企業作為分析案例。觀察他們在從代工，轉型到品牌經營商時，在策略、組織結構、流程、薪酬制度以及人力資源上，所採取的行動，並將這五大組織設計元素分析出來的結果，作歸納整理，形成一套可資遵循的準則，俾使後續臺灣其他有心以技術創新作為發展品牌的廠商，能夠在進行組織變革時，依著此準則，降低失敗的風險，提高成功的可能。 / This thesis will focus on Taiwanese enterprises which run their business with innovative technologies. We try to analyze these cases with Five Star Model. Figure out what they have done during their organization changes for transition from OEM to OBM. Through the five basic elements in the model, we could easily observe their actions and build the rules for those who want to find organizational design guidance. The Five Star model list Strategies, Organization Structure, Process, People, and Reward System, as the five basic elements in organization design. Researchers could use this model to analyze the enterprise and identify the organization design principles. In this thesis, Asustek Computers, and HTC are the enterprise which we are interested in. They both are the outstanding Taiwanese companies in PC and Mobile phone categories. Both companies are famous on their innovation thinking and design. They also do the same thing to change their business model – from OEM to OBM (Own Brand Manufacturing). We observe their actions in the transition from OEM to OBM, and use Five Star Model to analyze their policy in strategies, organization structure, process, people, and reward systems. Try to identify what they have done and list their organization change thinking in these categories. We will build the guidance through Five Star Model, and provide them to those who want to use the same scheme to build their own brand. Lower the risk of failure and promote the chances to be successful.