Despite the feminisation of the workplace as one of the key developments of this domain, the meaning of work for women is little understood. A phenomenological approach was adopted in this study to gain in-depth understanding of the meaning ascribed to work by a sample of ten South African, women graduates. Literature was used to generate three models - a male-centred, stereotyped and contemporary conceptualisation. Unstructured interviews were conducted and the protocols analysed using the modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method (Creswell, 1998; Stones, 1985; 1986). Themes illustrated that the meaning of work for women is multifaceted and comprises a number of components including sense of identity and self-worth, meeting instrumental needs, social relatedness, serving others, intrinsic satisfaction and the exercise of power and authority. Findings suggested that the meaning women ascribe to work changes when they experience autonomy. Recommendations were made for future research and organisational practices. / Indust and Org Psychology / MA(IND AND ORG PSYCHOLOGY)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / The aim was to establish factors related to learning motivation and learning attitude of learners in historically coloured schools. An eclectic approach was followed because theoretical views on motivation could not furnish a comprehensive theory. The definition emerging from this approach states that motivation is a process started within a person to create a state of need for satisfaction and happiness that can be reached by instigating and sustaining goal-directed activity. The link between learning and motivation, as well as related factors, was ascertained. Determinants of high and low levels of learning motivation were established. Programmes aimed at higher motivation levels were explored. Empirically it was proven that grade 9 learners in historically coloured schools leaned more towards an extrinsic orientation; grade 12's more intrinsic. An intervention programme is suggested. / Die doel was om vas te stel watter faktore hou verband met die leermotivering en leerhouding van leerders in histories bruin sekondere skole spesifiek. 'n Eklektiese benadering is gevolg omdat die teoretiese beskouings oor leerrnotivering nie 'n bevredigende allesomvattende teorie kon verskaf nie. Die werksdefinisie van motivering is 'n gevolg daarvan en lui as volg: motivering is die proses wat in die persoon aan die gang gesit word om 'n staat van behoefte na tevredenheid en geluk te skep wat bereik kan word deur doelgerigte aktiwiteit aan te stig en aan die gang te hou. Die verband tussen leer en motivering is bepaal asook die faktore wat verband hou met leermotivering. Bepalers van hoe en lae leermotiveringsvlakke is vasgestel en ingrypingsprogramme gemik op verhoogde motivering is ondersoek. Empiries is bewys dat die graad 9-leerders meer geneig is tot ekstrinsieke orienterings rakende leermotivering; graad 12-leerders meer intrinsiek. 'n lngrypingsprogram word voorgestel. / Teacher Education / M. Ed. (met spesialisering in Voorligting)

The main aims of this broad exploratory study were (a) to gain insights as to the possible interrelations between Unisa students' expectations for success and a variety of significant variables (such as their academic performance, self-perceptions, confidence, motivation, self-determination, others' expectancies, locus of control and attributions relating to previous performance), and (b) to discover possible differences relating to various groups (i.e. racial and gender groups; 'pass' and 'fail' groups; and 'realistic' and 'unrealistic' groups). The results of 61 hypotheses are compared with a variety of theoretical suggestions and past findings. It was found that, on the whole, the various groups, inter alia, expected to succeed, were confident about the accuracy of their expectations, perceived themselves to work hard, considered themselves to have considerable ability and to be above class average. Despite this rosy outlook many students failed the examinations. Two of the most striking findings of this study were that (a) those who failed overestimated their future performance to a significantly greater extent than those who passed, and (b) overestimations were negatively correlated with achievement. In contrast to theory and numerous research findings, the psychological profiles of 'overoptimists', 'realists', and 'underestimators' revealed that overoptimistic expectancies and self-perceptions appear to be maladaptive in an academic context. Indeed, the findings suggest that accurate or even underoptimistic self-assessments may be more conducive to academic success. It is proposed that overoptimism may reflect ignorance of standards required, of adequate study methods, or may result in inappropriate preparation. In light of the findings, the implications and possible benefits and dangers of overoptimistic expectations and self-perceptions are discussed. The subjects are 715 third year Unisa psychology students, who are more heterogeneous than most other university students as they not only vary considerably in age but also come from a variety of cultures and backgrounds. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Ce travail de recherche est un instant accordé à celles et ceux qui prennent soin des autres chaque jour au cœur d’un Hôpital. Il s’agit d’une pensée, d’un temps dédié à ces soignants et personnels hospitaliers qui gravitent autour de la maladie et de celui qui la vit, afin de se demander qui se préoccupe alors d’eux au quotidien. De quel entre-soi, de quel accompagnement bénéficient-ils ? Mise en mots de leurs propres maux. Mais aussi questionnement sur la place de l’encadrement, du management et donc du cadre de santé et de l’institution dans cette rencontre présupposée entre les différents acteurs. Le thème qu’il s’agit d’approcher est celui de la pertinence, tant intellectuelle que culturelle, d’une étendue de la pensée philosophique du Souci de l’Autre au sujet de l’éthique de l’humain professionnel à l’Hôpital. En quoi la perspective de l’utilisation du processus philosophique de Souci de l’Autre, de « care », offre-t-elle une lignée adaptée et significative dans le monde de l’accompagnement hospitalier d’aujourd’hui ? Manière de venir frotter et limer sa cervelle contre celle d’autrui à l’image des idées de Montaigne, mais aussi d’envisager la transposition du processus de « care » tel que décrit par Joan Tronto dans ses phases successives. Processus au travers duquel nous vérifierons le réalisme avec lequel les quatre phases que sont - Se soucier de ; Prendre en charge ; Prendre soin ; Recevoir le soin - associées aux notions morales et éthiques qui les complémentent - L’attention ; La responsabilité ; La compétence ; La capacité de réponse - sont susceptibles de trouver leur place dans la relation professionnelle d’accompagnement. / This research work focuses on the people who take care of others every single day, in a hospital. It’s about thinking of and dedicating time to the nursing and hospital staff who are constantly surrounded by diseases and people who suffer from them, who worries about them on an daily basis. What is their relationship to their selves and what kind of support do they get? I will question the way they may express their own pains, but also the role of the executive staff, the management and thus, of the institution in the presupposed encounter between the various people at stake. How relevant is it, from an intellectual and cultural point of view, to extend the philosophical thought of caring to the topic of the ethics of human staff in a hospital. To what extent does the use of the philosophical process of “care” offer a meaningful and coherent perspective to the sector of support in hospital today? It’s a way to make two minds meet and interact as Montaigne phrased it, and also to consider the transposition of the “care” process as described by Joan Tronto in her successive phases.Through this process, I will question how the four phases – Caring about, Taking care of, Care giving, Care receiving – are connected to the moral and ethical notions that go along with them – Attention, Responsibility, Competence, Response – and how they are likely to find their place in the professional supporting relation.

Submitted by Anderson do Nascimento Ricci (anderson.ricci@fgv.br) on 2018-08-01T19:49:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação completa.pdf: 2599879 bytes, checksum: 5070d266fa2935b7500eb453201f626a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2018-08-02T17:39:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação completa.pdf: 2599879 bytes, checksum: 5070d266fa2935b7500eb453201f626a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T18:02:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação completa.pdf: 2599879 bytes, checksum: 5070d266fa2935b7500eb453201f626a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-22 / Purpose – In the human quest for meaning, work occupies a central position. Most adults spend the majority of their waking hours at work, which often serves as a primary source of purpose and meaning. As the firm’s workforce constitutes an important source of its success, both scholars and practitioners are paying increasing attention to the recent field of meaning and purpose at work. In the field of the study of Organizational Behaviour, this dissertation focuses on examining the work orientation of Millennials (money, status or purpose). Moreover, it also explores how the four potential drivers (Sense of belongingness, Sense of unity with others, Personal growth and Sense of impact) affect Meaningful work within the generation of Millennials. Design/methodology/approach –158 full-time employed Millennials are studied. The data is collected via an online survey. Findings – The analysis finds (1) Millennials are in the pursuit of purpose at work (2) Millennials value purpose over status and money (3) only sense of belongingness, personal growth and sense of impact affect meaningful work (4) sense of unity with others did not impact meaningful work of Millennials. Finally, (5) Sense of impact is the most influential driver. Research limitations – Due to the lack of mature measurements of sense of purpose and meaning at work, future research, need to develop better-designed and conceptually stronger measures of meaningful work. Millennials in developing countries should also be studied as it could improve the theoretical and practical implications derived from the research. Moreover, there are aspects, which remain to be answered, for example, how this model works for different contexts, such as industries, organisational cultures, and how it evolves through different life moments. Practical implications – The findings emphasise the importance of understanding the work orientation of Millennials as well as the drivers that increase the meaning and purpose at work. It will help managers to develop greater purpose at work by changing the way business practices are approached with a win-win situation. Employees will bring their full set of values and strengths to work and, in turn, the organisation will support the employee in using those values and strengths in service of its mission. Originality – Up to now, no study has focused on studying the drivers of Meaningful work among the Millennials generation. On top of that, some people see work in their lives as solely a source of income or status. Others are oriented to see work as primarily about purpose – personal fulfilment and helping other people. The relatively sparse empirical research published on the Millennials characteristics is confusing and contradictory, and thus, there has been an inconclusive debate about their work orientation. / Objetivo – Na procura humana pelo significado, o trabalho ocupa uma posição central. A maioria dos adultos passa a maior parte das suas horas acordados no seu trabalho, o que deveria tornar o trabalho como uma fonte primária de propósito e significado. No campo do estudo do Comportamento Organizacional, esta dissertação enfoca o exame da orientação do trabalho dos Millennials (dinheiro, status ou propósito). Além disso, também explora como os quatro impulsores potenciais (Senso de pertencer, Sentido de unidade com os outros, Crescimento pessoal e Senso de impacto) afetam o trabalho significativo dentro da geração de Millennials. Metodologia – 158 millennials empregados em período integral foram estudados. Os dados foram recolhidos através de um questionário online. Resultados – A análise concluí que (1) os Millennials procuram um propósito e um sentido no trabalho (2) Millennials sobrevalorizam o propósito e o sentido do trabalho sobre o status e dinheiro (3) apenas o sentimento de pertença, crescimento pessoal e o sentimento de diferença e impacto afetam o trabalho significativamente (4) o sentimento de unidade para com terceiros parece não impactar o trabalho significativo dos Millennials. Finalmente, (5) o sentimento de diferença e impacto (gerar uma diferença no trabalho) é a motivação mais influente no trabalho. Limitações – Devido à falta de medidas sólidas em relação ao sentimento de propósito e significado no trabalho, uma futura pesquisa poderá ser desenvolvida de forma a criar medidas que projetam melhor o trabalho significativo de forma mais estruturada. Seria também interessante estudar a geração dos Millennials nos países em desenvolvimento, pois poderá complementar as resoluções e implicações teóricas e práticas da análise. Por fim, existem aspetos que ainda procuram resposta, por exemplo, o funcionamento do modelo em contextos diversificados, como indústrias, culturas organizacionais, bem como a análise da evolução do conceito ao longo do tempo. Aplicabilidade do trabalho – Os resultados revelam a importância de entender melhor a orientação para o trabalho desta nova geração - Millennials - bem como os fatores que aumentam o seu significado e o seu propósito no trabalho. Adicionalmente, esta dissertação servirá como complemento e uma ajuda adicional para os gerentes das empresas atingirem um propósito maior no trabalho para os seus colaboradores, mudando a forma como as práticas de negócios são abordadas, de modo a gerar uma situação beneficial para ambas as partes. Por outras palavras, os funcionários veram reunidos um conjunto completo de valores e motivações para trabalhar, onde por sua vez, a organização servirá como apoio na melhor aplicação desses valores e motivações, de modo a atingir os objetivos e ambições das duas partes. Originalidade – No entanto, até ao momento, nenhum estudo se focou em analisar as forças por detrás do trabalho significativo da geração dos Millennials. Dado isto, é importante mencionar que algumas pessoas veem o trabalho como um meio de sustento ou um mero status. Outros são levados a identificar o trabalho como um propósito primordial - realização pessoal e ajuda a terceiros. A pesquisa empírica existente é relativamente escassa em relação aos Millennials e às suas características, sendo que muitas vezes é confusa e contraditória. Consequentemente, esta discórdia gera um debate inconclusivo sobre o tópico do trabalho.

金融犯罪近年來日益受學者與實務界之重視,而我國證券交易 法既以「發展國民經濟、保障投資」為目的,證券市場是否依自然 供需法則自由運作,而不受人為操縱行為破壞價格決定機制,顯得 至為重要。 我國證券交易法明文禁止操縱市場行為,違反者除民事損害賠 償責任外,尚有刑事處罰,且刑度非輕。操縱市場雖屬於相對抽象 之一種禁止類型,但法院實務上已經累積為數不少之判決,然而因 案件內容繁雜、法條構成要件不夠明確......等因素,造成法律見解難 以統一之現象,進而使得辯護工作難度增加。 本文擬從比較法上,參考外國法對操縱市場行為禁止之類型及 方式,檢視我國證券交易法中關於操縱市場之立法過程與構成要 件,並蒐集大量法院判決,整理分析被告提出之各式抗辯,回顧法 院判決中之見解、判斷,期待能更深入問題之核心,裨對實務工作 者能有所助益。 / Financial crimes are increasingly valued by academics and practitioners in recent years. Securities and Exchange Act in Taiwan is securities market operate freely in accordance with the law of natural supply and demand without undermining the mechanism of price determination by human manipulation so important. Securities and Exchange Act in Taiwan expressly prohibited for market manipulation and penalize who breach of regulation. They must bear civil liability for damages and seriously criminal penalties. Although market manipulation may be very abstract sometimes, court practice has accumulated a large number of judgments. However, it’s still a big challenge for attorneys due to the different opinions in practice. The relevant provisions of this order the United States, England and China on different types of legislation about manipulation, in order to find the difference of among the Securities and Exchange Law of Taiwan, as a reference to amend acts of manipulation. By studying cases selected our Court and trying to analyze how the various defenses affect the court decision.

La maladie soit un mal dont il faille guérir, c’est ce que déjà l’instinct nous dicte, mais il s’agit de savoir si l’instinct suffit à rendre raison de l’évidence, autrement dit si la raison peut même rendre raison de ce qui résiste à son emprise de rationalité. En bref s’il est possible de tenir un discours “raisonnable” sur une question qui d’emblée met en jeu le sujet.Ce travail s’inscrit dans une perspective de phénoménologie herméneutique. Il questionne cette occurrence critique du vivre qui est la confrontation à la “grande maladie”, c’est-à-dire celle que la “nature” ne suffit pas à guérir, et recherche ce que l’effort fait pour entreprendre de guérir nous apprend sur notre humanité. A distance d’une perspective qui voudrait saisir “l’essence de la guérison,” mon propos est d’interpréter ce qui se joue dans la dynamique du sujet qui entreprend de guérir autrement dit de garder le sens de l’engagement, indépendamment des conditions objectives de sa guérison. Car la prise en compte de l’exigence individuelle et collective de santé pourrait occulter la part subjective du rapport à la santé dans la part croissante accordée à la conception du soin et du bon soin. Avec les meilleures intentions du monde la recherche de la santé pourrait faire l’économie de la question de la participation du sujet au projet de bien vivre et se traduire par une nouvelle entreprise de normalisation de l’humanité. Je choisis d’examiner les conditions de possibilité et de maintien de notre résistance en tant que sujet car la confrontation à la maladie nous dessaisit de notre pouvoir et nous assigne à prendre position pour la vie, pour un sens de la vie, malgré l’exposition à la mort. Moment de vérité – et en ce sens événement - où l’être du sujet, est mis en jeu. Ainsi, à contre-courant de l’évidence qui est que la maladie est l’épreuve, nous explorerons l’hypothèse d’une épreuve de la guérison même. Je tente alors d’éclairer de biais à quel sujet s’adresse la pratique médicale pour susciter un questionnement et si possible ouvrir un champ de ressources pour les personnes en charge de guérison. Un champ de ressources qui invite à réinvestir autrement notre rapport au sensible et à l’illusion de sa maîtrise compassionnelle. Un champ de ressources qui tisse et retisse le lien à la vie, dont la première épreuve pour nous est toujours “affective,” convaincue que si seul le sujet décide de sa guérison, nul ne peut guérir seul.Le déploiement de mon argumentation explore l’enracinement ou non du sujet dans l’affectivité du vivre, réinterroge le lien contingent ou nécessaire de l’affectivité et de la liberté ainsi que le rapport du même et de l’autre dans la responsabilité.Je voudrais montrer que le phénomène de la résilience ne permet pas de fonder l’hypothèse d’une possibilité d’intégrité du sujet. J’émets l’hypothèse sans doute épineuse que la culpabilité chemine en complice du mal physique et moral et altère ainsi la possibilité d’engagement d’un sujet résistant. Qu’une intégrité affective, au cœur du sujet a toujours précédé le mal et affirme avant toute destructivité et tout négativité une générosité de soi.Je m’engage enfin à explorer la faculté d’aimer comme une réalité de premier ordre pour penser l’intégrité d’un sujet, animé de joie de vivre qui entreprend de porter le bien. De ce dont procède cette générosité, c’est ce que nous appelons dans le cadre de notre recherche guérison. / Instinct tells us that sickness is an ill from which we must recover, but we must know if instinct is enough to explain what is evident, in other words, if reason can even account for what resists its hold on rationality. In short, if it's possible to argue "with reason" on a question which, from the outset, involves the subject. This work falls within the scope of hermeneutic phenomenology. It questions the critical life experience of confronting "serious illness", meaning an illness that "nature" cannot cure, and looks at what the effort required to recover teaches us about our humanity. Separate from the perspective which seeks to identify “the essence of the cure,” my aim is to interpret what is at play in the subject's personality, who undertakes to recover, in other words maintains their commitment, independently of the objective conditions for recovery. As taking into consideration both individual and collective health requirements could mask the subjective element of the relationship to health in the growing importance accorded to the concept of care and ‘’good’’ care. With the best intentions in the world health research could avoid the question of the subject's participation in defining "living well" and transform itself into a new attempt to normalize humanity. I have chosen to examine the conditions for the possibility of and upholding of our resistance as a subject for the confrontation with illness strips us of our power and obliges us to make a stand for life, for a meaning to life, despite being exposed to death. The moment of truth – and in this sense an event – where the self of the subject, is at stake. Faced with illness, the subject experiences an ordeal which is intimately bound to their attitude to life, which itself is no longer evident. I try to throw some light on which subject medical practice addresses to elicit interrogation and if possible to open a new area of resources for people responsible for healing. Resources which lead to a rethinking of our relationship to sensitive subjects and the illusion of one’s compassionate control. Resources which reconsider the subject’s capacity to resist “the way things are”. Resources which make and remake the vital link to life, of which the primary test for us is always “emotional,” convinced that if the subject alone decides their recovery, none can heal alone.My reasoning will explore the entrenchment, or not, of the subject in the affectivity of life, look again at the potential or necessary link between affectivity and liberty as well as the connection between the one and the other to responsibility.This will lead us to question the paradigm of resilience to consider the subject's capacity for integration, to question guilt as the norm which regulates the moral conscience and disaffection with love in order to remain master of one's self.I want to show that the phenomenon of resilience does not permit the hypothesis of a possible integrity of the subject; resilience can also be considered as an artifact produced by an individual who assembles an attitude to the disaster residing in them and destroying them bit by bit.I put forward the, without doubt thorny, hypothesis, that guilt is an accomplice of the physical and moral ill and thereby alters a resistant subject's ability to confront the situation. That emotional integrity, “at the heart of the subject” has always preceded the ill and affirms before any destructiveness and negativity a “generosity of self.”Lastly, I will explore the ability to love as a reality of the highest importance to consider the integrity of a subject, filled with the love of life who undertakes to spread "good". From this, comes this generosity, this is what, in the framework of our research, we call “healing.”

Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / Die bruikbaarheid van die Goodenough Draw-A-Manmeetmiddel met verstandelik gestremdes is ondersoek. Die Goodenough Draw-A-Man-meetmiddel, alhoewel aangewend om intelligensievlak van verstandelik gestremdes te bepaal, het beperkte ondersteuning volgens gepubliseerde studies. Twee studies het kontrasterende bevindinge ten opsigte van die bepaling van spesifieke grade van verstandelike gestremdheid aangedui. Ander studies het die geldigheid van die meetmiddel ten Die huidige studie het die volgende ondersoek: die bruikbaarheid van die Goodenough Draw-A-Man-meetmiddel ten opsigte van die klassifisering van die verskillende grade (sowel as onderverdeelde grade) van verstandelike gestremdheid; die verhouding tussen verstandelik gestremdes se prestasie op die Goodenough Draw-A-Manmeetmiddel en die volgende veranderlikes: geslag, ouderdom, institusionalisering versus nieinstitusionalisering; en om stereotiperende mensfiguurtekeninge en leerpotensiaal te ondersoek. van kronologiese ouderdom en geslagsverskille, sowel as die algemene bruikbaarheid met verstandelik gestremdes bevraagteken. Die ondersoekgroep het bestaan uit 153 verstandelik gestremdes met kronologiese ouderdomsomvang van 7 jaar tot 84 jaar. Hierdie subjekte is as erg tot verstandelik gestremd geklassifiseer. Hierdie groep het bestaan uit 64 manlike en 89 vroulike subjekte van wie 99 uit In institusie populasie geselekteer is, terwyl 54 geselekteer is uit In nie-institusie populasie. Die subjekte is in drie ouderdomskategorieë, naamlik 7 tot 21 jaar, 22 tot 59 jaar en 60 tot 84 jaar gegroepeer. Die ondersoekgroep se psigometriese data (die Goodenough Draw-A-Man en die Ou Suid-Afrikaanse Individuele Skaal bevindinge) gedateer 1985 tot 1990 is ontleed. Hierbenewens is 20 verstandelik gestremde inwoners se mensfiguur-tekeninge (60 tekeninge) wat tydens 1993 geadministreer is, ontleed om stereotiperende tekeninge en leerpotensiaal te ondersoek. Die resultate van die huidige studie is soos volg: Bepaling van die spesifieke grade van verstandelike gestremdheid (erg, matig en lig) illustreer dat die Goodenough Draw-A-Man-meetmiddel en die Ou Suid- Afrikaanse Individuele Skaal, verskil ten opsigte van die bepaling van spesifieke klassifikasies. Die McNemar-toets bevindinge dui op In betekenisvolle verskil tussen die twee meetmiddels (p < 0,05). Die ooreenkoms tussen hierdie twee intelligensie-meetmiddels ten opsigte van klassifikasie is soos volg: ligte graad (77,3%), matige graad (57,8%) en erge graad (47,9%). Die Chi-wadraattoets en Fisher se eksakte toets vergelyking tussen die 99 gelnstitusionaliseerdes en die 54 nie-gelnstitusionaliseerdes, sowel as tussen die 64manlike en 89 vroulike subjekte vir die drie ouderdomskategorieë, dui geen beduidende verskil in prestasie op die Goodenough Draw-A-Man-meetmiddel aan nie (p > 0,05). Die t-toets bevindinge met betrekking tot die ondersoek van stereotiperende mensfiguur-tekeninge, dui In beduidende verskil aan tussen die 20 toetslinge se prestasie op die eerste en tweede mensfiguur-tekeninge (t = -3,17, p < 0,05). Die subjekte het gemiddeld 2,4 tellings meer op die tweede tekening behaal Die t-toets bevindinge wat verband hou met die leerpotensiaal van verstandelik gestremdes, dui In beduidende verskil aan tussen die 20 toetslinge se prestasie voor en na die blootstelling aan In "perfekte" mensfiguurtekeninge (t = -5,26, P < 0,05). Die subjekte het gemiddeld 5,1 tellings meer op hul derde tekening behaal. 170 In Opsomming van die bevindinge is soos volg: dat die Goodenough Draw-A-Man-meetmiddel meer betroubaar is met die hoër funksionerende verstandelik gestremdes; dat veranderlikes soos institusionalisering, nieinstitusionalisering, geslag en ouderdom, nie In rol speel ten opsigte van hierdie groep verstandelik gestremdes se prestasie op die Goodenough Draw-A-Man nie; dat vir hierdie groep verstandelik gestremdes, stereotiperende tekeninge en modifikasie van hul kognitiewe strukture voorkom, soos in hul mensfiguurtekeninge aangedui.

The aim of this study is to describe and explain how five women with a non-European background find the expression of everyday racism in today’s Swedish society, how everyday racism can affect their mental health and how they experience that the Swedish majority population handle and respond to everyday racism. The study is qualitative and was made with semi-structured interviews. The theories used are the theory of everyday racism, "we" and "the Others" and Goffman’s stigma. The results indicate that everyday racism is manifested through the population's ignorance and silence, comments, prejudices and stereotypes and is mainly expressed in arenas where there are many people at the same time. According to the women, the school and the labor market are the two most common arenas for the expression of everyday racism. They witness that the Swedish majority population rarely deal with the occurrence of everyday racism. Their mental health is negatively affected by everyday racism and can lower the individual's self-esteem. The study’s three theories that include everyday racism, “we” and “the Others” and stigma can be applied to the women's stories about their experiences and feelings about everyday racism in the Swedish society.

This research focused on the experiences of HIV disclosure to significant others amongst people living with HIV. The aim of the research was to explore how people living with HIV experience disclosure of their HIV positive status to their significant others. The social constructionist perspective was utilized to gain a deeper understanding of the experience of HIV positive status disclosure to significant others. The study’s sample comprised of five participants who were recruited using purposive sampling strategy. Data was collected with using face to face semi structured interviews. Themes were extracted and analysed using thematic content analysis. An analysis was made as to whom participants choose to disclose to, the reaction of the people they disclosed to, as well as their reasons for disclosing. Results were reported as the participants’ experiences and noted as is or unadulterated. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)