Vår tanke med att skriva en essä är att reflektera över oss själva i vår roll som fritidslärare. Vi har varsin egenupplevd berättelse där vi båda forskar i bägges berättelser parallellt i essän. Syftet är att undersöka hur sättet vi pratar om elever påverkar sättet vi pratar med elever och om detta då även påverkar hur vi pratar om och med kollegor. Vi har en föreställning om att en negativ samtalskultur om elever skapar en negativ bild av elever, vilket i sin tur skapar negativa elever som leder till en negativ verksamhet. Undersökningens temaområden är språk, ansvar och reflektionen som verktyg. Vi lyfter upp hur språket skapar och formar bilder, uppfattningar och innebörder som påverkar hur vi ser på det vi benämnt. Vi tar upp metaforens betydelse, fördomens positiva sida och hur kulturen kring positivt och negativt kan påverka våra handlingar. Ansvaret vi fritidslärare ständigt har, ser vi som en viktig del i den värld vi är med och skapar. Många av våra val kräver vårt ansvarstagande. Vi kan inte skylla på någon annan. Vi alla har ansvaret. Hur vi gör påverkar, oavsett hur vi gör. Hela essän tar upp och problematiserar våra tankar genom reflektionen som verktyg. Reflektion anser vi ger oss bredare syn, insikter och förståelse av hur vi tillsammans kommer vidare i vår utveckling som fritidslärare. / Our intention with this essay is to reflect on our role as leisure-time pedagogues. Our research has its starting points in two separate but similar stories from our workplaces. The purpose of this research is to investigate how the manner in which we talk about pupils effects the manner in which we talk with pupils. We believe a negative culture of talking about pupils creates a negative picture of pupils. This creates negatively minded pupils which leads to a negative work environment. The theme of this essay contains concepts such as speech, responsibility and reflection as a tool. We show how speech manufactures images, views and meanings of things which effects how we perceive them. We write about the use and abuse of metaphor, the negative side but also the neglected positive side of prejudice as well as the negative aspects of a positive conversation-culture and the positive aspects of a negative conversation-culture. We see the constant responsibility we as leisure-time pedagogues have as a crucial part in the world we are a part of and at the same time create. We can not blame anyone else for our actions. We are all accountable. What we do effects, always. The essay has an undertone of the urge and need for reflection. We feel reflection gives a wider view and greater understanding of how we can progress in our development as leisure-time pedagogues.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michelle Barreto Justus.pdf: 2328687 bytes, checksum: 6222b8f4f001c08f1efad8e44c24d884 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-21 / This paper presents an analysis of the continuing education program of the State of Paraná teachers, in the modality of Pedagogical Weeks 2007-2014, based on the evaluation of pedagogues. The research goal was to analyze the teacher training program in the modality of Pedagogical Weeks developed in public schools of Ponta Grossa in the period, with the guiding question: what is the assessment of public schools' pedagogues on the continuing education program of teachers, proposed by the SEED-PR, in the modality of Pedagogical weeks, from 2007 to 2014? The research field were state schools of a Paraná county, and the subjects participants were pedagogues teachers who work in the state system for at least 7 years, which were selected by sampling proportional to the size of the schools. The specific objectives were: a) to characterize the continuing education program for teachers proposed by SEED / PR for the public schools of Paraná; b) to investigate the meanings of the assessment of the continuing education program for teachers assigned by the pedagogues of public schools of Ponta Grossa; c) to discuss the potentialities and weaknesses of Pedagogical Weeks of continuing education program of evidenced teachers on the results of the evaluation process carried out with the schools pedagogues and d) to point out the contributions, perspectives and challenges for the development of a continuing education program for teachers aiming the improvement of continuous training and education of the state's public schools. The research was conducted in a qualitative approach, a case study evaluation was lead, and the procedures used were documental analysis and questionnaire consisting of open and closed questions. The questions were tabulated, categorized and analyzed, considering the dimensions: relevance of the themes, adequacy of available materials, SEED's methodological guidelines to carry out the activities, the development of the proposed activities within the school and the contributions of the studies for the teaching and pedagogical work. The theoretical framework was built in dialogue with leading authors about the epistemological assumptions of educational assessment and evaluation of policies and programs, such as Afonso (2009; 2010; 2011), Guba and Lincoln (2011), Draibe (2001), Belloni (2001 ), Ferreira and Tenório (2010) and Fernandes (2011); and Nóvoa authors (2002), Tardif (2002) and Araujo;Araújo and Silva (2015) about the fundamentals of the continuing education of teachers, among others. The research results indicate that there were different conceptions of continuing education in both evaluated periods, in other words, in the development of pedagogical weeks in the governments of Roberto Requião (2007-2010) and Beto Richa (2011-2014), which expresses the assumptions on which the policies for education setled in Paraná in the period they ruled. Pedagogical weeks in the period 2007-2010 were best evaluated by pedagogues than in 2011-2014. The weaknesses observed in this study indicate the need to achieve more significant levels of efficiency, efficacy and institutional and social effectiveness, which suggests some adjustments to the development of this modality of continuing education for teachers in public schools of Paraná. / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise do programa de formação continuada de professores do Estado do Paraná, na modalidade de Semanas Pedagógicas 2007-2014, a partir da avaliação dos pedagogos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar o programa de formação de professores na modalidade de Semanas Pedagógicas desenvolvida em escolas públicas de Ponta Grossa no referido período, tendo como questão norteadora: qual é a avaliação dos pedagogos das escolas públicas estaduais sobre o programa de formação continuada de professores, proposto pela SEEDPR, na modalidade de Semanas Pedagógicas, no período de 2007 a 2014? O campo de pesquisa foram escolas estaduais de Ponta Grossa, e os sujeitos participantes foram professores pedagogos que atuam na rede estadual há pelo menos 07 anos, os quais foram selecionados por meio de amostragem proporcional ao porte das escolas. Os objetivos específicos foram: a) caracterizar o programa de formação continuada de professores proposto pela SEED/PR para as escolas públicas estaduais paranaenses; b) investigar os significados da avaliação do programa de formação continuada de professores atribuídos pelos pedagogos das escolas públicas estaduais do município de Ponta Grossa; c) discutir as potencialidades e fragilidades das Semanas Pedagógicas do programa de formação continuada de professores evidenciados nos resultados do processo avaliativo realizado com os pedagogos das escolas e d) apontar as contribuições, perspectivas e desafios para o desenvolvimento de um programa de formação continuada de professores voltados à melhoria da formação continuada e do ensino das escolas públicas paranaenses. A pesquisa foi realizada numa abordagem qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso avaliativo, e os procedimentos escolhidos foram análise documental e questionário, composto por questões abertas e fechadas. As questões foram tabuladas, categorizadas e analisadas, considerando as dimensões: relevância dos temas propostos, adequação dos materiais disponibilizados, as orientações metodológicas da SEED para a realização das atividades, o desenvolvimento das atividades propostas no interior da escola e as contribuições dos estudos para o trabalho docente e para o trabalho pedagógico. O referencial teórico foi construído em diálogo com autores de referência quanto aos pressupostos epistemológicos de avaliação educacional e avaliação de políticas e programas, como Afonso (2009; 2010; 2011), Guba e Lincoln (2011), Draibe (2001), Belloni (2001), Ferreira e Tenório (2010) e Fernandes (2011); e os autores Nóvoa (2002), Tardif (2002), e Araújo; Araújo e Silva (2015) quanto aos fundamentos sobre a formação continuada de professores, entre outros. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que houve diferentes concepções de formação continuada nos dois períodos avaliados, ou seja, no desenvolvimento das semanas pedagógicas nos governos de Roberto Requião (2007-2010) e Beto Richa (2011-2014), o que expressa os pressupostos nos quais se assentaram as políticas para educação no Paraná no período em que governaram. As semanas pedagógicas realizadas no período 2007-2010 foram melhor avaliadas pelos pedagogos do que no período 2011-2014. As fragilidades observadas neste estudo indicam a necessidade de se alcançar patamares mais significativos de eficiência, eficácia e efetividade institucional e social, o que sugere algumas reformulações para o desenvolvimento dessa modalidade de formação continuada de professores nas escolas públicas estaduais paranaenses.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:54:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Fatima Bastos.pdf: 597390 bytes, checksum: 39b10d5a3a6e8f563489f2b0aa222c43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-15 / This dissertation sets out to study teacher formation for the early years of Primary School in the Pedagogy Course. Its general aim is to analyze the professional action of two teachers who concluded a course called a Full Modular Licentiate (LPP) in the Laranjeiras/Goiânia Campus of the Goiás State University (UEG) in 2005, and are teaching second and third grades at primary level in a municipality school, to which they were attached before starting their Third Level Education. The method of investigation is dialectic and the research is qualitative in the form of a case study, using direct observation in two classrooms and an analysis of interviews with the Principal, pedagogical coordination and teachers. The theoretical referential deals with teacher formation; professionalizing teachers; the Curricular Guidelines for the Pedagogy Course; the LPP/UEG of the Pedagogy Course in the Laranjeiras Campus. It is based on the ideas of Mizukami (1986); Nóvoa (1991); Garcia (1996); Freire (1996); Silva (1999); Cunha (1999); Alarcão (1998, 2001); Brzezinski (1996, 2001, 2005, 2007); Freitas (2001, 2007); Saviani (1987, 2007); and others. The historical review of the evolution of the Pedagogy Course in Brazil was supported and referenced by research in documentary sources: laws, decrees, resolutions, reports, guidelines, with a view to situating the paradigms for the formation of a pedagogue. The choice of the intentional sample responded to the following criteria: a) being a regular teacher in the school; b) having formation in Pedagogy in the University Program for Workers in Education at UEG (Full Modular Licentiate) in the Larangeiras Campus; c) being a graduate from the course in 2005; d) being a teacher working with students from 1st to 5th grade of Primary School; e) remaining on in the same school, from before entering the LPP/UEC Program to the time of observation of teaching practice. A documental analysis of the LPP/UEC Program, the Pedagogical Policy Project of the Pedagogy Course (contract V) and of the National Curricular Guidelines for the formation of primary education teachers was carried out. The research allows us to affirm that the course offered by LPP/UEG seems to have changed the pedagogical actions of the teachers very little, given that the knowledge, conceptions and theories which underlie the project for the course were not identified in the praxis of these teachers. / O objeto de estudo desta dissertação é a formação do professor para os anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental no Curso de Pedagogia. O objetivo geral é analisar a atuação profissional de duas pedagogas que concluíram o curso, na Licenciatura Plena Parcelada (LPP) do Pólo Laranjeiras/Goiânia da Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG) em 2005, e estão em exercício no segundo e quarto anos do Ensino Fundamental em uma escola Municipal, à qual eram vinculadas antes de ingressarem no Ensino Superior. O método da investigação é dialético e a pesquisa é qualitativa na modalidade estudo de caso, com uso da observação direta em duas salas de aula e análise de entrevistas com a direção, coordenação pedagógica, e professores. O referencial teórico aborda a formação de professores; a profissionalização docente; as Diretrizes Curriculares do Curso de Pedagogia; o Programa de LPP/UEG do curso de Pedagogia do Pólo Laranjeiras. A fundamentação se organiza com base nas idéias de Mizukami (1986); Nóvoa (1991); Garcia (1996); Freire (1996); Silva (1999); Cunha (1999); Alarcão (1998, 2001); Brzezinski (1996, 2001, 2005, 2007); Freitas (2001, 2007); Saviani (1987, 2007); entre outros. A revisão histórica acerca da evolução do curso de Pedagogia no Brasil foi subsidiada e referendada por pesquisas em fontes documentais: leis, decretos, resoluções, pareceres e indicações, objetivando situar os modelos da formação do pedagogo. A escolha da amostra intencional atendeu aos seguintes critérios: a) ser professor efetivo da escola; b) ter formação em Pedagogia no Programa Universidade para os Trabalhadores da Educação da UEG (Licenciatura Plena Parcelada/LPP) no Pólo Laranjeiras; c) ser egresso do curso em 2005; d) ser professor atuante do 1º ao 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental; e) manter-se na mesma escola, desde o período anterior ao ingresso na LPP/UEG até o momento da realização da observação da prática pedagógica. Foi realizada análise documental do Programa de LPP/UEG, do Projeto Político Pedagógico do Curso de Pedagogia (convênio V) e das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de formação de professores para a Educação Básica. A pesquisa permitiu constatar que o curso oferecido pela LPP/UEG, não alterou as ações pedagógicas das professoras observadas, uma vez que os saberes, concepções, e teorias que sustentam o projeto do curso não foram identificados na prática destas professoras.

<p>Abstract</p><p>The signification of the eyesight for children’s development and learning- how do pedagogues support and stimulate children with defective vision in their development and learning in pre-school?</p><p>These issues are based on my purpose of the field survey investigations, where I have interviewed three pedagogues and also performed an observation.</p><p>My main conclusion and results describe that the vision is the high-powered engine in children’s development and learning. It also tells us that those around the children are very important for optimum development and learning, especially when it comes to supporting and stimulating children with defective vision in their necessities. Our other senses are a compensation to make it easier for children with defective visions in their lives. But all our senses are equally important for children with defective vision as they are for seeing children in their development and learning with their whole body in pre-school.</p><p>Keywords:</p><p>Eyesight, children with defective vision, development and learning in pre-school, pedagogues, pedagogical support and stimulation</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Vilken betydelse har synsinnet för barns utveckling och lärande? Hur kan pedagoger med hjälp av olika pedagogiska insatser eller hjälpmedel, stödja och stimulera barn som är synskadade i deras utveckling samt i sitt lärande i förskolan?</p><p>Dessa frågeställningar speglar mitt syfte med denna uppsats. Frågeställningarna i sin tur har under processens gång också vidarebearbetats till tre frågeområden, vilka också har varit centrala i undersökningens genomförande av en observation och intervjuer med tre pedagoger.</p><p>Huvudresultatet och min slutsats visar att synsinnet är motorn i ett barns utveckling och lärande. Om ett barn har en synskada är omgivningens förhållningssätt, bemötande och agerande livsviktigt för att stödja samt stimulera barnet optimalt utifrån de behov barnet har.</p><p>För att underlätta tillvaron för synskadade barn är våra övriga sinnen ett exempel på kompensatoriska hjälpinsatser, dessutom är de viktiga för alla barn i deras utveckling och lärande med hela kroppen i förskolan.</p><p>Nyckelord:</p><p>Synsinnet, synskadade barn, utveckling och lärande i förskolan, pedagoger, pedagogiska hjälpinsatser</p>

The way towards an equal society, where both women and men has the same possibilities both private and in professional life, has been a long and still ongoing process. During my practical studies to become a recreation instructor I have noticed a difference between the children I have met in my workplace. What I saw was that girls and boys had a different approach towards their future, plus that the pedagogues at the school had different roles depending if they were men or women. In this study I have investigated which dreams and visions a group of after-school children has, plus how these distinguish between the genders. I have through group interviews, first three boys and then three girls, investigated how children look at their future focusing on career, spare time and familysituation. The questions have also focused on how children look at the schools pedagogues with gender as a premiss. My result shows that the children's vision on their future tends to look different between the genders. The boy’s focus more on a career in either rescue work or on a career were an academic education is required, with an active life on the side. Where the girls focus on working either as a model or a make-up artist, and building a family on the side. The children's answers also show that they see a difference between the female and male pedagogues, where the men are more playful and fun, whilst the women are more helpful and experienced in craftsmanship and likewise. This means that the female and male pedagogues at the school assume different roles that in the long run probably affect the children and their views on feminine and masculine. The study´s result also grounds in different theories about gender plus earlier research in the subject.

Abstract The signification of the eyesight for children’s development and learning- how do pedagogues support and stimulate children with defective vision in their development and learning in pre-school? These issues are based on my purpose of the field survey investigations, where I have interviewed three pedagogues and also performed an observation. My main conclusion and results describe that the vision is the high-powered engine in children’s development and learning. It also tells us that those around the children are very important for optimum development and learning, especially when it comes to supporting and stimulating children with defective vision in their necessities. Our other senses are a compensation to make it easier for children with defective visions in their lives. But all our senses are equally important for children with defective vision as they are for seeing children in their development and learning with their whole body in pre-school. Keywords: Eyesight, children with defective vision, development and learning in pre-school, pedagogues, pedagogical support and stimulation / Sammanfattning Vilken betydelse har synsinnet för barns utveckling och lärande? Hur kan pedagoger med hjälp av olika pedagogiska insatser eller hjälpmedel, stödja och stimulera barn som är synskadade i deras utveckling samt i sitt lärande i förskolan? Dessa frågeställningar speglar mitt syfte med denna uppsats. Frågeställningarna i sin tur har under processens gång också vidarebearbetats till tre frågeområden, vilka också har varit centrala i undersökningens genomförande av en observation och intervjuer med tre pedagoger. Huvudresultatet och min slutsats visar att synsinnet är motorn i ett barns utveckling och lärande. Om ett barn har en synskada är omgivningens förhållningssätt, bemötande och agerande livsviktigt för att stödja samt stimulera barnet optimalt utifrån de behov barnet har. För att underlätta tillvaron för synskadade barn är våra övriga sinnen ett exempel på kompensatoriska hjälpinsatser, dessutom är de viktiga för alla barn i deras utveckling och lärande med hela kroppen i förskolan. Nyckelord: Synsinnet, synskadade barn, utveckling och lärande i förskolan, pedagoger, pedagogiska hjälpinsatser

1.- L'enquadrament d'aquest treball de recerca s'ha fet en i des de la praxis. EI que interessa és descobrir i proposar instruments pedagògics d'ajuda, assequibles i contextualitzats, especialment en el terreny de la comunicació i la interacció Educador-Educand.La metodologia que s'ha fet servir és de caire qualitatiu, etnogràfic, en un enfocament basat en la investigació-acció. La visió de la persona és volgudament holística; els sentiments, els significats, I' orientació personal, I' autodirecció. esdevenen elements centrals. La hipòtesi de treball, en la qual es fonamenta la recerca, podria formular-se així: 'En la pràctica, els Educadors, d'una forma més o menys reflexiva, perceben i interpreten el procés d'aprendre dels Educands; hi intervenen, el mediatitzen; n'avaluen la direcció i l'encert". A partir d'aquest supòsit, l'investigador veu convenient donar resposta a tres qüestions centrals: A) Com comprenem i interpretem els Educadors el procés d'aprendre dels Educands?; B) Quin tipus d'intervenció resultarà adient per promoure i/o facilitar l'aprendre?; C) Amb quins instruments i estratègies comptem per ajudar pedagògicament? 2.- Per llegir l'aprendre, l'investigador fa ús d'un model mental, indispensable per ordenar les dades de l'experiència. Convé, per tant, explicitar-lo, fer-ne ciència, coneixement compartit. En aquesta direcció de treball se li plantegen dos tipus d'interrogants: A) Quins són els elements comuns a qualsevol experiència d'aprenentatge?; Quina mena d'activitat o experiència personal desenvolupen tots els Educands; i B) Com es manifesta aquesta experiència? Amb quins indicadors? Quina mena de "text" llegeix l'Educador per orientar la seva intervenció d'ajuda? 3.- L'aprenentatge. en aquest treball, és considerat per l'investigador com la resultant de tres processos personals: el posicionament, l'estratègia i l'avaluació. Quan l'Educador vol compartir amb l'Educand el seu procés idiosincràtic d'aprendre, procura reconstruir amb ell aquestes tres accions bàsiques: A) Com es posiciona: què tem o desitja, què creu, què espera, quines expectatives viu, com es motiva?B) Quines són les seves pautes d'actuació: com treballa, com memoritza, com recupera la informació que té a la memòria, què fa davant d'un problema... ? C) Què busca; què és important per a ella; què pretén... ? 4.- Davant la complexitat dels missatges emesos per l'Educand l'investigador opta per llegir tres tipus de "textos": els productes i els resultats; les conductes; i els missatges parlats. Entre tots tres, pensa, podrà trobar elements i indicadors adequats per fonamentar, sempre hipotèticament, la seva actuació pedagògica. 5.- Procura sobretot detectar i fer existir els èxits, aquells productes i/o resultats que l'Educand troba valuosos, per tal d'ajudar-lo a prendre consciència dels seu repertori personal d'estratègies i capacitats. En aquest àmbit es proposen tres actituds o enfocaments del treball d'ajuda: A) El primer fa referència a la presa de consciència de l'estratègia personal, que s'amaga darrera el producte valorat. B) El segon apunta cap al respecte per l'estratègia que cadascú executa i, per tant, li és familiar. L'Educand la necessita. Es la seva. Es troba en la seva experiència, encara que no necessàriament existeixi en la seva construcció conscient.C) El tercer ,el duu a valorar l'estratègia d'acord amb les finalitats de l'Educand. La seva adequació es legitima pel que es proposa. Partim del supòsit que tota conducta es troba dirigida per un propòsit a vegades difícil de copsar i no sempre recomanable per a l'Educand. 6.- La conducta percebuda de l'Educand és entesa com un missatge, un conjunt d'indicadors de la seva activitat contextualitzada, interna i externa; missatge que, en relació amb altres, com els productes i les verbalitzacions, manifesta fragments dels seus significats, projectes, estratègies, valors. Es fa un èmfasi especial en les conductes "internes", els gestos mentals, l'acció interior, tramesa per mitja de microcomportaments sovint no conscient, i certificada per mitjà de la verbalització del viscut.7.- Parlar amb l'Educand suposa dues menes d'accions: escoltar i emetre. Escoltem per comprendre; emetem per perfilar la comprensió i també per ajudar. En l'emissió, el missatge pedagògic té dues funcions: a) rellançar i orientar el pensament i l'autoexploració de l'Educand; i b) influir per tal que desenvolupi amb èxit el seu projecte d'aprendre. Interessa d'una manera especial ajudar a integrar en la consciència de l'Educand aquests elements de la seva experiència que poden facilitar-li l'adquisició del coneixement. I entenem que, en aquesta empresa, la paraula i la interacció verbal poden tenir-hi un joc important. Per aquesta raó s'ha considerat necessari oferir un model d'anàlisi de la interacció i els missatges verbals. 8.- "Les persones aprenen sempre, amb recursos, processos i sistemes de valoració idiosincràtics, per fa qual cosa la seva orientació en el context esdevé un referent central en el disseny de l'ajuda pedagògica i en la seva avaluació". Aquesta és la hipòtesi de sortida per dissenyar la intervenció pedagògica. Tothom aprèn, inevitablement; la qüestió és quina cosa està aprenent i de quina manera els seus resultats d'ara són mediatitzats per l'experiència passada i, alhora, condicionen el seu aprendre futur. L'aprenent es posiciona, anticipa el procés d' aprendre, valora la seva. capacitat per desenvolupar-lo amb èxit, es motiva en una determinada direcció, d'acord amb la seva experiència, els seus aprenentatges anteriors. Executa estratègies, mostra un tipus d'intel·ligència, una forma personal de processar la informació. Pretén quelcom. És un sistema obert en relació amb el medi: hi ha uns valors que dirigeixen la seva presa de decisions. Utilitza uns criteris propis, una gamma personal d'opcions conscients. Avalua el que fa, el resultat que obté i la seva capacitat personal. 9.- L'ajuda pedagògica que I' autor proposa s'encamina sobretot a facilitar en l'Educand la descoberta dels seus propis recursos. Es tracta de portar-lo cap a la consideració atenta de la seva pròpia experiència, per amplificar-la i fer-la existir com a recurs conscient .Ha dibuixat i experimentat tres conjunts d'intervenció cadascun enfocat vers un àmbit de l'experiència d'aprendre, el qual col·loca com a prioritari, sense oblidar qualsevol dels altres que pugui ser rellevant, per comprendre o ajudar. A) Intervenció sobre el posicionament.En aquest àmbit enfoca l'estil de motivació que executa l'Educand, mira de corregir-lo, si cal, a partir de l'anàlisi i la comprensió de les seves formes de motivar-se quan ell viu l'èxit. Treballa proposant objectius paradoxals de fracàs gairebé impossible, buscant l'assoliment de petits èxits, potser aparentment insignificants, però estratègics; prescriu l'automatisme, per modificar-lo si l'Educand ho desitja; comprova el procés d'anticipació de I' experiència que l'aprenent es construeix per orientar-se; l'ajuda a contextualitzar anticipació i a fer ús dels seus Ilenguatges interns més eficaços i còmodes;...B) Intervenció sobre les estratègies i processos. En un segon enfocament, no necessàriament posterior al descrit, considera les estratègies de I'Educand, també a partir dels seus encerts i èxits. Mira de portar-lo cap a fa descripció i presa de consciència de les seves maneres de fer mes còmodes i segures, les que lliguen amb les seves preferències cerebrals. Quan viu dificultats, el convida a explorar les excepcions, els moments en els quals les seves realitzacions són satisfactòries. Pretén sobretot modificar les seves creences limitants, posant-lo en conflicte amb els fets de l'experiència. A vegades, caldrà facilitar l'adquisició d'estratègies i procediments nous que l'Educand considera plausibles. Es tracta específicament de fer existir opcions noves d'actuació per tal d'assolir allò que vol i/o necessita.C) Intervenció sobre el sistema de valors de l'Educand. L'Educand viu uns valors, els quals expliquen el seu món intern les conductes que realitza i els resultats que obté. Aquest àmbit és col·locat, en el model, al centre del procés d'aprendre. Hom actua amb propòsits determinats, no necessariament conscients. L'obertura de la persona a l'experiència d'aprendre es dirigeix segons criteris i valors irrenunciables. 10.- L 'Educador procura compartir els objectius de l'Educand i els seus projectes per assolir-los; vol tanmateix que se'n faci coneixedor i director responsable. Per a això li convé preguntar-se per quina mena d'experiència està desenvolupant i quin sentit ecològic te per a ell.L'Educador, el seu model del món, la seva persona, està compromès en el procés d'ajuda. No és només un tècnic que aplica recursos objectius. El seu model de comunicació, el seu pensament, les seves expectatives i anticipacions, tenen un pes considerable en el tipus d'intervenció pedagògica que durà a terme i, d'escreix, en el tipus d' aprenentatge que facilita. En la intervenció, l'Educador parteix d'una avaluació intencionadament positiva, centrada en els recursos i les solucions, en la metacognició i l'autoregulació dels processos, a partir de premisses que pressuposen l'èxit personal. / In this thesis, the author tries to build and assess a conceptual pattern in order to interpret the learning process and to orientate the design and execution of pedagogical help strategies. Attention is called upon the following kind of questions: How do people learn?; What kind of actions and processes are developed in our learning projects?; How does context influence us?; What kind of messages from others make progress and acquisition easier?; In which situations do we need help and/or orientation?; What kind of help?; By what kind of means..?The pattern is based on the conception of the learning process as a personal experience where meanings, emotions, values and interests are interlaced ; and action mostly directed by the learner and anchored in his/her own mental reconstruction of the environment and of himself/herself in the environment. The author identifies three types of indicators or "texts" by means of which the kind of personal management that people make in their own learning process are often manifested in an analogical or metaphorical way: products and results: the different behaviours or chains of actions, internal or external; and the verbalisation by means of which they communicate and communicate each other their experience. Each of these indicator groups asks the educator an specific kind of reading and punctuation. That is why the author offers a discussion about their semantics and their syntax so that the educator can "read them" and establish strategic and set in a context intervention hypothesis. The qualitative analysis of the types of indicators obliges the educator to regard learning as a consequence of an idiosyncratic experience which carries a lot of personal meanings, an action focused on the environment from the person point of view. To understand the results and behaviours of an experience, we need to question personal elements such as the learner's beliefs, values, his/her experience stored in his/her memory, his/her mental habits, .In an attempt to arrange the complexity of the learning experience and to be able to understand it, the author pays attention to the consideration of three types of action categories: A.- In any proposal or personal learning initiative, learners adopt an attitude, anticipate to the action. The value of the projected experience, their capacity for success; they motivate themselves with idiosyncratic languages... This first stage is not always conscious and planned. It becomes a determining factor in the learning management. What the pupil learns can be even the opposite of what it is being taught. B.- The learner makes a personal strategy in order to face the project, his/her way of answering, habitual, often independent and not always conscious; that is to say, when memorising, solving a problem, writing a text, creating an image, understanding a theory, etc. ... the learner develops a chain of actions, the suitability of which determines the kind of result he/she will have. C.- The learner assesses his/her own results according to his/her own personal values network, and he/she draws out personal and inner conclusions which will influence, from his/her memory, future attitudes. He/she observes and perceives selectively, which is important not to forget, so that he/she tends to emphasise the experience data that certify his/her presuppositions more than those that can be questioned. These three groups of actions are not necessarily developed in a consecutive way. In the attitude, assessment is prospective; the personal strategy can be unnoticed in the eyes of the learner, as if it did not exist; the kind of assessment will also condition the attitude; ... They are interdependent actions. An alteration in one of them will facilitate changes in the whole process. All together points out a definition of a pattern, a way of looking at the learning process and make a comprehension of it more or less adequate and efficient, not a "reality". The author regards the educator as an assistance professional, a collaborator on the learning and developing processes of the learner. In this collaboration work, the educator carries out different tasks: He/She reads and evaluates the experience data and makes out his/her orientated hypothesis; he/she designs the kind of educational intervention and he/she carries it out; he/she also assesses its success and efficiency. In order to orientate the educational task, the author looks for support and suggestions in the confluence of two knowledge ambits: on one hand he collects scientific concepts and theories from witch he makes out his starting hypothesis; on the other band, be contrasts his theoretical pattern with his own experience, his data, observations and hypothesis. This thesis owes a lot to the Humanist Psychology contributions, mixed bag of a lot of ideas and projects in the fields of Philosophy, Psychology, Communication, Organisation.; in the second place, it owes a lot to the conception of living as personal creation, as what Viktor FRANKL thinks about values, meanings, ... as in the modem theory of communication, mental maps, right brain languages ... ; in the third place, it also owes to an outstanding emphasis towards the comprehension process of the other person, as an active individual building ideas and values, guidelines and representations, in the line of Carl ROGERS and, although from another point of view, of Paul WATZLAWIC, Gregory BATESON, ... and not forgetting the contribution of experts such as Salvador MINUCHIN, Mara SELVINl, Virginia SATIR and others from the view of family advisers. In the design of the helping strategy, any resort or intervention framework adapted to the context and the project of the learner is used: conceptual resorts based on the Systemic thoughts, the Transactional Analysis, the orientation focused on the person. the GestaIt, the Cognitive approach, the Neurolinguistics Programme (PNL), the Mental Management. In conclusion, each educator is unique. The author thinks we will look in vain for a pedagogy valid for all, technologically applicable. We would waste time wondering "what should be like" or "what has to do" the educator. He thinks it is better to understand "what he/she does" and "how can he/she do it even better" from his/her personal orientation and his/her theoretical pattern. That is why be believes it is useful to have patterns working in the routine. And this routine is specific, set in context, linked to the phenomena complexity. He is interested in this concretion, although it means an important limitation in the capacity to make ideas general. Besides, routine is articulated according to spontaneous patterns, integrated in the educator "being". A pattern that is "carried out" and "comes out" in each one of the actions the educator carries out. Real and experienced contexts give us enough time for a quiet reasoning, and a conscious and a thought-out answer.

Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka om IKT implementeras på förskolorna, på vilket sätt verktygen används och om läroplansmålen som berör IKT området följs. Fokus i undersökningen är pedagogernas syn på användandet av IKT i förskolans verksamhet. För att få svar på syfte och frågeställningar utfördes en enkätundersökning på fyra förskolor. Av 53 utdelade enkäter kom 22 besvarade tillbaka. Dessutom har en litteraturstudie gjorts för att se vad det står i litteraturen om implementering av IKT i förskola och skola. Undersökningens resultat visar på att pedagogerna anser att vår moderna livsstil kräver att även små barn introduceras i teknikens värld. Pedagogerna visar på många aktiviteter som de använder IKT till i den dagliga verksamheten. Dock visar pedagogerna oro över att IKT ska ta över så att pedagogens närvaro inte blir så betydelsefull längre för barnens kunskapsinhämtning. Pedagogerna anser att de har för lite teknisk kunskap för att kunna vägleda barnen på rätt sätt. Dessutom funderar de över om barnen får tillräckligt med datortid i hemmet och bör få andra aktiviteter att sysselsätta sig med i förskolan. / The purpose of this work is to examine whether ICT is implemented in preschools, how the tools are used and if the curriculum goals that affect ICT area is followed. The focus of the study is pedagogues’ views on the use of ICT in preschool. To get answers to the purpose and my questions was performed a questionnaire survey in four preschools. Out of 53 questionnaires distributed, 22 came back. In addition, a literature review has been made on the implementation of ICT in preschool and school. The results show that pedagogues believe that our modern lifestyle demands that even young children should be introduced to the world of technology. Pedagogues show many activities there they use ICT in the daily activities. However, shows pedagogues concern, that ICT will take over so the pedagogue presence is not so important anymore, for children's knowledge acquisition. Pedagogues consider that they have too little technical knowledge to be able to guide children in the right way. Moreover, considering the over if the kids get enough computer time at home and should have other activities to occupy themselves with in preschool.

Syftet med denna undersökning är att undersöka vad pedagoger har för tankar om hur och vart de arbetar med fysik i förskolan. Undersökningen handlar både om vad pedagoger har för syn på fysik och hur de upplever att det är att arbeta med det i förskolan. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer och denna metod användes för att ge utrymme till att ställa följdfrågor under intervjuerna. Åtta pedagoger deltog i undersökningen. I resultatet framkommer bland annat att fysik är ett ämne som flera av pedagogerna upplever som svårt. Majoriteten av pedagogerna arbetar helst med lärarstyrda experiment och detta sker mestadels inomhus. Anledning till att de vill styra upp arbetet med fysik är att de då har möjlighet att i förväg förbereda experimenten. Sju av åtta pedagoger anser sig behöva vidareutbildning för att bli mer medvetna om vad fysik är och hur de kan jobba med det. / The aim of this study is to investigate pedagogues thoughts of how and where they work with physics in pre-school. The study is about pedagogues’ views of physics and also about their experiences working with it in pre-school. The study was conducted using qualitative semi structured interviews and this method was used to provide room to ask follow-up questions during the interviews. Eight pedagogues participated in the study. The result shows that physics, among other things, is a subject that several pedagogues find difficult. The majority of the pedagogues prefer to work with teacher-controlled experiments and most of the time this takes place indoors. The reason why they want to control the work with physics is because they then have time to prepare the experiments in advance. Seven of eight pedagogues believe they need further education to become more aware of what physics is and how they can work with it.

This study aims to discover pedagogues perceptions of children’s sedentary behavior linked to the school and its activities. Questions that the study sought to answer was: What do pedagogues think of when they hear “sedentary children”. How do the pedagogues look at their own and the schools responsibility? Advantages and disadvantages with sedentary behavior? Relationship between physical activity and sedentary behavior and the impact of environment connected to sedentary behavior? The study is qualitative and implemented through seven interviews with pedagogues in the schools earlier years. The result show that pedagogues connect sedentary to children`s time in front of different screen activities and that children are less able to spontaneously activate themselves these days. The responsibility the pedagogues saw they had was to offer and display and encourage children to motion and to provide a stimulating environment. Pedagogues connect benefits of sedentary with the ability to concentrate in learning environments. Disadvantages were linked to concentrations difficulties, lazier children, bad self-esteem and physical development. The environment was seen to play a crucial role for the pedagogues as well.