The present thesis deals with figures of speech in non-literary texts and with the problems connected to their translation. The first part is dedicated to the theoretical description of figures of speech. First we deal with their definition according to the Czech and Spanish terminology and next we proceed to the figures that can be expected in popular science texts. We deal mainly with metaphors, their classification and opinions of translation scientists about the possibilities of their translation; but we mention also simile, metonymy and synecdoche. The second chapter is dedicated to popular science texts, to the problems connected to their translation, to the presence of metaphors in this type of texts and to their translation. In the second part we describe the analysed texts and the methods used in our work; the third part deals with the results of our analysis. During our analysis we found the same amount of figures of speech in both languages. Metaphors predominate in both languages, but while in Czech they represent the absolute majority of all figures, in Spanish they represent only a half of all the examples. Personification also appears many times in Spanish texts, but in Czech texts it doesn't appear in such a large measure. Metonymy, synecdoche and rhetorical question are represented...

I en tid då Försvarsmakten brottas med hög personalomsättning av soldater står Luftvärnsregementet i Halmstad inför en ombeväpning av historiska proportioner, med nya luftvärnssystem och en utökad organisation, för att möta det rådande säkerhetspolitiska läget i Östersjöregionen. I denna utveckling utgör den kontinuerligt anställda soldaten en viktig betydelse för att luftvärnsförbanden ska kunna lösa de tilldelade uppgifterna. För att djupare förstå och finna klarhet varför kontinuerligt anställda soldater väljer att sluta användes en kvalitativ forskningsmetod, genomsyrad av en induktiv ansats. Genom intervjuer med tidigare anställda soldater insamlades empiri som står på egen grund. Med en analysmetod inspirerad av Grounded Theory skapades det emotionella spänningsdiagrammet som förklarar varför individen väljer att sluta. I diskussionen kopplades forskningens resultat främst mot Herzbergs tvåfaktorsteori men resultatet sågs även ur ett generationsperspektiv. För den unga generation Z är personifiering genom personlig utveckling tillsammans med ledarskapet avgörande i soldaternas beslut att lämna sin anställning. Den omväxlande och utmanande verksamheten i Försvarsmakten bidrar till en stark känsla av gemenskap som i sin tur påverkar soldatens motivation att stanna kvar längre i sin anställning. Soldaten är även påverkad i sitt val att lämna eller stanna kvar vid förbandet av basala behov så som anställningsvillkor, lön och geografiskt läge. / At a time when the Swedish Armed Forces struggle with high soldier turnover, the Air Defense Regiment in Halmstad is facing a re-arming of historical proportions such as new air defense systems and an expanded organization to meet the current security policy situation in the Baltic Sea Region. In this development, the continuously employed soldier is an important factor in ensuring that the air defense units are able to fulfill their assigned tasks. In order to understand more deeply and find clarity why the continuously employed soldiers choose to leave, a qualitative research method, imbued with an inductive approach, was used. Through interviews with formerly employed soldiers empirics that stand on their own were collected. With an analysis method inspired by Grounded Theory, the emotional tension diagram was created that explains why the individual chooses to leave. In the discussion, the results of the research were mainly linked to Herzberg's two-factor theory, but the result was also seen from a generation perspective. For the young generation Z, personalization through personal development together with leadership is of major importance why the soldiers are determined to leave their employment. The varied and challenging activities of the Swedish Armed Forces contribute to a strong sense of community that affects the soldier's motivation to stay longer in one´s employment. The soldier is also influenced by basic needs in one´s choice to leave or stay at the unit such as employment conditions, salary and geographical location.

This study examines the attitudes to, and commemoration of, death in Wales in the period between the end of the thirteenth century and the middle of the sixteenth century by analysis of the poetical work produced during this period. In so doing, this is placed in the wider context of death and commemoration in Europe. Although there are a number of memorial tombs and some evidence of religious visual art in Wales which has survived from the late medieval period, in comparison with that to be found in many other European countries, this is often neither so commonplace nor so imposing. However, the poetry produced during this period very much reflects the visual material that was produced in other parts of Europe. The poetry shows that the Welsh gentry at that time were familiar with many of the themes surrounding death and commemoration so obvious in European visual art such as the macabre and the fate of both the body and the soul after death. With war, famine and disease being so commonplace during the Middle Ages, and the late medieval period witnessing the effects of the Black Death, it is, perhaps, little wonder that macabre imagery and concerns about the fate of the soul were so often produced in European visual art of the time. These concerns are reflected in the Welsh poetry of the period with several poets composing quite vivid poetry describing the fate of the body as a decomposing corpse after death or allusions to the personification of Death appearing to claim its victims. The tension that many felt between the role of God on Judgement Day and God as Redeemer is also apparent in a number of the poems composed at this time. This study shows how important the role of the poet was amongst the gentry in Wales during the late medieval period, a role which ensured that the patrons of the poets were immortalised in words rather than by physical memorials. It also highlights the importance of poetical works of the period as an important primary source for historical research. Many of the poems give a contemporaneous account of important events of the period such as symptoms of plague victims which confirm that the Black Death was indeed the bubonic form of the plague.

The purpose of this study is to compare the contents, editorials and front covers of Sweden’s oldest girl’s magazine Veckorevyn during two different years, in which the magazine had two very different chief editors. In the year 2000, Emma Hamberg got the job as editor-in-chief for Veckorevyn, with a vision of changing the way the magazine represented young females. She wanted to add a more feminist viewpoint to the magazine, since she felt that Veckorevyn didn’t live up to its claim of being “a girl’s best friend”. Six years later, the famous Swedish fashion editor Ebba von Sydow became editor-in-chief for Veckorevyn, with the intention of making the magazine better, smarter and more fun for young girls. Her ambition was also to add more features about career and affordable fashion, since she felt that those topics were important for young women of today. Since these two editor-in-chiefs wanted to do so different things with Veckorevyn, we found it interesting to try to pinpoint what their differences and similarities as editors-in-chief were and how this was reflected in the magazines. The methods used were quantitative content analysis and qualitative text analysis, together with a comparative analysis between the two annual volumes. We also did interviews with the two former editors-in-chiefs, Emma Hamberg and Ebba von Sydow to get a clearer image of what they wanted to do with the magazine and how well they thought that they reached their goals. As guidelines for the study, we used theories about the survival techniques used by female journalists, feminism, personification, the male gaze and the female gaze. We found that the two versions of Veckorevyn were similar in which subjects they chose to write about. Both versions had a content based mostly on fashion, beauty, and celebrities. However, we found a noticeable difference in how they wrote about these subjects. Other differences were found in how the editorials were written, and in the choice of what kind of people got to appear on the front covers.

The thesis deals with the figure of Lady Wisdom in the Old Testament in the wisdom books of Job, Proverbs, Wisdom and Sirach. The opening part specifies the selected biblical texts of the Old Testament, the concept of wisdom in antiquity from Egyptian and Mesopotamian sources, and their possible inspiration for authors of wise scriptures. Next the thesis briefly introduces the chosen biblical texts and analyses the concept of wisdom in the each of them. To illustrate the nature and conduct of Wisdom the next part describes the importace of building a house for the ancient people. As an opposite to Lady Wisdom there is Lady Foolishness. Final part describes various forms of personified Wisdom in particular biblical books explaining her transformation within the course of Old Testament history.

Esta investigación se centra en el estudio de las experiencias del tercer espacio de una flagship store, y cómo este espacio, a través del uso de la personificación de marca, comunica su personalidad, en relación con el sector de moda. El caso que se analizó fue el de la tienda insignia de Butrich y el público objetivo fueron mujeres entre 24 a 40 años del NSE B. La importancia del desarrollo de esta investigación se ve reflejada en los aportes que tiene en el ámbito de la publicidad y el marketing peruano, dado que la tienda insignia es una forma diferente de hacer publicidad en 3D de la marca. El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido identificar de qué manera la experiencia en el tercer espacio de la flagship store de Butrich puede lograr comunicar la personalidad de la marca a través del uso de la personificación de esta entre mujeres de 24 a 40 años. La metodología se basó en el enfoque cualitativo. Se usó la herramienta de entrevistas a profundidad. Los hallazgos principales fueron tres. El primero es el reconocimiento de Jessica como la personificación de Butrich. El segundo es la publicidad boca a boca. Y el tercero, es un espacio de diversión y de relajación. En conclusión, cuando se desarrolla una buena personalidad de marca, las experiencias en el tercer espacio son positivas y el uso de la personificación ayuda a comunicar y conectar al consumidor. La mejor publicidad que tiene Butrich es su propia tienda insignia. / This investigation focuses on the study of experiences of the third space through flagship stores and how this space uses brand personification to communicate its personality related to the fashion sector. The analyzed case is about Jessica Butrich’s flahship store, the target market were socio-economic status B women between 24 to 40 years old. The importance of this research is reflected in the contributions it has in the field of advertising and peruvian marketing, given that flagship stores are a different way of advertising the brand in 3D. The objective of this investigation is to identify how the third space experience related to Jessica Butrich’s flagship store can communicate the brand’s personality through its personification among 24 to 40 years old women. The used methodolody was based on the qualitative approach and the main tool used for this methodolody was the in-depth interviews. Three main findings were achieved. The first finding was the recognition of Jessica Butrich as the personification of her own store. The second finding is everything about mouth to mouth advertising. The third and final finding is about Butrich’s flagship store as a place of relaxation and fun. Finally, when a good brand personality is developed, the third space experiences are positive, and the use of personification helps to communicate and reach the consumer. Butrich’s best advertisement is its own flagship store. / Tesis

This is a semantic study, dealing with style and technique in the short stories of D. B. Z. Ntuli. The study as a whole analyses Ntuli' s first six volumes of short stories. The first chapter is an introduction, dealing with the aim of the study. The second sub-section after aim is Ntuli's biographical notes. Full details of this author from high school attendance to his contribution during his working experience are given. Ntuli's biography is followed by the scope of study. Under this sub-heading, short story volumes to be analysed are clearly stated. The fourth sub-heading is the method of approach and a conclusion. Chapter two deals with various types of repetition, a literary technique. It analyses Ntuli's use of language, and repetition of sentences approaching it from different angles. Chapter three and four deal with choice of words. The former chapter handles the various types of language elements semantically and the latter deals specifically with the ideophone. The ideophone is sub-divided into two sub-sections: classification and usage. Chapter five deals with proverbial expressions and these are sub-divided into two sections: idioms and proverbs. The usage of idiomatic expressions is discussed under: verbs, nouns and qualificatives, while the proverbs are analysed under classification and syntax. Imagery is dealt with in chapter six. Imagery is further sub-divided into four categories: metaphor, simile, personification and symbolism. Style and structure are discussed in chapter seven. In this chapter various elements of language forms are handled: types of sentenceidiophonic; negative forms of the ideophone, with conjunctives; sentences with adverbs; the demonstratives; titles of short story volumes and naming of characters. Chapter eight is the general conclusion, reflecting on Ntuli's style and technique with special emphasis on his unique use of the language. Reference is made to discoveries regarding the author's use of vocabulary, and his techniques in using repetition as well as avoiding it, which is part of his style. His choice of words and how he arranges them on paper is also discussed. Ntuli's choice of titles in naming his short story volumes is summed up showing that these have been influenced by his background. The study concludes by suggesting areas that still require further analysis in Ntuli 's short stories. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

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Text in English / This study examines and discovers the translation strategies as employed in the Sesotho sa Leboa translation of Mandela's Long Walk to Freedom. Mandela's Long Walk to Freedom was published in 1995 and was translated into Sesotho sa Leboa by S M Serudu in 2001. The Sesotho sa Leboa translation of the life history of Mandela, Leetotelele go ya Tokologong (Long Walk to Freedom) is one of the four completed translations to date that form part of the assignment to translate the original text into the official languages of South Africa. The aim of this study is to investigate the translation strategies used to transfer linguistic and cultural items in the translation of Mandela's autobiography. The study is mainly qualitative and examines the strategies employed by Serudu. For data collection, the source and target texts of Mandela's Long Walk to Freedom as well as the semi-structured face-to-face interviews with four translators into Sesotho sa Leboa, isiZulu, isiXhosa and Afrikaans were used. The study is based on the Descriptive Translation Studies Theory, Bassnett and Lefevere's "cultural turn" as well as the domestication and foreignization strategies. In this case, it investigates if Serudu has domesticated and/or foreignized his translation. The findings revealed that Serudu domesticated his translation by using metaphors, similes, personification, euphemism, hyperbole, proverbs, idioms and the use of descriptive words. Foreignization was also found when the translator dealt with the borrowing and loaning of words where most of the concepts were transferred, Sotholised, retained and transferred, as they were, especially culture specific items. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

L’une des questions primordiales dans l’étude de l’Antiquité tardive concerne le passage de l’ancienne religion polythéiste au christianisme. Or, les découvertes archéologiques faites dans la partie orientale du Bassin méditerranéen ont révélé de nombreux pavements chrétiens (ou juifs) tardifs décorés de riches mosaïques polychromes réutilisant des figures issues de la tradition iconographique grecque, parmi lesquelles des personnifications d’éléments cosmologiques. On rencontre ainsi des éléments du temps, comme les quatre Saisons (Tropai) ou les Mois (Ménès), la Terre (Gê) parfois accompagnée de ses Fruits (Karpoi), certains astres comme le Soleil (Hélios), la Lune (Séléné), parfois accompagnés du Zodiaque, l’Élément marin féminin (Thalassa) ou masculin (Okéanos, Abyssos) et les quatre Fleuves du Paradis (Géon, Phison, Tigre et Euphrate). Cette présente thèse se propose d’étudier chacune de ces personnifications, leur iconographie et leur symbolique, en contexte religieux, mais aussi profane, dans une analyse stylistique et comparative. Cette étude a ainsi pour but de mettre en relief la spécificité de cette partie orientale de l’Empire romain, entre le IVe et le VIe siècle, et d’insister sur la pérennité de la culture grecque et de ses traditions iconographiques, malgré un changement de religion officielle. / One of the primordial questions in the study of Late Antiquity concerns the transition from the ancient polytheistic religion to Christianity. The archaeological discoveries that have been made in the Eastern part of the Mediterranean Basin have revealed a number of late Christian (or Jewish) pavements decorated with rich polychrome mosaics that reuse figures stemming from the Greek iconographic tradition, which include personifications of cosmological elements. In this manner elements of time can be encountered, such as the Four Seasons (Tropai) or the Months (Menes), the Earth (Ge) sometimes surrounded by her Fruits (Karpoi), specific celestial bodies such as the Sun (Helios), the Moon (Selene), sometimes accompanied by the Zodiac, the female marine Element (Thalassa) or the male (Okeanos, Abyssos) and the four Rivers of Paradise (Geon, Phison, Tiger and Euphrates). This thesis makes a stylistic and comparative analysis of each of these personifications, their iconography and their symbolism, in a religious context, but also in a secular one. The object of this study is to emphasise the specificity of the Eastern part of the Roman Empire between the Fourth and the Sixth centuries. And also to insist in particular on the longevity of the Greek culture and its iconographic traditions, despite an official change in religion.