Titel: Varumärke vs. Varumärke - En studie om privata vårdbolags differentiering på marknaden. Författare: Anna Sjöholm, Emilia Sehlin Handledare: Carina Holmberg Bakgrund: De senaste decennierna har privatiseringen inom den svenska hälso- och sjukvården ökat både inom primärvården, specialvården och forskningsområdet. Dessutom har andelen offentligt finansierade verksamheter och bolag minskat och den privata ökat. Det motiveras genom att verksamheter har möjlighet att bedrivas mer effektivt och professionellt i privat regi. I denna rapport diskuteras hur fyra svenska, privata vårdbolag marknadsför sig och differentierar sig genom sina varumärken. Vårdbolagens webbsidor, val av bilder, färger, former och ord kommer att analyseras. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur privata vårdbolag använder sina varumärken för att differentiera sig. Metod: Kvalitativ studie, innehållsanalys och strukturerade intervjuer. Empiri: Empirin visar att de fyra vårdbolagen på olika sätt riktar sin kommunikation genom sina webbsidor och därmed förmedlar olika symbolik genom sina varumärken. De använder olika färgval, bilder och ordval för att differentiera sig. Logotyper och slogan anpassas efter den symbolik som respektive vårdbolag vill förmedla med sitt varumärke. Analys: De fyra vårdbolagen differentierar sig på olika sätt. Patientinriktning, trygghet, tillgänglighet och professionalitet är fyra faktorer som alla vårdbolagen förmedlar genom sina varumärken. Dock med olika fokus och inriktning för att differentiera sig på marknaden. Slutsatser: Studiens fyra privata vårdbolag använder sitt varumärke på olika sätt för att differentiera sig på marknaden.

The aim of this bachelor thesis is to examine how perceptions of the public libraries’ operational mode are expressed in the media debate in the autumn of 2018. The 31 articles analyzed were retrieved from Swedish daily newspapers and Internet news sites. Questions posed in this study are: which discourses about the public libraries’ operational modes are visible in the debate?; how do the discourses portray private and public operational modes of the public libraries? and which subject positions are visible in the statements? To answer these questions Ernesto Laclau’s and Chantal Mouffe’s discourse theory was used but since they don’t provide any explicit method on how to use their theory inspiration was sought in other academic papers which previously used the combined theory and method. The discourses found were named the privatization positive discourse, the privatization negative discourse and the operational mode pragmatic discourse. The privatization negative discourse is dominating in the debate due to the quantity of statements and the capability to dismiss the statements claimed in the other discourses. The analysis reveals that journalists and authors have a prominent position in the privatization negative discourse and can therefore form the discourse and the content of the debate as a whole. The position is that privatization will lead to dismantling the unique collaboration between the libraries which in turn will lead to lower quality and in the long run perhaps erode democracy. The study concludes that the debate is rather polarized itself due to different ideological perspectives.

<p>This thesis investigates if privatization of the Swedish healthcare system influences our view on the meaning of equality. This system is based on the principle that all people are equals and that healthcare should be provided on the basis of need. I apply critical ideology analysis to investigate how our view of equality might change because of the evolvement of society. A critical view may be explained as an interest in exploring things that seem obvious to many. Important questions to answer are why equality is regarded as such a natural concept in the society and how healthcare is actually provided. I analyze government documents, such as debates and inquiries about privatization and identify a complexity regarding the conception of equality and its relation to ideas of freedom and justice.</p>

This thesis investigates if privatization of the Swedish healthcare system influences our view on the meaning of equality. This system is based on the principle that all people are equals and that healthcare should be provided on the basis of need. I apply critical ideology analysis to investigate how our view of equality might change because of the evolvement of society. A critical view may be explained as an interest in exploring things that seem obvious to many. Important questions to answer are why equality is regarded as such a natural concept in the society and how healthcare is actually provided. I analyze government documents, such as debates and inquiries about privatization and identify a complexity regarding the conception of equality and its relation to ideas of freedom and justice.

Oppgaven omhandler utskillingen av Produksjonsvirksomheten i Statens Vegvesen, det som fra 2003 har hett Mesta og hvorda de ansatte ble påvirket av denne utskillingen.

This dissertation consists of four separate papers. Paper 1: Will Privatization Reduce Costs? I develop a model of public sector contracting. In this model, an agent can put effort into increasing the quality of a service or reducing costs. Being residual claimants, private owners have stronger incentives to cut costs than public employees. However, if quality cannot be perfectly measured, providing a private firm with incentives to improve quality forces the owner of the firm to bear risk. As a result, private firms will always be cheaper for low levels of quality but might be more expensive for high levels of quality. Paper 2: When Does Privatization Reduce Costs and Improve Quality? Theory and Evidence from Service Contracting I develop and test a model of service contracting in residential youth care. I find that private facilities have lower per-day cost of treatment for low levels of quality, but higher per-day cost for high levels of quality. Though public facilities generally have a higher level of quality, private facilities are relatively better at treating troublesome teenagers. Treatment periods are much longer under private provision, implying that the average total cost of treatment is twice as high in the private sector. Paper 3: Identity and Redistribution (co-author Robert Östling) This paper models the interaction between individuals' identity choices and redistribution. Both redistributive polices and identity choices are endogenous, and there might be multiple equilibria. The model is applied to ethnicity and social class. Paper 4: Political Polarization and Economic Performance (co-author Robert Östling) We study the effect of political polarization on economic performance using the dispersion of self-reported political preferences as our measure of polarization. We find that politically polarized countries are poorer and have smaller and inferior governments. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2007 viii, s. 3-9: sammanfattning, s. 13-203: 4 uppsatser</p>

The Swedish market for vehicle inspection is re-regulated since June 2010. More than four years after the re-regulation there are eight companies in the market. Two of these companies are a result of the former monopolist's owners divided the business among themselves. The remaining six companies have entered the market through acquisitions or by building up their business from scratch, these are known as new entrants in the study. The competition has developed slowly and the former monopolist still has the highest market share. Industry conditions are to say the least special because the companies and technicians have to have individual licenses in the form of accreditation and certification, which causes high establishment barriers. The study has the aim of contributing to the knowledge of new entrants on the re-regulated vehicle inspection market. In particular, the new entrant’s establishment and their strategic choices are studied to find out how they act to market conditions in order to create competitive advantages. The study is based on four questions: Main Question: How do new entrants create competitive advantages in the vehicle inspection market? Sub query 1: How’s the new entrants view on the competitive situation? Sub query 2: How do the new entrants establish their station-/s? Sub query 3: What strategies do the new entrants use to strengthen its position against competitors? The essay is based on an empirical survey and is designed as a case study with four units of analysis that represent four new inspection companies in the market for vehicle inspection. Data were collected through interviews with people in key positions of the four companies, as well with a person of the authority whose task is to monitor market developments, namely the Transport Agency. Furthermore, also documents issued by the authorities and new entrants were reviewed. The conclusions that the study has come up with is that the new entrants create competitive advantages through a favorable placement of stations, a bit outside the city center. The strict regulation doesn’t allow the new entrants to create competitive advantages through new or modified inspection services. Based on these regulations the new entrants are trying to attract customers through enhanced service and additional services to the inspection. They try to create a total offering to the customer where the obligatory inspection service is included.

Omvandlingen av sjukvården mot marknadisering och nya driftsformer har huvudsakligen genomförts utifrån ekonomiska och politiska föresatser om ökad effektivitet och vårdkvalitet. Goda arbetsvillkor för personalen är en viktig förutsättning för förverkligandet av dessa mål. Givet det oklara kunskapsläget kring psykologiska implikationer av omställningen i välfärdssektorns styrning var syftet med avhandlingen att studera olika aspekter av arbetsvillkor samt arbetsrelaterade attityder och hälsa i privat, bolagiserad och förvaltningsdriven sjukvård. Det gjordes genom att undersöka hur krav och resurser i arbetet förhåller sig till uppkomsten och utbredningen av utbrändhet hos sjuksköterskor, betydelsen av kontroll i och över arbetet för de anställdas arbetstrivsel samt hur motivationsbaserade kognitioner av bemyndigande hos vårdpersonal förändras vid privatisering och relaterar till attityder och hälsa. De empiriska studierna inkluderade såväl tvärsnittliga som longitudinella enkätdata från tre svenska akutsjukhus med olika driftsform. Resultaten visade högre nivåer av utbrändhet hos sjuksköterskor i privat jämfört med förvaltningsdrivet sjukhus. För arbetstrivsel fanns ingen nivåskillnad mellan de tre driftsformerna. Krav i arbetet hängde samman med högre utbrändhetsnivåer och lägre arbetstrivsel. Flera resurser var förenade med lägre grad av utbrändhet medan kontroll hängde samman med högre trivsel. Vid en förändring från bolagiserad till privat driftsform var vårdpersonalens bemyndigande relativt stabilt. Dock fanns efter privatiseringen en tendens till standardisering då graden av bemyndigande blev mer lika. Likaså skedde en statusmässig differentiering i bemyndigande mellan yrkesgrupperna genom att flera med låg status fick mindre bemyndigande. Sammantaget pekar avhandlingen på fler likheter än skillnader mellan driftsformerna vilket antyder att driftsform tycks ha mindre betydelse för såväl nivå som betydelse av arbetsvillkor för personalens attityder och hälsa. / The shift in health care towards marketization and new types of ownership has mainly been carried out for financial and political reasons aimed at increasing care efficiency and quality. Good working conditions for the personnel are essential for these goals. However, knowledge of the implications at the individual level is still limited. Considering this, the aim of this thesis was to study working conditions, work-related attitudes and health in private for-profit (PFP), private non-profit (PNP), and publicly administered (PA) hospitals in three empirical studies. This was done by investigating how demands and resources at work predict the development of burnout, how control within and over work relate to employee job satisfaction, and how perceptions of empowerment change in connection with privatization and relate to attitudes and health. The empirical studies include cross-sectional and longitudinal questionnaire data from three Swedish acute care hospitals with different ownership types. The results showed higher levels of burnout among nurses at the PFP hospital than those at the PA hospital. There was no difference in levels of job satisfaction among the ownership types. Demands were associated with higher burnout levels and lower job satisfaction. Several job resources were associated with lower burnout, while control was related to higher job satisfaction. In a change from PNP to PFP, employees’ empowerment levels remained relatively stable. However, there was a tendency towards standardization as their degrees of empowerment became more similar after privatization. Also, a status-related differentiation in empowerment occurred among the occupational groups as some with low status experienced less empowerment. Altogether, the findings show more similarities than differences among the ownership types, suggesting that ownership is of less importance for both the levels and the impact of working conditions on attitudes and health. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defence, the following paper was unpublishd and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.</p>

Diss. Göteborg : Univ., 2002.

Socialt arbete är vad man skulle kunna kalla ett relativt ungt fenomen och ett organiserat arbete mot sociala problem är i Sverige inte mycket äldre än 100 år gammalt. Med det sagt kan man förstå att det sociala arbetets karaktär är under ständig förändring, och förhoppningsvis förbättring. De senaste decennierna har dock socialt arbete präglats av en ny förändringstrend. En privatiseringstrend. Som nyexaminerad socionom är valen av arbetsgivare fler än vad de var för 30 år sedan och alternativen skiljer sig åt. Syftet med denna uppsats är således att undersöka hur den snart nyexaminerade socionomen uppfattar de olika alternativen, som en eventuell arbetsgivare men också rent generellt. Studien är utformat efter kvalitativ metod med ett induktivt förhållningssätt och bygger på fyra olika intervjuer med fyra stycken snart färdigutbildade socionomer. Som teoretiskt ramverk ligger Max Webers teori om byråkrati i idealtypiska termer som grund för arbetet, samt teorin om handlingsutrymme. Tack vare användandet av tematisk textanalys kunde vissa likheter och teman urskiljas ur informanternas utsagor och resultatet kom att skildra en på många sätt homogen uppfattning av brister och risker med olika arbetsgivare. Samtliga informanter talar om en byråkrati som riskerar växa sig för stor för att fungera effektivt, och på ett rättvist sätt. Mot såväl klienter som anställda inom organisationen. Weber talade i pessimistiska termer om hur framtiden skulle komma att tillhöra byråkratin, en uppfattning som han delar med samtliga informanter. Uppfattningen är att en organisation som växer sig för stor, kommer att behöva arbeta på ett ytterst rationellt sätt rent byråkratiskt. Slutsatsen är att en rationell byråkrati inte är förenligt med ett rättvist socialt arbete gentemot klienten eller, återigen, den anställde. / Social work is what one could call a relatively young phenomenon and an organized work against social problems in Sweden is not much older than a century. That being said, one can understand that the nature of social work is under constant change, and hopefully improvement. However, in recent decades social work has been characterized by a new trend of change. A privatization trend. As a newly graduated social worker today, the alternatives to employers are more than they were 30 years ago and the alternatives differ. The purpose of this thesis is thus to investigate how the soon-to-be-graduated social worker perceives the different alternatives, as a possible employer, but also generally. The study is designed according to a qualitative method with an inductive approach and is based on four different interviews with four social work bachelors. As a theoretical framework, Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy in ideal-typical terms lies as the basis for the work, as well as the theory of scope for action. Thanks to the use of thematic text analysis, some similarities and themes could be distinguished from the informants' statements, and the result was to depict, in many ways, a homogeneous perception of deficiencies and risks with different employers. All informants talk about a bureaucracy that risks growing too large to function effectively, and in a fair way. Towards both clients and employees within the organization. Weber spoke in pessimistic terms about how the future would belong to the bureaucracy, a view that he shares with all the informants. The perception is that an organization that grows too large will have to work in an extremely rational way bureaucratically. The conclusion is that a rational bureaucracy is not compatible with a fair social work towards the client or, again, the employee.