Operationsdesignen ska ge chefen och planeringslaget en helhetsbild av uppdragets problem och operationens väg fram till en acceptabel lösning. Operationsdesignen utgör det viktigaste underlaget för framtagande av handlingsalternativ och måste därför vara tydlig och enkel att förstå så att en gemensam bild finns hos chefen och planeringslaget. Operationsdesignens planeringselement bildar ett logiskt samband mellan uppdrag och målsättningar. Detta samband bygger på att ett avgörande förhållande bör uppnås innan operationen fortsätter mot nästa avgörande förhållande och så vidare. En grundförutsättning för detta logiska samband är att operationen äger initiativet och tiden, vilket innebär att vid planering av en operation inom ramen för nationellt försvar, där angriparen besitter dessa grundförutsättningar, faller logiken. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka användbarheten med operationsdesignen och de processer som leder fram till den vid planering av nationella operationer. Genom en analys av tre stycken planeringmetoder undersöks på vilka grunder operationsdesignen som verktyg står samt vilken typ av konflikt som dagens planeringsmetoder är inriktade mot. Resultatet visar att operationsdesignen inte kan tillämpas som planeringsmetoderna föreskriver vid reguljär krigföring i ett svenskt perspektiv.

Denna uppsats syftar till att belysa psykiskt funktionsnedsatta personers arbetssituation samt att ge möjliga förklaringar till den låga andelen psykiskt funktionsnedsatta på den reguljära arbetsmarknaden. Metoden som används i uppsatsen är en kvalitativ metod där intervjuer med deltagare från den dagliga verksamheten samt med representanter från företag genomförts. Analysmetoden som användes är hermeneutik, där det är den enskilda personens tolkningar som är i centrala samt att sätta in dem i ett större kontext. Resultaten i undersökningen visade att intervjupersonerna från den dagliga verksamheten hade få antal vänner på fritiden, samt att de vänner som de hade, även hade en funktionsnedsättning, vilket kan innebära en försvåring att ta sig in på den reguljära arbetsmarknaden. Företagen beskrev hur arbetssituationen på deras arbetsplatser kan vara stressig vilket försvårar en anställning av funktionsnedsatta personer. Men företagen försökte ändå anpassa sig till de olika funktionsnedsättningarnas behov.

No description available.

No description available.

Denna fältöversikt kartlägger olika aspekter av matematisk begåvning med särskild fokus på reguljär matematikundervisning. Av forskningsfältet framhålls och exemplifieras varierade synsätt på hur matematikundervisning kan utformas för att erbjuda matematiskt begåvade elever en positiv kunskapsutveckling. De mångfacetterade och varierande infallsvinklarna som finns att tillgå kan göra det svårt för lärare att välja ut lämpliga strategier, metoder och anpassningar för de matematiskt begåvade eleverna de själv har i sina klasser. Resultaten av fältet indikerar att lärares ämneskunskaper och pedagogiska kompetens har störst inverkan på vilket stöd och bemötande elever erbjuds. Det som källorna även framhåller är att begåvade elever behöver identifieras. Identifikationsprocesser beskrivs som en kartläggning av elevernas förmågor, kunskaper och inlärningsstilar men bör även innehålla kontinuerlig utvärdering, analysering och återkoppling av elevers kunskapsutveckling. I källor föreslås det att matematiskt begåvade elever gynnas av individuellt utformad undervisning som inkluderar utmananande och snabbt accelererande uppgifter som med fördel även utgår från elevernas egna intresseområden. / This survey presents a summary of strategies and methods for mathematically gifted individuals’ whit special focus on regular education. Researches exemplify a various spectra of learning environments and methods for gifted students. Although, it can be challenging for teachers to figure out what constitutes an optimal learning environment for mathematically gifted students. According to findings it’s of most interest for gifted children’s positive knowledge development that teachers are professional in both pedagogical and theoretical manners. Manny sources also indicate that mathematically gifted students first of all need to be identified as talented. The identification processes will serve as a form of map in which gifted students skills, knowledge and learning styles are gathered and it also consists of a continual evaluating of student learning processes and knowledge development. Data exemplify that gifted students’ knowledge needs to be challenged and rapidly accelerate in order to interest and motivate them in their learning process. Findings also show that gifted students require personalized solutions that advantageously are originated from students own interests to ensure a positive knowledge development.

This study examines secondary schoolteachers’ experiences regarding the conditions for learning and inclusion that the Swedish school system offers newly arrived students. The results suggest that the framework and guidelines for learning and inclusion are seen by the teachers as both enabling and restricting. Frames and guidelines regarding pedagogical inclusion were described as a tool for developing the students’ (Swedish) language and as a possibility for them to be a part of a Swedish school-context and other students. The opposite teaching-method where newly arrived students are placed in a separate class, apart from the regular classes, are described as enabling in that sense that it allows more individual-adapted teaching. But this way of teaching was also described to have negative effects on the student’s conditions for social inclusion. Further were some frames and guidelines regarding evaluation and grading not in line with most of the teacher’s images of newly arrived students and what these students need in order for the teachers to enable their possibilities for learning. All teachers described a restricted capacity to meet their images of what enables the student’s possibilities for learning as the power of their actions as teachers was perceived as governed by the frames ang guidelines composed by Swedish authorities. The study further suggested that these images of newly arrived students and the perceptions of restricted capacity to meet their needs were created through social processes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences of studying amongst people with a neuropsychiatric disability who received support from the model Supported Education, and people who did not get this support. Another purpose was to discuss if the model could be suitable for this group. The study also shows how some support options for this group were inspired by the support given to two other groups with disabilities. The research method had a narrative approach, where fourteen participants were asked to write a short reflective narrative about their experience of studying, with/without the support from Supported Education. The stories were analysed with narrative analysis. The result shows that the persons without support from the model used the family as their primary support, and that support from formal support givers was slow, especially before the participants could show that they had a diagnosis. The persons who received the support from the model were generally satisfied with the support they got, and did not emphasize the family as support givers in the same way. The analysis shows how it could me valuable to use Supported Education for people with a neuropsychiatric disability, not only because it helps them to study, but also helps them gain higher self-esteem through personal development.

Purpose: Our purpose with this study is to compare how the two selected schools in two different areas in Stockholm chooses to introduce and integrate newly arrived children in Sweden. The schools are located in the suburb and downtown in Stockholm. One school has chosen to integrate the child by placing him or her in a preparatory class and the other school is placing the child into a regular class. Investigation questions: We want to find out how the choosen schools are working with a newly arrived child. How is the child integrated and introduced directly into a regular class through teaching methods and teaching material and how a newly arrived child is integrated and introduced into a preparatory class through teaching methods and teaching material. We also want to find out if the community authorities in the City of Stockholm and the Swedish state have guidelines that schools are supposed to follow in the work with newly arrived children and whether our selected schools are working after these guidelines. Method: The study is based on two methods. One method are interviews, we interviewed three active persons from each selected school. We also interviewed a researcher in this subject and a person who works for the municipality with the reception of newly arrived children. The second method is based on textual analysis document issued by the Immigration Department (Migrationsverket) and the Education Department (Skolverket) as well as the Municipalities and Counties of Sweden (Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting). Theories: We have chosen to use two social theories: Mead's interactionist theory and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. These theories are both based on the importance of social interaction for development. Conclusions: We have concluded that the most important thing is not whether the child is placed in preparatory class or a regular class. The key factor is how the teaching is, what resources are available and what skills the teacher has. We have also concluded that there are guidelines from the Education Department but that the schools in this study did not follow.

No description available.

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om under vilka omständigheter elever med dövhet eller hörselnedsättning (d/hns) utövar self-advocacy i övergången från högstadiet till gymnasiet. Self-advocacy innebär att individen står upp för sina behov och påverkar sin omgivning för att få likvärdiga förutsättningar till delaktighet. Detta är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med abduktiv ansats. Resultatet bygger på intervjuer med åtta gymnasieelever med dövhet eller hörselnedsättning som går tillsammans med hörande klasskamrater. Teorier om self-advocacy och identitet används i analysen och relation och interaktion mellan olika aktörer är centrala. Resultaten visar att eleven med d/hns i en skolövergång hamnar i flera situationer där hen kan förbättra tillgängligheten i klassrummet genom att utöva self-advocacy. Exempelvis kan eleven berätta om sin d/hns, påverka mikrofonanvändande och påverka lärarens undervisning. Studien visar också att elever ibland väljer att inte stå upp för sina behov för att undvika stigmatisering. I resultatet har en modell tagits fram som lyfter in eleven i sin kontext under övergångsprocessen och modellen kan användas för att förstå det komplexa samspelet mellan elev, lärare och klasskamrater under övergången. Slutsatsen är att det kan vara krävande för eleven att återkommande förväntas stå upp för sitt behov av tillgänglig kommunikation och att omgivningens bemötande skapar eller hindrar handlingsutrymmet för self-advocacy. Lärarens relationsskapande och förståelse för sin maktposition verkar vara de mest avgörande faktorerna för utvecklandet av handlingsutrymme för elevens self-advocacy. / The purpose of this study is to contribute with knowledge about under what circumstances pupils with deafness or pupils who are hard of hearing (d/hh) practice self-advocacy during the transition from lower secondary school to upper secondary school. Self-advocacy means that the individual stands up for their needs and influences their surroundings to achieve equal conditions for participation. This is a qualitative interview study with an abductive approach. The results are based on interviews conducted with eight upper secondary d/hh pupils and attend classes with hearing classmates in mainstream school settings. Theories of self-advocacy and identity are used in the analysis, and relationships and interactions between people are central. The results show that the student with d/hh during a school transition ends up in several situations where he or she can improve accessibility in the classroom by practicing self-advocacy. For example, the student can inform their classmates and/or teacher about their d/hh, influence them to use microphones and influence the teaching. The study also shows that students sometimes choose not to stand up for their needs in order to avoid stigma. In the results, a model has been developed that highlights the student in its context during the transition process and the model can be used to understand the complexity in the interaction between student, teacher and classmates during the transition. The conclusion is that it can be demanding for the student to recurrently be expected to stand up for their need of accessible communication and that the environment's response creates or hinders the acting space for self-advocacy. The teacher's ability to build relationships and understanding of his or her position of power appears to be the most decisive factors for the development of acting space for the student's self-advocacy.