FACT est une protéine clé, qui joue de multiples rôles, y compris dans la transcription et la réparation de l'ADN endommagé. Néanmoins, comment FACT participe à la réparation et à la transcription de la chromatine n'est pas élucidé. Dans ce travail nous avons tout d'abord étudié le rôle de FACT dans le processus de réparation par excision de base (BER). Nous avons utilisé des nucléosomes reconstitués avec de l'ADN à uracile incorporé au hasard. Nous avons trouvé que l'enzyme UDG est capable d'enlever les uraciles localisés du côté de la solution et pas les uraciles se trouvant en face de l'octamère d'histone. La présence simultanée de FACT et de RSC (facteur de remodelage de la chromatine, impliqué dans la réparation) permet un enlèvement efficace des uraciles localisés du côté de l'octamère d'histone par l'UDG. De plus, l'action concertée de FACT et RSC contribue à l'enlèvement de la lésion oxidative 8-oxoG, autrement inaccessible, de la matrice nucléosomale par l'enzyme OGG1. Ce résultat est obtenu grâce à une activité « co-remodelatrice » de la protéine FACT. Dans ce travail nous décrivons pour la première fois cette nouvelle propriété de FACT et nous montrons par une série d'expériences biochimiques que FACT est capable de stimuler l'activité de remodelage du RSC. Nos expériences montrent que la présence de FACT augmente l'efficacité de RSC à transformer l'énergie libérée par l'hydrolyse de l'ATP en travail « mécanique ». Les données obtenues suggèrent une nature stochastique du BER in vivo, FACT étant un facteur clé dans le processus de réparation. Nous avons également investigué l'implication de l'activité co-remodelatrice de FACT dans la fixation de NF-kB aux matrices nucléosomales. La production de nucléosomes remodelés, mais non - mobilisés (remosomes) n'est pas suffisante pour promouvoir la fixation de NF-kB. Pourtant, la mobilisation des nucléosomes par l'intermédiaire de RSC permet une interaction efficace entre NF-kB et l'ADN nucléosomal. Toutes ces données sont essentielles pour le décryptage du mécanisme moléculaire par lequel FACT agit dans le BER et dans la transcription médiée par NF-kB. / FACT is a vital protein which has multiple roles including one in transcription and repair of damaged DNA. However, how FACT assists repair and transcription remains elusive. In this work, we have first studied the role of FACT in Base Excision Repair (BER). We used nucleosomes containing DNA with randomly incorporated uracil. We found that the enzyme UDG is able to remove uracils facing the solution and not the uracils facing the histone octamer. The simultaneous presence of FACT and RSC (a chromatin remodeler involved in repair) allows, however, a very efficient removal of uracil facing the histone octamer by UDG. In addition, the concerted action of FACT and RSC permits the removal of the otherwise un-accessible oxidative lesion 8-oxoG from nucleosomal templates by OGG1. This was achieved thanks to the co-remodeling activity of FACT. Here we described for the first time this novel property of FACT and we show in a series of biochemical experiments that FACT is able to boost the remodeling activity of RSC. The experiments reveal that the presence of FACT increases the efficiency of RSC to transform the energy freed by ATP hydrolysis into “mechanical” work. The presented data suggest a stochastic nature of BER functioning in vivo, FACT being a key factor in the repair process. The implication of the co-remodeling activity of FACT in NF-kB factor binding to nucleosomal templates was also investigated. The generation of remodeled, but not mobilized nucleosomes (remosomes), was not sufficient to promote NF-kB binding. However, the RSC-induced nucleosome mobilization allows efficient NF-kB interaction with nucleosomal DNA. Our data are instrumental in deciphering the molecular mechanism of FACT implication in BER and NF-kB mediated transcription.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 981714 bytes, checksum: 2e544562eb00ab072a678f12ff8f3979 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The humankind as a whole goes through a quick and continuous process of change in the social, economic and politic spheres. The world reality has already transformed itself. What once in the past looked lame and took decades to change, now changes with a single click of a computer keyboard. We live nowadays a constant process of evolution of the world society where cultural and economic globalization makes its path into the virtual world of the Internet. The Internet phenomenon, called Web of webs, already impacts the human universe in unimaginable proportions through a digital convergence process where man interacts with another man, each time and more through an infinite virtual space that respects no cultural differences, geographical limits or State Sovereignties. The economic and cultural globalization of the societies also requires the globalization of the juridical thought as a whole in order to find efficient mechanisms and apply legal norms that last and endure beyond the territorial principles, especially when it concerns to Penal Law and Economic Law. In these terms, the present work intended to analyze, under the Economic Law view, the circumstances that involve the legal reparation of the victims from the crimes against the honor perpetrated on the Internet. From the law operator´s point of view the difficulties are enormous, even because Internet is a world phenomenon, homogeneous, countrywide and landless, with no spatial or geographical delimitations, and with immaterial consistency. It is a universe which has not been predicted by the traditional historic cultural reality of Law. The three-dimensional Theory that brought the fact, the value and the norm, now faces the challenge of dealing with a social reality far different from what existed decades ago. The Internet phenomenon is still little known among us, but Law has to adapt as fast as possible to this new Era of virtuality. It is from this adjustment capacity and projection of valid and efficient legal norms to the virtual universe of the Web of webs that emerges the necessary juridical safety to the national judicial systems of each country in the world. This work aims to contribute uniquely with the discussion and the possible and viable solutions of questions related to the economic consequences that come up with the practice of crimes against the honor of people through the World Wide Web. The Internet, as we know it today, represents the technology of freedom, and this is good. What brings up such discussions and what one tries to avoid is the risk of the ineffectiveness of Law towards the illicit conducts and the old and new outlaw behaviors that currently occur in its virtual space that if not hold back, cause economic and social injuries witch bring discomfort and juridical insecurity to millions of people. / A humanidade como um todo passa por um processo rápido e contínuo de mudança nas esferas social, econômica e política. A realidade mundial já se transformou. O que outrora parecia lento e perdurava décadas para mudar, hoje avança com um simples apertar de um botão de computador. Vivemos atualmente um processo evolutivo da sociedade mundial em torno da globalização cultural e econômica em que o caminho mais rápido faz-se por meio do mundo virtual da Internet. O fenômeno da Internet, rede das redes, já impacta o universo humano em proporções jamais imagináveis, através de um processo de convergência digital em que o homem cada vez mais interage com outro homem por entre um espaço virtual infinito que não respeita as diferenças culturais, geográficas ou de soberanias de Estado. A globalização da economia e das culturas das sociedades também exige a globalização do pensamento jurídico, de modo a que possamos encontrar mecanismos eficientes de aplicação de normas que vigorem além dos princípios da territorialidade, sobremaneira no tocante ao Direito Penal e ao Direito Econômico. Neste diapasão, o presente trabalho objetivou analisar, sob a ótica do Direito Econômico, as circunstâncias que envolvem a reparação às vítimas dos crimes contra a honra praticados no âmbito da Internet. Do ponto de vista do aplicador do direito, as dificuldades são enormes no sentido de que a Internet é um fenômeno mundial, homogêneo, apátrida, sem qualquer delimitação espacial ou geográfica e de consistência imaterial. É um universo que não foi previsto pela tradicional realidade histórico-cultural do direito. A teoria tridimensional que trouxe o fato, o valor e a norma, agora encara o desafio de lidar com uma realidade social bastante diferente do que se tinha até algumas décadas. O fenômeno da Internet ainda é pouco conhecido entre nós, mas o Direito tem que se adequar rapidamente a essa nova era da virtualidade. É dessa capacidade de adequação e de projeção de normas válidas e eficazes para o universo virtual da rede das redes que decorre a segurança jurídica necessária aos ordenamentos jurídicos nacionais de cada país. Este trabalho visa a contribuir singularmente com a discussão e as possíveis e viáveis soluções para o deslinde de questões que envolvem as consequências econômicas ocasionadas quando crimes contra a honra das pessoas são perpetrados por meio da rede mundial de computadores. A Internet, como até o momento sabemos, é a tecnologia da liberdade, e isso é bom. O que se tenta discutir e combater é o risco da não efetividade do Direito em abranger comportamentos e condutas ilícitas, velhas e novas, que ocorrem diariamente no âmbito da virtualidade da rede e que, se não reprimidos, geram prejuízos sociais, econômicos, desconforto e insegurança jurídica a milhões de pessoas.

Qu’il s’agisse de prévenir sa survenance, d’empêcher qu’il s’aggrave ou de le réparer, le dommage est omniprésent dans l’arbitrage d’investissement. Il est à l’origine de la procédure contentieuse et de l’utilisation de divers mécanismes incidents. L’investisseur étranger dépose une requête d’arbitrage à l’encontre de l’État d’accueil, ou demande au tribunal saisi l’indication de mesures conservatoires, parce qu’il a subi, ou pourrait subir, un dommage. Le dommage (ré)apparaît également tout au long du déroulement de l’instance. Au stade de la compétence, il encadre l’intérêt pour agir de l’investisseur. Au fond, il apparaît comme un élément établissant l’existence de la violation des règles primaires. Le dommage constitue en outre, de façon plus classique, la mesure de la réparation. Il se manifeste, enfin, dans la finalité de l’arbitrage. L’investisseur entend obtenir l’indemnisation des dommages entretenant un rapport de causalité avec l’acte illicite. La présentation pourtant habituellement faite de ce contentieux l’exclut quasi systématiquement, si ce n’est au moment de la réparation. Les raisons de ce rejet se comprennent aisément si le dommage est uniquement analysé à la lumière de la position de la Commission du droit international, qui ne l’envisage que sous l’angle de son lien avec la responsabilité de l’État. Mais, à mieux y regarder, il ne se justifie plus si le dommage est replacé dans le contexte particulier du contentieux dans lequel il intervient. Il s’agira alors d’examiner le rôle du dommage, d’en caractériser et d’en expliquer la spécificité par rapport à celui qu’il occupe en droit international public et dans le contentieux interétatique, et de déterminer la mesure dans laquelle ce rôle spécifique influe sur la responsabilité de l’État d’accueil. / The harm is omnipresent in investment arbitration. It is at the origin of the proceedings and of the use of different incident mechanisms. A foreign investor files a request for arbitration against the host State, or asks for provisional measures, because it has or might have incurred damages due to the breach by the host State of its international obligations. The harm also (re)emerges all along the proceedings. At the jurisdiction stage, it determines the investor’s standing to act. At the merits stage, it is an element which establishes the violation of the applicable primary rules. Furthermore, the harm is, more classically, the measure of the reparation. Lastly, it reflects the purpose of arbitration. The investor requires compensation for losses which are causally linked to the breach. However, the presentation usually made of this dispute resolution mechanism almost systematically excludes it, except for issues concerning reparation. The reasons for this rejection can easily be understood if the harm is only analysed in the light of the International Law Commission’s position, which only considers the question from the perspective of its relation with State responsibility. But this rejection is no longer justified if the harm is replaced within the particular context in which it operates. Thus, this study will examine the role conferred to the harm in investment arbitration, characterise and explain its specificity compared with that it occupies in public international law and in inter-States disputes, and determine how and to what extent this specific role may affect State responsibility.

A pesquisa aborda o problema da reparação dos danos acidentários e tem como objetivo inicial estabelecer uma coerência sistêmica entre o instituto da responsabilidade civil e a proteção previdenciária. Estudam-se sistemas reparatórios de danos acidentários em outros países, com intuito comparativo e visando fomentar discussões que aperfeiçoem o sistema brasileiro. Na sequência, esmiuça-se o sistema reparatório nacional, com realce em sua natureza binária: de um lado direitos previdenciários e, de outro, a reparação com lastro no instituto da responsabilidade civil. Concluída a abordagem sistêmica, analisam-se os elementos que congregam a responsabilidade civil no âmbito da infortunística. Questionase a possibilidade de cumulações indenizatórias sob o prisma do princípio da reparação integral, pois o estudo dos sistemas estrangeiros e da ordem jurídica interna autoriza concluir pela perfeita comunicabilidade entre as vias reparatórias. Quanto ao nexo causal, após cotejar as principais teorias e conjugá-las para responder coerentemente à necessidade de se estabelecerem critérios mais equânimes na fixação de elos entre fatos e danos, enfoca-se o problema do nexo concausal nas doenças ocupacionais. O nexo de imputação é enfrentado tanto sob o prisma da responsabilidade subjetiva quanto objetiva do empregador e, em relação a essa última, há preocupação em definir seus exatos contornos. Estudam-se, ainda, os fatos que poderão excluir a responsabilidade objetiva. O terceiro Capítulo trata da identificação e reparação dos danos acidentários. Optou-se pela adoção da divisão tradicional entre danos patrimoniais e extrapatrimoniais. Em relação aos danos patrimoniais, defende-se a aplicabilidade do princípio da reparação integral e estudam-se os contornos da exceção prevista no Código Civil. Almeja-se um detalhamento dos danos emergentes que podem surgir de causas acidentárias e faz-se referência à distinção entre lucros cessantes e pensionamento, a respeito do qual se abordam os critérios para fixação do valor e duração, discutindo-se, ainda, o problema ocasionado por alterações fáticas supervenientes. Debate-se a opção de pagamento do pensionamento em parcela única e versa-se, por fim, os danos patrimoniais ocasionados pelo evento morte. No que se refere aos danos extrapatrimoniais, o trabalho realiza abordagem crítica da denominação dano moral. É debatida a conceituação tradicional dos danos extrapatrimoniais e defende-se que sua existência jurídica está vinculada à ofensa aos direitos de personalidade. Discutemse as dificuldades para quantificação do dano extrapatrimonial e, tendo como parâmetro as funções da responsabilidade civil, traçam-se os principais critérios que podem e devem ser utilizados para definir o valor indenizatório. Elabora-se uma proposta concreta de sistematização dos danos extrapatrimoniais, buscando maior objetivação nos critérios de avaliação e redução do arbítrio judicial na fixação dos valores. Aproveita-se a experiência italiana que diferencia dano-evento e dano-prejuízo, associando-a à experiência francesa de especificação e detalhamento de prejuízos que resultam de danos à pessoa para apresentar proposta compatível com o sistema jurídico brasileiro. Estuda-se, em separado, a indenização pela perda de uma chance e, em arremate, abordam-se as parcelas acessórias que podem influenciar na quantificação indenizatória: atualização monetária, juros de mora e honorários advocatícios. / This research approaches the problem of accidental damage reparation and has as its initial objective to establish a systemic coherence between the institute of civil responsibility and the social security protection. Systems of accidental damage reparation are studied in other countries, with a reparative goal and aiming at fomenting discussions to perfect the Brazilian system. Following on, the national reparatory system is mulled down, highlighting its binary nature: on the one side social security rights, on the other side reparation based on the civil responsibility institute. Once the systemic approach is concluded, the elements that gather the civil responsibility in the scope of accidents is analyzed. The possibility of cumulative indemnification under the light of the integral reparation principle is questioned, because the study of foreign systems and of the internal legal order authorizes to conclude in favor of perfect communicability between reparatory ways. As for the causal connection, after collating the main theories and combining them coherently according to the necessity of establishing more equitable criteria in the fixation of links between facts and damage, the problem of concausal connection in occupational diseases is focused. The connection of the imputation is faced both under the prism of subjective and objective responsibility of the employer, and, in relation to the latter, there is preoccupation in defining its exact outlines. Furthermore, the fact that can exclude the objective responsibility are studied. The third chapter covers the identification and reparation of accidental damages. We opted for the traditional division between property and personal damage. In relation to property damages, the applicability of the principle of integral reparation is defended and the outlines of exceptions anticipated in the Civil Code are studied. A breakdown of emerging damages that may arise from accident causes is aimed at, and we reference the distinction between ceasing profits and pensioning, in relation to which the criteria for fixation of value and duration are approached, discussing, moreover, the problem caused by supervening factual alterations. The payment of pensioning in one lump sum is debated and, finally, we discuss the property damage causes by event death. In what concerns the personal damage, the research critically approaches the moral damage denomination. The traditional conceptualization of the personal damage is debated and we defend that its legal existence is linked to the injuries to the personality rights. The difficulties to qualify the personal damage are also discussed and, having the functions of civil responsibility as a parameter, the main criteria that can and must be utilized to define the compensatory value are traced. We elaborate a concrete proposal of systematization of personal damages, aiming at a wider objectification in the criteria of evaluation and reduction of the legal decision in the fixation of values. Benefiting from the Italian experience, which differentiate event-damage and injurydamage, and associating it to the French experience of specification and detailing of injuries that result in damage to the person, we present a compatible proposal with the Brazilian legal system. Furthermore, we study, in separate, the compensation for the loss of opportunity and, to conclude, we approach the accessory installment that may affect the compensatory quantification: monetary update, interest on arrears and legal fees.

Esta tese se propõe a examinar os itinerários e as perspectivas das mobilizações políticas negras contemporâneas no Cone Sul, com ênfase nas redes de ativistas que atuam em Porto Alegre (Brasil), Montevidéu (Uruguai) e Buenos Aires (Argentina), frente aos atuais desafios da implementação de políticas públicas com enfoque étnico-racial. A partir do aporte da perspectiva antropológica que orienta uma aproximação da "experiência de perto" dos sujeitos, detenho-me no protagonismo de ativistas em face aos desdobramentos de políticas públicas e ações reparatórias. O trabalho se insere nas discussões sobre a questão multicultural e o multiculturalismo nas sociedades latino-americanas. Interrogo como sujeitos tidos e vistos como minoritários, que não foram contemplados no projeto de "igualdade" preconizado pelos ideais eurocêntricos de nação moderna instituído nos países da região, vêm a interferir na esfera pública, ao passo que evidenciam noções e projetos de nação em disputa. O trabalho busca compreender os movimentos afro-latino-americanos através das formas com que ocupam a esfera pública e manejam noções e projetos de sociedade multicultural. Analiso as conexões entre o "nacional" e o transnacional a partir das políticas raciais e das militâncias negras, bem como da experiência com identificações étnicas afro-diaspóricas. Parto das configurações locais das militâncias negras contemporâneas que se expandem e modelam numa arena trans-local e diaspórica e se projetam para o espaço da nação. Proponho-me delinear cartografias da militância negra nas três cidades contempladas nesta tese a partir de percorrer experiências múltiplas de engajamento na esfera pública. E por fim, examino: i) os modos como as redes de militância são mobilizadas na construção de demandas e ii) as disputas por políticas públicas em torno da saúde e da educação com perspectiva étnico-racial e de gênero, analisando as complexas e múltiplas relações entre atores sociais envolvidos no processo de tradução de resistências locais em problemas que irrompem as arenas públicas e disputam por sua legitimação perante agentes e instituições com condições para disseminálos. / This thesis aims at analyzing the itineraries and perspectives of the contemporary black movement political mobilization in the Southern Cone, focusing on the network of activists of Porto Alegre (Brazil), Montevideo (Uruguay) and Buenos Aires (Argentina), before the current challenges introduced by the implementation of ethnical-racial focused public policies. From an anthropological viewpoint that emphasizes a personal approach to the subjects' experiences, I concentrate on the activists' actions in the face of the consequences of public policies and reparatory actions. In the context of the debates on multicultural issues and multiculralisms in Latin-American societies, I will try to understand how those subjects that belong to the so-called minority groups, which, in turn, went unacknowledged by the European centered ideal of "equality" in the regional modern nation-states, impinge on the public sphere while they evidence notions and national projects that collide with each other. I, therefore, aim at understanding the political expression of African Latin- American movements through their uses of space in the public spheres and of dealing with the notions and projects of a multicultural society. I analyze the connections between the national and transnational from the viewpoint of racial policies, black militancies and the identification with the African diasporas. I begin by mapping contemporary black militancy configurations, which are shaped and expand in a translocal and diasporic arenas, while they project themselves as part of a nation, I delineate the black militancy cartographies in the three cities on the basis of their involvement in the public sphere. I examine: i) how the militancy networks are mobilized in the construction of their demands and, ii) their disputes for public policies in the fields of health and education, from gender and ethnic-racial perspectives. I also analyze the diversity of complex relations among social actors involved in the processes of translating local forms of resistance into problems, which will be brought to the public arena and will dispute for legitimization before agents and institutions that are capable of spreading them.

Victim-offender reconciliation programs (VORPs), the hallmark of the restorative justice movement, offer an alternative to the retributive approach to crime. These programs seek to bring the victim and offender together for purposes of working out a mediated settlement agreement.

La quantité croissante des données s’accompagne par l’augmentation du nombre de programmes de transformation de données, généralement des requêtes, et par la nécessité d’analyser et comprendre leurs résultats : (a) pourquoi telle réponse figure dans le résultat ? ou (b) pourquoi telle information n’y figure pas ? La première question demande de trouver l’origine ou la provenance des résultats dans la base, un problème très étudié depuis une 20taine d’années. Par contre, expliquer l’absence de réponses dans le résultat d’une requête est un problème peu exploré jusqu’à présent. Répondre à une question Pourquoi-Pas consiste à fournir des explications quant à l’absence de réponses. Ces explications identifient pourquoi et comment les données pertinentes aux réponses manquantes sont absentes ou éliminées par la requête. Notre travail suppose que la base de données n’est pas source d’erreur et donc cherche à fournir des explications fondées sur (les opérateurs de) la requête qui peut alors être raffinée ultérieurement en modifiant les opérateurs "fautifs". Cette thèse développe des outils formels et algorithmiques destinés au débogage et à la réparation de requêtes SQL afin de traiter des questions de type Pourquoi-Pas. Notre première contribution, inspirée par une étude critique de l’état de l’art, utilise un arbre de requête pour rechercher les opérateurs "fautifs". Elle permet de considérer une classe de requêtes incluant SPJA, l’union et l’agrégation. L’algorithme NedExplain développé dans ce cadre, a été validé formellement et expérimentalement. Il produit des explications de meilleure qualité tout en étant plus efficace que l’état de l’art.L’approche précédente s’avère toutefois sensible au choix de l’arbre de requête utilisé pour rechercher les explications. Notre deuxième contribution réside en la proposition d’une notion plus générale d’explication sous forme de polynôme qui capture toutes les combinaisons de conditions devant être modifiées pour que les réponses manquantes apparaissent dans le résultat. Cette méthode s’applique à la classe des requêtes conjonctives avec inégalités. Sur la base d’un premier algorithme naïf, Ted, ne passant pas à l’échelle, un deuxième algorithme, Ted++, a été soigneusement conçu pour éliminer entre autre les calculs itérés de sous-requêtes incluant des produits cartésien. Comme pour la première approche, une évaluation expérimentale a prouvé la qualité et l’efficacité de Ted++. Concernant la réparation des requêtes, notre contribution réside dans l’exploitation des explications polynômes pour guider les modifications de la requête initiale ce qui permet la génération de raffinements plus pertinents. La réparation des jointures "fautives" est traitée de manière originale par des jointures externes. L’ensemble des techniques de réparation est mis en oeuvre dans FixTed et permet ainsi une étude de performance et une étude comparative. Enfin, Ted++ et FixTed ont été assemblés dans une plate-forme pour le débogage et la réparation de requêtes relationnelles. / With the increasing amount of available data and data transformations, typically specified by queries, the need to understand them also increases. “Why are there medicine books in my sales report?” or “Why are there not any database books?” For the first question we need to find the origins or provenance of the result tuples in the source data. However, reasoning about missing query results, specified by Why-Not questions as the latter previously mentioned, has not till recently receivedthe attention it is worth of. Why-Not questions can be answered by providing explanations for the missing tuples. These explanations identify why and how data pertinent to the missing tuples were not properly combined by the query. Essentially, the causes lie either in the input data (e.g., erroneous or incomplete data) or at the query level (e.g., a query operator like join). Assuming that the source data contain all the necessary relevant information, we can identify the responsible query operators formingquery-based explanations. This information can then be used to propose query refinements modifying the responsible operators of the initial query such that the refined query result contains the expected data. This thesis proposes a framework targeted towards SQL query debugging and fixing to recover missing query results based on query-based explanations and query refinements.Our contribution to query debugging consist in two different approaches. The first one is a tree-based approach. First, we provide the formal framework around Why-Not questions, missing from the state-of-the-art. Then, we review in detail the state-of-the-art, showing how it probably leads to inaccurate explanations or fails to provide an explanation. We further propose the NedExplain algorithm that computes correct explanations for SPJA queries and unions there of, thus considering more operators (aggregation) than the state of the art. Finally, we experimentally show that NedExplain is better than the both in terms of time performance and explanation quality. However, we show that the previous approach leads to explanations that differ for equivalent query trees, thus providing incomplete information about what is wrong with the query. We address this issue by introducing a more general notion of explanations, using polynomials. The polynomial captures all the combinations in which the query conditions should be fixed in order for the missing tuples to appear in the result. This method is targeted towards conjunctive queries with inequalities. We further propose two algorithms, Ted that naively interprets the definitions for polynomial explanations and the optimized Ted++. We show that Ted does not scale well w.r.t. the size of the database. On the other hand, Ted++ is capable ii of efficiently computing the polynomial, relying on schema and data partitioning and advantageous replacement of expensive database evaluations by mathematical calculations. Finally, we experimentally evaluate the quality of the polynomial explanations and the efficiency of Ted++, including a comparative evaluation.For query fixing we propose is a new approach for refining a query by leveraging polynomial explanations. Based on the input data we propose how to change the query conditions pinpointed by the explanations by adjusting the constant values of the selection conditions. In case of joins, we introduce a novel type of query refinements using outer joins. We further devise the techniques to compute query refinements in the FixTed algorithm, and discuss how our method has the potential to be more efficient and effective than the related work.Finally, we have implemented both Ted++ and FixTed in an system prototype. The query debugging and fixing platform, short EFQ allows users to nteractively debug and fix their queries when having Why- Not questions.

"First, this dissertation proposes to explore the practice of amnesties in dealing with violations of human rights vis-à-vis the obligation of states to punish and to prosecute gross violations of human rights and to guarantee effective remedies for victims. Secondly, it seeks to inquire, for purposes of meeting the first objective, into the validity of amnesties in international law with specific reference to the African Charter. Thirdly, on the strength of a selected case studies: South Africa and Moçambique, and informed by relevant jurisprudence drawn from the Inter-American human rights system and elsewhere, a critique informative of the recommendations as to how the African Court should deal with cases arising out of such amnesty situations will be attempted. Equally, similar reference will be made, albeit in an abridged way, to how amnesties could be dealt with at the political levels of the African Union (AU). Fourthly, the dissertation will inquire into why amnesties, which have been used to advance utilitarian ends of the communal good (national reconciliation) thereby ‘trumping individuals’ rights’, cannot at the same time, be so fashioned as to reconcile these especially relating to effective remedies for violations of human rights the amnesty seeks to address. Fifthly, in drawing on the foregoing, this study will, by way of recommendations, seek to outline criteria or conditionalities upon which amnesty should, if ever, be granted. ... The study consists of five chapters. Chapter one will provide the context in which the study is set. It highlights the basis and structure of the study. Chapter two endeavours to outline some of the basic concepts central to the study; amnesty, pardon as instruments of national reconciliation and the various avenues through which these has been effected in the past. In the main, the chapter attempts a problematisation of the concept of amnesty by which its validity and place in international law will be examined. Chapter three outlines the approaches to amnesty in South Africa and Moçambique and the countervailing state obligations to ensure rights protected in human rights instruments: to prosecute and punish violators and the rights of victims and their relatives to effective remedies. In the case of South Africa, the right to effective remedies is discussed within the context of the decision of the South African constitutional court in AZAPO. Chapter four attempts to grapple with the possibility of bringing a case before the African Court of Human Rights and how this case may, and should be decided in light of existing decisions of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and available comparative jurisprudence on the subject. Chapter five will consist of a summary of the presentation and the conclusions drawn from the entire study. It will also make some recommendations as to how amnesty should be dealt with both at political level (AU) and at the level of the African Court in relation to human rights violations. In furtherance of this, it attempts an outline of directive criteria that should be applied." -- Chapter 1. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Reparationsvarv. Beckholmen kan på grund av sin historia anses vara en ofta hänsynslöst behandlad ö. Hänsynslös mot öns natur och egna ordning, för att ständigt fylla ny funktion och nya ändamål. Idag är ön starkt märkt av denna behandling, och i kontrast till tidigare, ansedd som en oerhört känslig plats, både i sin natur och exponering för staden. Staden själv ser olika värden i Beckholmen, vilka står i stark strid med varandra. Att vilja bevara Beckholmen som en ö med skärgårdsframtoning, som en förlängning av Djurgården, i kontrast till det kulturhistoriska värdet i Beckholmens tidigare varvsverksamhet som bör fortskrida och utvecklas, gör det nödvändigt att på något sätt välja sida i frågan. Vi har fått i uppgift att rita ett reparationsvarv på denna ö, och för mig kändes det mest naturliga att låta den dramatik och förändring som funnits genom historien fortskrida. Även om platsen kan anses för liten för sitt program, så är Beckholmen en unik möjlighet, och ursäkt, för att lägga en helt ny industribyggnad mitt i Stockholms hjärta. Mitt i vyn i Stockholms inlopp, skulle varvsindustrin visa att staden än idag hålls upp av människor som arbetar. Industrier och dess arbetare måste inte förpassas till förorten, utan dessa är kvaliteter som visar en levande stad, där liv man inte förväntar sig får synas och ta plats. Jag föreslår en permanent byggnad på Beckholmen. Permanent i den bemärkelsen att den ska definiera platsen med sin volym, men vara fri i sina rum. Flexibiliteten gör industrin anpassningsbar och tålig för förändring, men med fasta punkter att förhålla sig till. Tornet finns dels för volymens balans, men främst för bostäder för varvets personal. I liknelse med fyren står tornet synligt för södra Stockholm, utan att skämmas varken för sig själv eller sitt innehåll. / Beckholmen is an island, not always carefully threated by history. To fulfill new purposes and functions, the island has always been altered for new needs. Today is Beckholmen strongly marked by this treatment, and has transformed to be known as a very sensitive and fragile place, both in nature and exposure for Stockholm. Strong wills with different ambitions want to decide about Beckholmen’s future. There are different approaches amongst for example the city, Stadsbyggnadskontoret and Djurgårdsförvaltningen, about what qualities are most worth embracing. We have been asked to draw a ship yard for reparations at Beckholmen. The most natural approach for me was to let the island’s eventful history continue in to the future. Beckholmen is a unique possibility to build a brand new industrial building in the heart of Stockholm, and let it be shown that the city is carried by people who works. Why does an industry have to be deported to the suburbs, when it’s rather an indication of a living city?   I purpose a permanent building at Beckholmen. Permanent to define the site with its volume, but with flexible spaces within. The flexibility makes the industry adaptable to changes, but with some fixed part to relate. The tower is partly for the balance of the volumes, but mainly for residence of the shipyard staff. Alike a lighthouse it stands there visible for south of Stockholm, without being ashamed for either itself, or what it contains.

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