The work presented in this thesis examines the electrochemical behaviour of a number of species, both surface-bound and in the solution phase, in various room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), in order to identify systems which show altered reactivities in room-temperature ionic liquids, compared to that in conventional, molecular, aprotic solvents. The fundamentals of electrochemistry are outlined and an introduction to room-temperature ionic liquids is given, after which the results of six original investigations are presented, as follows; The electrochemical response of surface-bound anthraquinonyl films was investigated as a function of RTIL cation size. The reduction of oxygen to superoxide in the [C₂mim][NTf₂] RTIL was studied at different carbon electrodes. The mechanisms of electrodeposition and stripping of Zn(II) onto bulk zinc deposits, on glassy carbon electrodes, in the [C₄mPyrr][NTf₂] RTIL were investigated. A novel and successful method for the fabrication of zinc microdisk electrodes was developed and the electrochemical behaviour of these electrodes was investigated. The mechanisms for the electrochemical reductions of some bromo- and nitrobenzenes at platinum microelectrodes were determined in the [C₄mPyrr][NTf₂] ionic liquid, in order to identify systems which displayed changed reactivities in RTILs compared to those in molecular aprotic solvents. The altered reactivity of 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene in the [C₄mPyrr][NTf₂] ionic liquid was utilised via electrochemical reduction at zinc microelectrodes in order to form arylzinc compounds. The work presented in this thesis shows that the oft-taken view that the reactivity of a given species in an ionic liquid will mimic that in conventional aprotic solvents is not always the case. Reactivities can be markedly different between RTILs and aprotic solvents and can also be highly dependent on the specific ionic liquid employed.

Studien är utförd åt Freezing Food Småland Öland AB. Syftet med undersökningen var att ge förslag på åtgärder som minskar anläggningens energibehov samt att beräkna återbetalningstid för åtgärder. Genom användningen av simuleringsprogramvara tillsammans med data från praktiska mätningar så testades olika förändringar i anläggningen. Studien resulterade i förslag på en höjning av frysrumstemperaturen och temperaturen i LTB1. Dessa åtgärder höjer anläggningens köldfaktor och minskar energibehovet. Förslag för att få bukt på istillväxten är att isolera av komponenter så som rör och ventiler. Isolering ger en energibesparing och en minskad risk för korrosion. Genom belastningstester framkom det att kompressorerna arbetar ofördelaktigt så förslag på lämpliga driftområden togs fram för att öka verkningsgraden och minska underhållskostnaderna och energibehovet. Anläggningen visade sig vara väl dimensionerad mot transmissionsförluster men att golvvärmen står för en oproportionerligt stor del av förlusterna i förhållande till dess yta. / The study is conducted for Freezing Food Småland Öland AB. The purpose of the study was to propose measures to decrease the facility’s energy demand and to calculate the payback time for these suggestions. By means of using simulation software along with data from practical measurements different configurations in the facility were tested. The study resulted in suggestions consisting of an increase of the temperature in the freezing room and the temperature in LTB1.Those suggestions increases the facilities COP and decreases the energy consumption. Proposals to curb the ice growth are the insulation of components such as pipes and valves. Insulation results in a small decrease in energy demand but greatly increases the accessibility and also decreases the risk of corrosion. Through load tests conducted on the compressors it showed that the compressors were not driven in the optimal load range, suggestions were made for operation in a more favourable load range. Thus increasing the efficiency and cutting the maintenance costs. From the results it is shown that the facility is well built and dimensioned against thermal transmission. Though it turned out that the floor heating accounts for a disproportionate amount of the thermal transmission.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Students undertake their clinical placement in various clinical settings for the exposure to and acquisition of skills related to that particular context. The operating room, for example, is a context that offers the opportunity to develop critical skills related to the perioperative care of the patient. Despite the numerous studies that have been undertaken in this field, few studies that have investigated the operating room as a clinical learning environment in the South African healthcare system have been published. The aim of this study was to determine students’ perceptions of the operating room as a clinical learning environment in a private hospital context. An exploratory, interpretive and descriptive design generating qualitative data was utilized. Data was collected from nursing students undertaking their training at a private nursing education institution. Ten nursing students participated in an open-ended questionnaire (N=10), and twelve students participated in the focus group discussion (N=12). From the results, four themes emerged, namely, ‘interpersonal factors’, ‘educational factors’, ‘private operating room context’, and ‘recommendations’. This study has highlighted some of the challenges experienced by students in the private sector operating room context. Despite the potential learning opportunities, the key findings reveal negative perceptions of students regarding learning experiences. However, the opinion that the operating room offers an opportunity to gain skills unique to this context, as well as facilitates the integration of theory and practice, was also expressed. Some students reported that the emphasis on profitability and cost to patient, and the lack of a mentoring process in this context posed a constraint to learning. Exploration into the specific preparatory needs of students specific to learning outcomes before operating room placement should be considered. It would also be necessary to improve collaboration between lecturers, mentors and theatre managers so that a structured teaching programme may be developed for students entering the perioperative environment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Studente onderneem hul kliniese plasing in verskeie kliniese omgewings vir die blootstelling aan en aanleer van vaardighede wat verband hou met daardie spesifieke konteks. Die operasiesaal, byvoorbeeld, is ’n kliniese omgewing wat die geleentheid bied om kritiese vaardighede te ontwikkel wat verband hou met die perioperatiewe versorging van die pasiënt. Ten spyte van die talle studies wat in die operasiesaal onderneem was, het slegs ’n paar studies uit ’n Suid-Afrikaanse gesondheidsorg oogpunt, die operasiesaal as ’n kliniese opleidings omgewing ondersoek. Die doel van hierdie studie was om studente se persepsies van die operasiesaal as ’n kliniese omgewing in ’n privaat hospitaal konteks te bepaal. ’n Ondersoekende, verklarende en beskrywende ontwerp wat kwalitatiewe data genereer, is gebruik. Data is ingesamel van verpleegstudente wat hul opleiding by ’n privaat verpleegonderrig instelling ontvang. Tien verpleegstudente (N=10) was genooi om ’n onbepaalde vraelys te voltooi en twaalf student (N=12) het aan die fokusgroep bespreking deelgeneem. Vier temas het na vore gekom, naamlik ‘interpersoonlike faktore’, ‘opvoedkundige faktore’, ‘privaat-operasiesaal konteks’, en ‘aanbevelings’. Hierdie studie het ’n paar van die uitdagings uitgelig wat die studente in ’n privaat sektor operasiesaal ondervind. Ten spyte van die potensiële leergeleenthede teenwoordig in die privaat sektor operasiesaal, toon die belangrikste bevindings egter die negatiewe persepsies van studente jeens hierdie kliniese omgewing. Die opinie is egter ook uitgespreek dat hierdie omgewing ook ’n geleentheid aanbied om unieke vaardighede aan te leer. Dit bied ook ’n geleentheid om teorie en praktiese kundigheid te integreer. Sommige studente rapporteer dat die klem op winsgewendheid en koste vir die pasiënt, asoók die gebrek aan mentorskap in hierdie kliniese omgewing ’n beperking plaas op die leerproses. Die spesifieke voorbereidings behoeftes van studente insake leeruitkomste voordat plasing in die operasiesaal omgewing geskied, moet eers deeglik ondersoek word. Dit is ook nodig om die nodige samewerking tussen dosente, mentors en operasiesaal bestuurders te verbeter sodat ’n gestruktureerde onderrig program ontwikkel kan word vir studente wat die perioperatiewe omgewing betree.

This thesis introduces and describes a new experimental setup for examining the effects of pulsating inflow to a ventilated enclosure. The study aimed to test the hypothesis that a pulsating inflow has potential to improve ventilation quality by reducing the stagnation zones through enhanced mixing. The experimental setup, which was a small-scale, two-dimensional (2D), water-filled room model, was successfully designed and manufactured to be able to capture two-dimensional velocity vectors of the entire field using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Using in-house software, it was possible to conclude that for an increase in pulsation frequency or alternatively in the flow rate, the stagnation zones were reduced in size, the distribution of vortices became more homogeneous over the considered domain, and the number of vortices in all scales had increased. Considering the occupied region, the stagnation zones were moved away in a favorable direction from a mixing point of view. In addition, statistical analysis unveiled that in the far-field occupied region of the room model, stronger eddies were developed that we could expect to give rise to improved mixing. As a fundamental experimental study performed in a 2D, small-scale room model with water as operating fluid, we can logically conclude that the positive effect of enhanced mixing through increasing the flow rate could equally be accomplished through applying a pulsating inflow. In addition, this thesis introduces and describes an experimental setup for study of air flow over a wall-mounted radiator in a mockup of a real room, which has been successfully designed and manufactured. In this experimental study, the airflow over an electric radiator without forced convection, a common room-heating technique, was measured and visualized using the 2D PIV technique. Surface blackening due to particle deposition calls for monitoring in detail the local climate over a heating radiator. One mechanism causing particle deposition is turbophoresis, which occurs when the flow is turbulent. Because turbulence plays a role in particle deposition, it is important to identify where the laminar flow over radiator becomes turbulent. The results from several visualization techniques and PIV measurements indicated that for a room with typical radiator heating, the flow over the radiator became agitated after a dimensionless length, 5.0–6.25, based on the radiator thickness. Surface properties are among the influencing factors in particle deposition; therefore, the geometrical properties of different finishing techniques were investigated experimentally using a structured light 3D scanner that revealed differences in roughness among different surface finishing techniques. To investigate the resistance to airflow along the surface and the turbulence generated by the surfaces, we recorded the boundary layer flow over the surfaces in a special flow rig, which revealed that the types of surface finishing methods differed very little in their resistance and therefore their influence on the deposition velocity is probably small. / Det övergripande syftet med den första studien i avhandlingen var att undersöka hypotesen att ett pulserande inflöde till ett ventilerade utrymme har en potential till att förbättra ventilationens kvalitet genom att minska stagnationszoner och därigenom öka omblandningen. För genomförande av studien byggdes en experimentuppställning i form av en tvådimensionell (2D) småskalig modell av ett ventilerat rum. Strömningsmediet i modellen var vatten. Det tvådimensionella hastighetsfältet registrerades över hela modellen med hjälp av Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Vid ett stationärt tillflöde bildas ett stagnationsområde i centrum av rumsmodellen. Vid ett pulserade inflöde genererades sekundära virvlar. Med en egen utvecklad programvara var det möjligt att kvantifiera statistiken hos virvlarna. Det pulserade inflödet gjorde att inom området där det vid stationärt tillflöde fanns en stagnationszon ökade antalet virvlar i alla storlekar och fördelningen av virvlar blev mera homogen än tidigare. Detta kan förväntas ge upphov till förbättrad omblandning. Baserat på en grundläggande experimentell studie utförd i en småskalig tvådimensionell rumsmodell med vatten som strömningsmedium kan vi logiskt dra slutsatsen att ett pulserande tilluftsflöde har en potential att förbättra omblandningen.  I en fortsatt studie i avhandlingen visuliserades och mättes hastighetsfältet och därefter beräknades statistiska värden av exempelvis medelhastighet, standardavvikelse och skjuvspänning hos hastighetsfluktuationerna i luftströmmen över en väggmonterad radiator med 2D-PIV-teknik.  Bakgrunden till studien är att en bidragande orsak till partikelavsättning på väggytor är turbofores som uppträder vid en turbulent luftström. Studien genomfördes genom uppbyggnad av en fullskalig rumsmodell. Eftersom turbulens spelar en roll vid partikelavsättning genom turbofores är det viktigt att identifiera var det laminära flödet över radiatorn blir turbulent. Resultaten baserat på visualisering och PIV-mätningar indikerade att, för ett rum med denna typ av radiatoruppvärmning, blev flödet över radiatorn turbulent efter en dimensionslös längd lika med 5,0‒6,25 gånger radiatorns tjocklek. Ytors egenskaper är viktiga vid partikelavsättning. Därför har de geometriska egenskaperna hos några olika metoder för ytbehandling undersökts experimentellt med hjälp av en scanner för strukturerat 3D-ljus. Resultaten visar på skillnader i ytråhet hos de olika ytbehandlingsmetoderna. För att undersöka motståndet mot luftströmning längs ytan och den turbulens som genereras av ytorna registrerade vi gränsskiktsflödet över ytorna i en speciell luftströmningsrigg. Detta påvisade att motståndet hos de olika typerna av ytbehandlingsmetoder skilde sig mycket litet åt och därför är troligt vid deras påverkan på depositionshastigheten mycket liten. / <p>QC 20150525</p>

即時通訊（Instant Messaging）盛行之今已十年，新聞產製也因引進新科技逐漸產生質變。鑑於即時通訊相關研究目前尚未觸及「新聞產製」領域，本研究嘗試初步探討即時通訊對新聞產製工作的影響，並希望藉此研究發現，提供新聞產業未來改進與檢討的參考。本研究描繪新聞記者於新聞產製過程中，如何運用即時通訊彼此溝通，以及如何對新聞產製過程造成影響，與出現哪些利益與弊端。 本研究採質化深度訪談，輔以圈內人記者身份，透過參與觀察，融入研究對象群時間一共四年，研究發現：(一)記者使用即時通訊的動機是基於完成新聞採訪任務、（二）記者新聞採訪工作仰賴即時通訊、(三)新聞室控制藉由新科技工具延伸、(四) 記者與消息來源之間的訊息傳遞，仍傾向使用傳統的「面訪、電訪」管道、尚未積極運用即時通訊、（五）用於新聞職場的即時通訊工具，仍具有個人私密領域的特性、(六) 新聞記者使用即時通訊交換訊息，出現新聞觀點同質化現象、（七）新聞產業精簡人力下，新聞圈默認同業間複製新聞與改寫現象。 本研究建議：(一)重新定位即時通訊工具於新聞產製過程的價值、(二)新聞界須正視新聞複製與觀點同質化現象、(三) 即時通訊納入新聞正規作業體系將成趨勢。 / Instant Messaging (IM) has been popular for a decade, and news production has changed due to IM. Since the research of IM does not reach out to the area of news production, this thesis is going to explore the influence of IM toward news production. The thesis will describe how journalists communicate with each other by IM through the news production process, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using IM. This study is a qualitative research methods with deep views. Through participant observation of a inside journalist, it took 4 years to discover the results, which are (1) Journalists use IM is based on the motivation of complete news covering task, (2) Journalists rely on IM to complete the task of newsgathering, (3) "Social control in the news room" extends control by IM, (4) The communications and interactions between Journalists and the news sources is still traditional, which are interviewing, or by telephone, not IM, (5) Using IM in newsgathering is still has personal and private, (6) Journalists use IM to exchange information, news reporting appears the same point of view, (7) under the condition of downsizing manpower in the news industry, the press tacitly agreed to the phenomenon of “news copy and news rewrite”. The thesis recommended: (1) re-positioning IM in the process of news production value, (2) the Press must face up to the phenomenon of “news copy and the news viewpoint homogenization”,(3) IM into the news operating system will become a trend.

Hensikt: Hensikten med studien var å få en dypere forståelse av hva operasjonssykepleierne opplever som positivt, og dermed helsefremmende, i arbeidsmiljøet i operasjonsavdelingen, og som bidrar til at de fortsetter å utøve sin profesjon. Metode: En modifisert Grounded theory har blitt benyttet som analysemetode av ti åpne intervjuerResultat: I analysen fremkom kjernekategorien: Samarbeider utfyllende og inkluderende med fokus på pasienten,tre vilkårskategorier: Blir sett og hørt som medarbeider, Har kontinuerlig faglig oppdatering,Har forutsigbarhet i arbeidetog tre konsekvenskategorier: Fyller arbeidstiden og rekker det meste, Opplever at arbeidet er meningsfullt og Opplever samhold og fellesskap med kollegene.Kjernekategorien belyser et samarbeid i operasjonsteamet basert på støtte, gjensidig respekt, tillit, klar kommunikasjon og koordinering samt et tydelig pasientfokus. Vilkår for et slikt samarbeid er mulighet for medvirkning, fokus på operasjonssykepleiefaget og forutsigbarhet gjennom god planlegging og koordinering. Konsekvensene av et godt samarbeid er økt jobbtilfredshet med effektivitet i arbeidet, opplevelse av å gjøre noe av betydning for andre og samhørighet med kolleger. Konklusjon: Et positivt interprofesjonelt samarbeid slik operasjonssykepleierne opplever det, kan bidra til et helsefremmende arbeidsmiljø med positiv effekt på jobbtilfredshet ved god kontroll over kravene i arbeidet, noe som gir økt pasientsikkerhet. Vilkårene for et godt samarbeid som har fremkommet i studien, kan iverksettes i praksis umiddelbart. Det er imidlertid behov for mer forskning på området når det gjelder alle profesjonene i det interprofesjonelle teamet. / Purpose: This qualitative study aimed to gain deeper knowledge of what operating room nurses consider positive in their work environment, thereby promoting employee health and making them stay working in the operating theatre. Method: A modified grounded theory was used to analyze ten open interviews. Result: Analysisof the interviews yielded a core category: inter-professional teamwork that focuses on patient safety. It also identified three subcategories that generate positive teamwork (employee validation, increased opportunities for continuing education, work predictability) and three subcategories that show the consequences of positive teamwork (effective work patterns, experiencing work as meaningful and positive relationships with colleagues). The core category illustrates teamwork that is based on support, mutual respect, trust, clear communication, and coordination. Such teamwork demands the possibility of participating in the decision-making process, focusing on professional work, and making work highly predictable. The consequences of such teamwork include increased jobsatisfaction, an effective and meaningful work experience, and supportive relationships with colleges. Conclusion: From the perspective of operating room nurses interviewed during this study, positive inter-professional teamwork can create a work environment that promotes health, enhances jobsatisfaction, exerts control over work demands,and increases patient safety. The conditions mentioned in this study can be implemented immediately in the workplace. Future research should focus on the different aspects of the inter-professional team / <p>ISBN 987-91-85721-99-3</p>

À cause de la nature complexe et non linéaire de leurs opérations, les salles d’urgence (SU) constituent des entités organisationnelles uniques dans le domaine de la santé. Les SU subissent des pressions accrues résultant des dynamiques des sociétés contemporaines et de leurs systèmes de santé, et font face ainsi à des défis uniques comme l’engorgement. Contrairement aux croyances dominantes sur le phénomène, le présent travail de recherche établit que ce problème est en réalité une manifestation de pauvre performance systémique plutôt qu’une faillite opérationnelle. Alors, pour les SU, la performance organisationnelle relève une importance incontestable. En effet, l’étude de la performance organisationnelle est un sujet de recherche qui intéresse de nombreux chercheurs des services de santé. Il s’agit, néanmoins, d’un concept historiquement difficile à définir à cause de son caractère complexe, multidimensionnel et paradoxal. Le modèle EGIPSS, basé sur la théorie de l’action sociale de Parsons, est capable de saisir cette complexité et constitue un cadre conceptuel robuste et exhaustif, pouvant s’adapter à des contextes divers. Ce mémoire adopte le modèle EGIPSS pour présenter un outil global et intégré d’évaluation de la performance organisationnelle de la salle d’urgences de l’Hôpital Général Régional 46 à Guadalajara, au Mexique. Cet instrument est conçu pour prendre en compte spécifiquement les particularités propres des SU, ainsi que les caractéristiques organisationnelles uniques de l'Hôpital Général Régional 46. Enfin, le développement de ce projet de mémoire contribue aux efforts d’amélioration continue de la performance de cet établissement, et enrichit les connaissances sur les urgences en tant qu’unités organisationnelles. / Because of the complex, nonlinear nature of their operations, emergency rooms (ER) represent unique organizational entities in healthcare. ERs suffer from increased pressures as the result of current social and health care system dynamics, and thus face distinctive challenges like the crowding phenomenon. Contrary to the prevailing thought among researchers, the present work establishes that crowding is a manifestation of poor performance rather than one of operational failure. Therefore, organizational performance is of indisputable importance to emergency rooms. Indeed, the study of performance is a current subject among health services researchers. It is, however, a concept that has been historically difficult to define because of its complex, multidimensional and paradoxical nature. The EGIPSS model, based on Parson’s Social Action Theory, is capable of seizing this complexity and constitutes a solid and comprehensive framework, capable of adapting to different contexts. This thesis adopts the EGIPSS model in order to present a global and integral tool for the evaluation of the organizational performance of the emergency room at Regional General Hospital 46 in Guadalajara, Mexico. This instrument is conceived to specifically address the particularities of ERs, as well as the unique organizational characteristics of Regional General Hospital 46 and the Mexican Health System. Thus, the development of this thesis project contributes to the continuous performance improvement efforts of this institution, and adds to the knowledge of emergency rooms as complex organizations.

[pt] Neste trabalho, métodos analíticos baseados na fosforimetria na temperatura ambiente foram desenvolvidos para a determinação de sete compostos policíclicos aromáticos (CPA) sulfurados e nitrogenados presentes do petróleo. Mais especificamente, o objetivo foi o de fornecer ferramentas analíticas que permitissem avaliar e quantificar estes CPA em gasolina e em uma amostra ambiental (sedimento). Adicionalmente, a informação obtida através da fosforimetria mostrou potencial para permitir diferenciar amostras (por exemplo, a identificação de amostras contaminadas) por meio de perfil em três dimensões ou curvas de nível. A aplicação de técnica de varredura sincronizada e o uso do efeito externo seletivo do átomo pesado aumentaram o grau de seletividade e de discriminação entre amostras, pois induziu fosforescência de componentes específicos na amostra e melhorou a resolução espectral dos resultados. Inicialmente, foi feito um estudo das características fosforescentes das substâncias em diferentes condições experimentais, seguido da maximização do sinal fosforescente de cada uma das substâncias nas condições experimentais mais propícias para observação do sinal fosforescente. Para tal, o papel filtro, previamente tratado para redução do sinal de fundo, foi utilizado como substrato sólido para imobilização dos analitos, permitindo a observação de intensa fosforescência na temperatura ambiente. Os parâmetros de mérito das metodologias desenvolvidas para cada um dos analitos em questão foram obtidos. As faixas lineares se estenderam entre 1,0 x 10-7 e 5,0 x 10-4 mol L-1, considerando as concentrações das soluções dos analitos aplicadas no substrato. Os coeficientes de determinação (r2) obtidos ficaram sempre acima de 0,9784. Os limites de detecção absolutos (para 5 µL de amostra) foram todos na ordem do ng, mostrando a capacidade para detecção sensível em termos de massa efetiva de analito. Os testes de repetibilidade mostraram valores variando entre 12 e 18%, o que pode ser considerado satisfatório para a técnica realizada em substrato sólido. Também foram conduzidos estudos de robustez e reprodutibilidade. Alternativamente, sinais fosforescentes foram maximizados em condições experimentais secundárias do ponto de vista da magnitude de sinal, mas potencialmente relevantes do ponto de vista da seletividade. Testes de recuperação indicaram, na maioria dos casos, resultados bastante satisfatórios no caso das misturas sintéticas contendo quantidades eqüimolares de componentes (nesse caso, foram testadas várias combinações de analitos e de interferentes) ou contendo interferentes, em concentrações cinco vezes maior que a do analito de interesse. Nos casos mais críticos em termos de interferências, recursos instrumentais ou quimiométricos foram aplicados para melhorar a seletividade e possibilitar a quantificação. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram testados em amostras simuladas de gasolina, em gasolina comercial e em uma matriz ambiental (sedimento) fortificadas com os analitos de interesse. As recuperações obtidas foram bastante satisfatórias e compreendidas entre 90% e 117%. Estudos envolvendo varreduras de fosforescência total (TPS) também foram realizados, com o intuito de se obter uma impressão digital característica para cada um dos analitos. Testes de TPS em gasolina comercial indicaram a presença de pelo menos seis dos sete analitos estudados, devido à obtenção de perfis espectrais muito semelhantes aos dos padrões. Testes adicionais mostraram a capacidade de identificar contaminações (misturas) na gasolina pela adição de diesel e de querosene. / [en] In this work, analytical methods based on room-temperature phosphorimetry were developed aiming the quantification of seven polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) containing sulfur and nitrogen present in petroleum. More specifically, the goal was to obtain analytical tool to allow the evaluation and the quantification of these PCA in sediment and gasoline. In addition, the phosphorimetric information displayed potential for the discrimination of samples (for instance, the identification of contaminated samples) by means of three dimension plots or level curves. The application of synchronized sweeping technique and the use of the selective external heavy atom effect had increased the degree of selectivity and discrimination between samples, since it induces phosphorescence from specific components of the sample and improved the spectral resolution of the results. Initially, a study of the phosphorescent characteristics of the compounds in different experimental conditions was made, followed of the signal maximization in the most appropriate experimental conditions for the observation of phosphorescence. Filter paper, previously treated for background reduction, was employed as solid substrate for the immobilization of analytes. The analytical figures of merit for each one of the methods had been obtained. The linear range varied between 1,0 x 10-7 mol L-1 and 5,0 x 10-4 mol L-1, taking into consideration the concentration of the solutions spotted on the substrate. The determination coefficient values (r2) were always above of 0.9784. The absolute limits of detection (5 µL sample) were in ng order, showing the sensitivity of the developed methods. The repeatability tests had enabled values varying between 12 and 18%, which can be considered satisfactory for solid substrate technique. Robustness and reproducibility studies were also carried out. Additionally, secondary experimental conditions, in terms of signal magnitude, were optimized since these could be relevant from the selective point of view. Recovery tests indicated, in most of the cases, satisfactory results for synthetic mixtures containing equimolar quantities of components (in these cases, several analyte/interferent combinations were tested) and containing interferents in concentrations five times higher than the one of the analytes. In the most critical cases in terms of interferences, instrumental or quimiometric approaches had been applied to improve selectivity and make the quantification possible. The developed methods had been tested in simulated gasoline samples, commercial gasoline and in a sediment sample fortified with the analytes of interest. The obtained recoveries had been considered satisfactory and within 90 and 117%. Total phosphorescence scanning (TPS) studies had been also carried out in order to get the characteristic fingerprint for each one of the compounds of interest. TPS tests in gasoline had indicated the presence of six out of seven of the studied analytes, since very similar fingerprints were obtained. Additional tests had demonstrated the capability of this procedure to detect gasoline contaminations with diesel or kerosene.

As the media consumption among adolescents is increasing, it is crucial to study the depiction of gender norms on screen since they are strongly affecting the identity development of the young viewer. Therefore, this essay studies the depiction of femininity and masculinity in SVT’s 2019 web-based TV series Eagles from a gender perspective and discusses its didactic potential for working with common values in the subject of Swedish for upper secondary school. The study shows that the depiction of femininity in the TV series is breaking several gender norms, but meanwhile the heterosexual matrix is constantly present. The depiction of masculinity is more gender stereotypical and includes several features from traditional masculinity, but also some related to toxic masculinity. Eagles is, however, showing a progressive view on gender since some characters are developing over the season and therefore suggesting that change of gender norms is possible. Eagles shows great potential in working with common values since it does not only depict contemporary gender related topics such as locker room talk and toxic masculinity implicitly, but also explicitly discusses questions concerning body activism, the law of sexual consent and a changed view on female sexuality. The series could therefore work normatively for the students in its norm-breaking depiction of femininity and masculinity, but also be used as a scenario-based ground for discussing common values in its more stereotypical depiction of gender. / I takt med ungas ökande mediekonsumtion är det avgörande att studera gestaltningen av könsnormer på filmduken eftersom dessa starkt påverkar den unge åskådaren i hens identitetsutveckling. Denna uppsats studerar därför porträtteringen av femininitet respektive maskulinitet i SVT:s webbaserade ungdomsserie Eagles från 2019 ur ett genusteoretiskt perspektiv samt diskuterar dess värdegrundsdidaktiska potential för svenskämnet i gymnasieskolan. Undersökningen visar att gestaltningen av femininitet i tv-serien är normbrytande i stor utsträckning och ifrågasätter många av de traditionellt kvinnliga attributen inom film och litteratur, samtidigt som den heteronormativa matrisen är ständigt närvarande. Gestaltningen av maskulinitet är mer könsstereotyp och uppvisar flertalet traditionellt maskulina drag samt ett antal som kan kopplas till toxisk maskulinitet – men serien påvisar även en progressiv syn på kön eftersom karaktärer utvecklas under seriens gång, vilket visar att förändring av könsnormer är möjlig. Eagles värdegrundsdidaktiska potential är god eftersom den inte endast implicit gestaltar samtidsaktuella genusfrågor såsom locker room talk och toxisk maskulinitet, utan också explicit lyfter och diskuterar frågor rörande kroppaktivism, samtyckeslag och en förändrad syn på kvinnlig sexualitet. Serien kan således verka normerande för eleverna i dess mer normbrytande gestaltning av femininitet och maskulinitet, men också nyttjas som ett scenariobaserat utgångläge för värdegrundsdiskussioner i dess mer stereotypa porträttering av kön.

One of the mixing engineers most important tool when listening, analyzing and taking decisions is the physical space in which the reproduction system and the monitors are placed. The space needs to fulfill certain aspects to be able to qualify as a control room considered good for taking these decisions. In this study an active listening test was conducted to investigate if the RT60 of the natural reverberation in the room affected a mixing engineers’ decisions when adjusting parameters on an artificial reverb. 16 subjects participated, the subjects adjusted reverb level and reverb time of an artificial reverb in two different acoustical environments, with two different values of RT60. The environments were based on a professional control room made for mixing and mastering. The two values for RT60 was achieved through manipulating the room with diffusors and absorbing material. It was found that the subjects were able to adapt to the different acoustical environments, although other differences were found. The order of the which of the environments the subjects started in and which parameter the subject started adjusting, showed a considerable impact on the result. As well as what kind of factors the subjects considered when adjusting the artificial reverb.