<p> </p><p><strong>Background:</strong> Self-injury can be defined as deliberate harm one's own body without conscious intent to commit suicide. These patients need skilled care. <strong>Purpose:</strong> Illuminate nursing staff attitudes and treatment of patients with self-injury behaviour for individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. <strong>Method:</strong> A general literature study has been made. Based on the objective was a literature search in various databases with ten relevant articles were selected and reviewed. <strong>Results:</strong> The results were presented along four main categories: a challenging patient population, health professionals perceptions, attitudes before and after education and Attitude of health professionals when they feel they can help. The results show that some staff working with patients with self-injury behaviour may find that this can be a challenging patient group. Training and regular supervision of health workers is a positive change in attitude and response. <strong>Discussion:</strong> Through training and mentoring for health professionals obtain the knowledge required to get a different understanding of patients with self-injury behaviour. This may change their attitude that can lead to better care.<strong> Conclusions:</strong> These patients are unique individuals with special needs. Through education one can obtain the knowledge required to understand these patients, who in turn may lead to the nursing staff is able to maintain respect and understanding for these people.</p><p> </p>

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This essay is focused on the phenomena of self-injurious behavior of two young men. The purpose of the essay is to enlighten their experiences of their earlier self-injurious behavior, and to further enlighten which factors they believe have been contributed to the origin and the ending of the behavior. The research questions the essay raises are: Which factors has contributed to the origin of the self-injurious behavior? Which functions did the self-injurious behavior have for the young men? What made the two young men quit their self-injurious behavior? The essay is qualitative and do not imply to generalize the results and it is made from interviews with respondents and earlier research on self-injurious behavior. The results show that there are differences in the factors that origin of the self-injurious behavior between the respondents. The differences are for example the family situation and experiences of childhood traumas. There are also similarities in the origin of the self-injurious behavior, both respondents have had experiences of rejection from the environment. There are several differences between the respondents in the functions of the self-injurious behavior. One of the respondents used the self-injurious behavior to end a state of dissociation, other differences were the frequency and procedure of the self-injurious behavior. There are also similarities in the functions with the self-injurious behavior between both respondents, for them it was a way to cope with difficult situations and to let out emotions for example anxiety. There are differences in factors that can be correlated with the ending of the self-injurious behavior among the respondents. One of the respondents claims the positive treatment of his surroundings and therapy, when his self-injurious behavior became known, was contributing factors to the ending of hurting himself. The other respondent claims that a sense of responsibility for someone else was the most important factor in ending the self-injurious behavior. A similarity in the ending of the self-injurious behavior among the respondents is that both of them could manage to express their feelings and experiences in words. One of the conclusions is that self-injurious behavior among the young men, referring to the origin, function and ending of the behavior, shows many similarities with young women who has a self-injurious behavior. / Studien behandlar fenomenet självskadebeteende hos två unga män. Studiens syfte är att belysa unga mäns upplevelser av sitt tidigare självskadebeteende, samt att belysa vilka faktorer som de upplevt som bidragande till uppkomst och avslutning av självskadebeteendet. Studiens frågeställningar lyder vidare: Vilka bakomliggande orsaker finns till de unga männens självskadebeteende? Vilka funktioner fyllde självskadebeteendet för de unga männen? Vad fick de unga männen att sluta med sitt självskadebeteende? Studien är kvalitativ, utan generaliseringsanspråk och bygger på intervjuer med respondenter samt tidigare forskning inom ämnet självskadebeteende. Resultaten visar att de bakomliggande orsakerna till respondenternas utvecklande av självskadebeteende skiljer sig delvis åt t.ex. familjesituationen och upplevda trauman. Även likheter påvisas i de bakomliggande orsakerna, båda respondenterna har i sin uppväxt upplevt avvisanden från omgivningen. De funktioner som självskadebeteendet har för respondenterna skiljer sig åt på ett flertal punkter, varav en av respondenterna använde självskadebeteendet till att häva ett dissociativt tillstånd, andra skillnader var frekvens och tillvägagångssätt. Funktioner med självskadebeteendet hos de bägge respondenterna rymmer också likheter, då båda respondenterna använde självskadebeteendet som ett sätt att hantera svåra situationer på, samt för att få utlopp för t.ex. ångest. Verksamma delar i avslutningen av självskadebeteendet skilde sig åt mellan respondenterna. En av respondenterna menar att omgivningens goda bemötande och terapi, då självskadebeteendet uppdagades, var bidragande faktorer till att respondenten senare kunde sluta att skada sig själv. Den andra respondenten menar att en känsla av ansvar för någon annan än sig själv var den största bidragande faktorn till avslutning av självskadebeteendet. Då båda respondenterna kunde sätta ord på sina känslor och upplevelser av sin situation bidrog detta till avslutningen av självskadebeteendet. En av de slutsatser som presenteras är att självskadebeteendet hos de unga männen avseende bakomliggande orsaker, funktion och bidragande orsaker till avslutning är att det finns många likheter med unga kvinnors självskadebeteende.

Background: Self-injury can be defined as deliberate harm one's own body without conscious intent to commit suicide. These patients need skilled care. Purpose: Illuminate nursing staff attitudes and treatment of patients with self-injury behaviour for individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Method: A general literature study has been made. Based on the objective was a literature search in various databases with ten relevant articles were selected and reviewed. Results: The results were presented along four main categories: a challenging patient population, health professionals perceptions, attitudes before and after education and Attitude of health professionals when they feel they can help. The results show that some staff working with patients with self-injury behaviour may find that this can be a challenging patient group. Training and regular supervision of health workers is a positive change in attitude and response. Discussion: Through training and mentoring for health professionals obtain the knowledge required to get a different understanding of patients with self-injury behaviour. This may change their attitude that can lead to better care. Conclusions: These patients are unique individuals with special needs. Through education one can obtain the knowledge required to understand these patients, who in turn may lead to the nursing staff is able to maintain respect and understanding for these people.

Self-destructive behaviour is a more and more occurring phenomenon in today’s society and there are mostly young girls who are affected by this behaviour. There are different explanations to why the phenomenon appears. The purpose of this research essay is to give a literature overview of the phenomenon of self-harming behaviour of young girls. Two research questions have been used to study this phenomenon; How can groups of friends contribute to reinforce an identity with the self-destructive behaviour among young girls? How can Internet contributes to reinforce an identity with the self- estructive behaviour among young girls? For the analysis this research essay uses the social constructive theoretical perspective. The method used in this study is based on systematic searching of relevant literature and research. The findings indicate that groups of friends and the Internet constitute a forum where young people can create and develop their own identity. Therefore these two components can also have an important role in developing an identity with the self-destructive behaviour among young girls especially when they have a tendency to seek help from one another.

The main purpose of this thesis was to take part of girl’s descriptions and experiences of their treatment for deliberate self-harm and to investigate whether they still experience effects of the treatment today. Our main research questions where; how do the girls describe their experiences of the treatment method, do the girls describe that they still experience any effects of the treatment, and finally how do the girls look back on their treatment today? In order to answer these questions, we carried out eight qualitative telephone interviews with girls that had undergone treatment in a specific treatment centre. We chose to analyze the material from the salutogenic theory and the concepts of SOC (sense of coherence) and with a hermeneutic approach. Our result showed that the treatment methods that where most important where dialectic behaviour therapy, horse therapy and finally environmental therapy. Several of the girls could see remaining effects of the treatment today, while other girls could not see any of these effects. A couple of the girls expressed that they should have been dead if they had not been taken care of by the treatment centre while other girls meant that the treatment did not make any difference.

Bakgrund: Självskadebeteende har tidigare uppfattats som ett tecken på allvarlig psykisk sjukdom och det ansågs enbart vara mycket förvirrade människor som skadade sig själva. Studier visar att självskadebeteende oftast är något människor begår i ensamhet och majoriteten väljer heller inte att uppsöka sjukvård. Kunskap om självskadebeteende och attityder till patienter som skadar sig kan bidra till en ökad förståelse hos sjuksköterskor för fenomenet.  Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva sjuksköterskors attityder till patienter med självskadebeteende. Metod: Uppsatsen är baserad på en litteraturstudie där nio artiklar analyserats med vägledning av Fribergs kriterier för analys av vetenskapliga studier. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras utifrån fyra huvudteman med 16 tillhörande subteman. De fyra huvudtemana är; sjuksköterskors föreställningar, sjuksköterskors känslor, sjuksköterskors värderingar samt sjuksköterskors handlingar. Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskors attityder till patienter med självskadebeteende är mångskiftande. Diskussion: Författarna skapade sex teman utifrån det i resultatet som kunde vara av intresse att lyfta fram. En diskussion kring dessa sex teman fördes sedan mot bakgrundsinformationen och Katie Erikssons teori om lidandet. Med hänsyn till vetskapen om att tankar och känslor inte alltid styr vårt handlande, valde författarna att inte dra slutsatsen att sjuksköterskor endera har positiva eller negativa attityder till patienter med självskadebeteende.

The purpose of this study is to analyse and describe social work students’ view on a person with self-injurious behaviour and the following issues. The aim and focus is on the general depiction. The theoretical perspectives have been intersectionality and its focus on social constructivism, and gender perspectives. The method was semi-structured interviews with eight social work students at Linnaeus University Kalmar. The collected data was the social work students’ opinions and it was contrasted with the previous research and was analysed from the above perspectives. The main conclusion is that social work students’ view on a person with self-injurious behaviour generally not consistent with the previous research. Previous research says that a person with self-injurious behaviour generally is a young, blonde, normal female. The majority of the social work students say that a person with self-injurious behaviour is a depressed, young female with dark hair and dark clothes. The social work students focus more on why a person goes to such extremes and hurts themselves.

Avsiktligt självskadebeteende bland normalbefolkningen är ett välkänt men ännu relativt outforskat fenomen. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att kartlägga förekomst och former av, samt könsskillnader i, avsiktligt självskadebeteende i en ickeklinisk ungdomspopulation, samt att undersöka eventuella samband mellan självskadebeteende och hjälpbehov, självmordsförsök, självkänsla, copingstrategier och aggressivitet. En förenklad version av Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory administrerades tillsammans med övriga frågor bland 211 gymnasieungdomar i Mellansverige. Resultatet visade att 37 % av tonåringarna skadat sig själva under det senaste året. Signifikanta könsskillnader förekom gällande såväl prevalens som form av självskadebeteende. Självskadebeteende visade sig samvariera med hög grad av aggressivitet och låg självkänsla. Ungdomar med självskadebeteende använde sig av mer maladaptiva copingstrategier än andra ungdomar. / Deliberate self-harm in the normal population is a well known phenomenon, that is still relatively under-researched. The purpose of the present study was to examine the prevalence and methods of, and gender differences in, deliberate self-harm in an adolescent community sample. The relationships between deliberate self-harm and help-seeking behaviors, attempted suicide, self-esteem, coping strategies and aggression were also explored. A simplified version of The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory was administered among 211 Swedish adolescents. Results showed a 37 % prevalence rate of self-harming behavior during the recent year. Significant gender differences regarding prevalence and methods of self-harm were identified, and high rates of deliberate self-harm was associated with high aggression, low self-esteem and maladaptive coping-strategies.

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