Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:25:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andrea_francisca_luz.pdf: 3614973 bytes, checksum: efe1975d85e3c1f87d641b129812afe3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-01 / The overall objective of this research is to analyze Instagram user - Instagramer -multimodal speech from verb-visual interface of posts and, specifically: to identify who is the digital subject Instagramer; to relate lnstagramer s presence traces with meaning construction strategies through verbal-visual interface of multimodal speech; and verify how this speech contributes to a new social vision of digital subject who creates network communicative and interactive relationships.For this, we rely on theoretical assumptions based on image semiotics (SANTAELLA, 2012, 2011, 2008) and visual studies (DOMÈNECH, 2011); on social network concept (RECUERO, 2014) theory of subject speech dialogical analysis (BAKHTIN, 2010, 2009) and Habitus definition of (BOURDIEU, 2004).We focused on Instagram social network, because we believe we are almost in a metabolic process of technological immersion, since technological artifacts have become, practically, extensions of human central nervous system. In few years, digital communication development has become the basis of relations in everyday communication, as McLuhan predicted in the 1960s. Reality has become something "catchable" by clic in the hands of any amateur who processes a smartphone and, within seconds, make its image a fact or event to be enjoyed, commented or shared. It is the digital Era when language and technology are combined to build senses and social, historical, cultural and discursive meanings. Time when verbal-visual interface serve as a link in a participatory, collaborative and supportive process of constitution of meaning that make use of multimodal elements as basis for information spread. Immersed in this digital interaction environment, social networks like Facebook, Whatsapp, Twitter, have become virtual spaces for ideas, interests and values communion. We choose to research photos and videos sharing Instagram app, via IOS system, because, due to their popularity in 2012, it became one of most used social networks for those who "likes" the multimodal relationship between word and image. As a study preliminary proposal, and in order to achieve research objectives, we conducted a pilot survey, in digital questionnaire, released via email and Facebook, from 23th to 31th May 2014, in which we evaluated Instagramers profile. Then were collected posts referring to 2014 Brazil Cup (June 12th to July 13th), an event selected to compose research corpus because of its social networks media spreading. With questionnaire and collected posts results in hands, we conducted the data analysis through rereading of categories described by Santaella (2012) and concluded that Instagramer verb-visual speech is the result of an aesthetic-discursive creative process that uses semiotic elements as basis for communicative and dialogic interaction, making the image autonomous fundamental element in digital subjects actions making in that network interface that acts as a way for information production. / O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é analisar o discurso multissemiótico do usuário do Instagram o Instagramer- a partir da relação verbo-visual de suas postagens e, especificamente: identificar quem é o sujeito digital Instagramer; relacionar as marcas de presença do lnstagramer com estratégias de construção de sentidos por meio da relação verbo-visual do discurso multissemiótico; e verificar de que forma esse discurso contribui para uma nova visão social de sujeito digital que tece relações comunicativas e interativas em rede. Para isso, partimos de pressupostos teóricos fundamentados na semiótica da imagem (SANTAELLA, 2012, 2011, 2008) e dos estudos visuais (DOMÈNECH, 2011); do conceito de rede social (RECUERO, 2014), bem como da teoria da análise dialógica de sujeito do discurso (BAKHTIN, 2010, 2009) e da definição de Habitus (BOURDIEU, 2004). Tomamos como foco essa rede social Instagram, por acreditarmos que estamos num processo quase metabólico de imersão tecnológica, uma vez que os artefatos tecnológicos se tornaram, praticamente, extensões do sistema nervoso central humano. Em poucos anos, o desenvolvimento da comunicação digital tornou-se a base das relações cotidianas de comunicação, como previu Mcluhan na década de 1960. A realidade tornou-se algo capturável a partir de um clic nas mãos de qualquer amador que tenha um smartphone e que, em poucos segundos, torne a sua imagem um fato ou evento a ser curtido, comentado ou compartilhado. É a Era digital. Momento em que linguagem e tecnologia se aliam para a construção de sentidos e significados sociais, históricos, culturais e discursivos. Ocasião em que a relação verbo-visual entra em cena para servir de link num processo participativo, colaborativo e solidário de constituição de significados que se valem de elementos multissemióticos como base para a propagação da informação. Imersos nesse ambiente digital de interação, redes sociais como: Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, transformaram-se em espaços virtuais para comunhão de ideias, interesses e valores. Optamos por pesquisar sobre o Instagram, aplicativo para compartilhamento de fotos e vídeos, via sistema IOS, porque, devido à sua popularização em 2012, ele se tornou uma das redes sociais mais usadas para quem curte a relação multissemiótica entre palavra e imagem. Como proposta preliminar de estudo, e visando atingir os objetivos da pesquisa, realizamos uma pesquisa-piloto, em questionário digital, divulgado por e-mail e via Facebook, no período de 23 a 31 de maio de 2014, no qual foi avaliado o perfil dos usuários do Instagram. Em seguida, foram coletadas postagens referente à Copa no Brasil de 2014 (12 de junho a 13 de julho), evento este selecionado para compor o corpus da pesquisa devido à sua propagação midiática de copa das redes sociais. De porte do resultado do questionário e das postagens coletadas, realizamos as análises dos dados por meio da releitura das categorias apontadas por Santaella (2012) e concluímos que o discurso verbo-visual do Instagramer é o resultado de um processo criativo estético-discursivo que utiliza os elementos semióticos como base para a interação comunicativa e dialógica, tornando a imagem elemento autônomo fundamental para a tessitura das ações dos sujeitos digitais na interface dessa rede que atua como meio para a produção da informação.

Denna litteraturstudies syfte är att belysa hur inkluderingsarbetet av elever med funktionsnedsättning uppfattas av och påverkar elever utan funktionsnedsättning. För att skapa en bild av detta undersöks attityder och sociala relationer hos elever utan funktionsnedsättnings samt vad som avgör vilka attityder och relationer som uppstår i samband med inkludering. Uppsatsen använder sig av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där en induktiv ansats antagits. Till detta har de sociologiska teorierna om stämpling, stigma och social identitetsteori använts för att fördjupa analysen. De vetenskapliga artiklar som valts beskriver studier som genomförts i ett flertal olika länder och haft fokus på inkludering och elever utan funktionsnedsättning. Studien visar att attityder hos elever utan funktionsnedsättning gentemot elever med funktionsnedsättning är övervägande negativa och att dessa göds av olika former av oförståelse och fördomar. Mindre förekommande är positiva attityder präglade av förståelse och acceptens, men de påträffas trots allt i vissa studier. Vidare visar resultatet att sociala relationer är avgörande sitt sammanhang. Elever utan funktionsnedsättning vill hellre umgås med elever med funktionsnedsättning på fritiden än i klassrummet där akademiskt samarbete krävs. Den vanligaste relationen är dock att inte ha någon relation alls. Vad som avgör vilka attityder och relationer som uppstår skiftar men viktiga faktorer är eleverna själva, lärarnas attityder och förmåga att arbeta inkluderande samt samhällsrelaterade faktorer som ekonomi, resurser och politik. Resultatet indikerar att det finns olika framgångsrika sätt att arbeta inkluderande i klassrummet och att vissa aspekter med fördel bör tas i beaktning för att uppnå ett så lyckat resultat som möjligt. / The purpose of this literature study is to illustrate how inclusion of students with disabilities is perceived by and affect students without disabilities. To illustrate this, attitudes and social relations with students without disabilities and what determines which attitudes and relations that arises in conjunction with inclusion is examined. The essay uses a qualitative content analysis and an inductive approach has been made. The sociological theories of labeling theory, stigma and social identity theory has been used to deepen the analysis. The scientific articles that has been chosen for this essay has been carried through in several countries and they all focus on inclusion and students without disabilities. The study shows that attitudes with students without disabilities against students with disabilities is predominantly negative and that these attitudes appears as a result of prejudice and misunderstanding. Less frequent are positive attitudes characterized by understanding and acceptance, but they occur in some articles. The results also show that social relations are crucial to its context. Students without disabilities rather socialize with students with disabilities on their spare time than in class where academic achievement is required. The most common relationship however is to have no relation at all. What determines what attitudes and relations arise varies but important factors are the students themselves, the teacher’s attitudes and ability to work with inclusion and community-related factors such as economy, resources and politics. The results indicate that there are different successful ways to approach and work with inclusion in the classroom and that some aspects should be accounted for to achieve the most successful result possible.

The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of what preschool educators think about gender work and how they work with gender in preschool. The aim is also to contribute to a broader understanding of the educators way of promoting gender equality in preschool. The study is based on a qualitative method were eight preschool educators were interviewed. Previous research has also highlighted gender, which has also been our central research area. The theory is based on West and Zimmerman's “Doing Gender” theory and Connell's theory "About Gender". The results of the study show different ways of working with gender and the importance of gender work in preschool. Gender work at preschool was evident through conversations with the children, language usage and preschool materials. The importance of gender work was expressed through the educators' norm-critical approach and their approach to non-gender-aware colleagues. The final discussion shows a link between previous research and our results, but also how a gender perspective in the work with the children benefits society as a whole.

In today’s constantly changing, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) retail market environment, it is imperative that retailers should focus on creating a pleasant shopping experience to differentiate their stores in order to achieve a competitive advantage. One of the strategies to achieve competitive advantage can be human variables. This study focused on the influence of human variables on consumers’ shopping experience in FMCG retail stores in Ekurhuleni. Therefore, this study expands the existing knowledge of human variables in the FMCG retail environment. Human variables in the context of this study comprise other customers and sales associates. Each of these human variables is made up of sub-variables. The sub-variables of other customers include crowding and social relations. On the other hand, the sub-variables of sales associates are sales associates’ availability, physical attributes of sales associates and behavioural attributes of sales associates. This empirical study was conducted with 400 FMCG retail stores consumers of the ages between 18 and 60 who reside in Ekurhuleni. The study followed a descriptive research design and quantitative approach in order to address the research objectives. A convenience sampling method and a mall-intercept survey by means of self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted in which the Likert scale statements in question 2 - 6 (see Appendix B) measuring different sub-variables of other customers and sales associates were subjected to a Principal Axis Factoring with Oblimin rotation. The results of the final EFA involved 13 Likert scale items. The test were conducted to validate the measures of human variables. The Principal Axis Factoring revealed five factors. These factors were social relations, behavioural attributes, crowding, physical attributes and sales associates’ availability. Therefore, reliability tests were conducted on the final items measuring the human variables. The results of this research study indicate that social relations, sales associates’ availability, physical attributes of sales associates and behavioural attributes of sales associates influence consumers’ shopping experience in FMCG retail stores in Ekurhuleni. However, the consumers felt neutral with regard to crowding. The test results of a chi-square for equal proportion revealed that all the five hypotheses (H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5) were supported as the proportions of consumers with regard to the influence of these sub-variables on their shopping experience were statistically different. Furthermore, ANOVA and F-test results for testing whether there were differences between demographics indicated that H1a, H2b and H5c were supported because there were statistically significant differences between genders with regard to the influence of crowding, between age groups regarding social relations, as well as between racial groups with regard to the influence of behavioural attributes of sales associates on consumers’ shopping experience. / Business Management / M. Com (Business Management)

Fünf Lösungskonzepte der kooperativen Spieltheorien, der Kern, die Shapley-, Aumann- Drèze-, Außenoptions- (Wiese) und x-Lösung (Casajus) stehen in einer experimenteller Prüfung und einem kompetitiven Test gegenüber. In 12 Labor-Experimenten mit 167 Probanden wird das Handschuhspiel (gloves game) in jeweils bis zu 25 Treatments anonym am Computer mit adäquaten monetären Anreizen gespielt. Nach mehreren Wiederholungen stellte sich im Markt annähernd das Wettbewerbsgleichgewicht (Kern) ein. Spieler ohne Erfahrung können durch Lösungskonzepte, die relative Knappheit und Marktgröße abbilden, besser vorhergesagt werden. Robuste Fairness ist darüber hinaus im wesentlichen nur ein Einzelphänomen und keineswegs eine generelle Präferenz, wie etwa Ungleichheitsaversion. Dagegen konnte eine generalisiert Form von Reziprozität äußerst häufig beobachtet werden.:Einleitung; Theorie; Methoden; Daten; Ergebnisse; Diskussion, Zusammenfassung

How are people who generally see others positively evaluated themselves? We propose that the answer to this question crucially hinges on the content domain: We hypothesize that Agency follows a “zero-sum principle” and therefore people who see others as high in Agency are perceived as low in Agency themselves. In contrast, we hypothesize that Communion follows a “non-zero-sum principle” and therefore people who see others as high in Communion are perceived as high in Communion themselves. We tested these hypotheses in a round-robin and a half-block study. Perceiving others as agentic was indeed linked to being perceived as low in Agency. To the contrary, perceiving others as communal was linked to being perceived as high in Communion, but only when people directly interacted with each other. These results help to clarify the nature of Agency and Communion and offer explanations for divergent findings in the literature.

Syftet med den här studien är att ge en överblick i hur fritidshemslärare förhåller sig till ett inkluderingsuppdrag samt hur de arbetar med inkludering av elever med olika funktionsvariationer.  De frågeställningar som kommer att tas upp i studien handlar om hur fritidshemslärare implementerar inkludering i praktiken, under de aktiviteter som erbjuds på fritidshemmet. Studiens metod bygger på en kvalitativ undersökning och består av fem intervjuer och två observationer genomfört med hjälp av fritidshemslärare, på fem olika skolor i samma kommun i Stockholmsregionen.  I intervjuerna påvisades det av fritidshemslärarna, att alla elever med olika funktionsvariationer är likvärdiga och att de behöver ha en individanpassad undervisning vilket ska bemöta elevernas olika behov. Under intervjuerna, framförs ett behov av allmän kunskap om de olika funktionsvariationerna där erfarenhet bör utökas, genom en bredare utbildning av praktiska moment i skolan angående elever med olika funktionsvariationer. / The purpose of this qualitative study is to create an understanding about how a leisure center teacher relates to an inclusion assignment and how they work with inclusion of pupils with disabilities. The questions asked in this study implement inclusion in the internship during the activities that are offered at the leisure center. The method is based on qualitative research and consists of fine interviews and two observations, implemented with the help of leisure center teachers performed in the same municipality in Stockholm. It was proven by leisure centre teachers that pupils with different disabilities are of the same value. That they need an individually adapted education, which shall include the students' special needs. During the interviews, the necessities are presented general knowledge regarding the different disabilities, where Experience should be extended. Through a greater education of practical activities in school concerning pils with functional variations.

“Social integration” is a construct referred to in workgroup and organisational research, in particular in research focused on understanding workplace diversity. The present research examined how the social integration construct could be more clearly conceptualised and measured in the South African context. Guided by Hinkin’s (1998) scale development framework, the research seeks to contribute to the early stages of the development of a scale of social integration, suited for use in South African workplaces. Items were generated theoretically, leading to a final pool of 72 items. 620 usable responses were received from individuals employed in organisations in South Africa and this sample was randomly split into two samples of 310 participants each: a “calibration” and “validation” sample. On the calibration sample, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted in order to examine emerging first- and higher-order latent variable structures. EFA led to the development of a first-order, seven-factor model. Exploratory extension analysis generated three possible higher-order latent variable structures. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), both the first- and higher-order models were fitted to the “validation” sample to test if the models generalised to a second sample drawn from the same population. Results indicated that the first-order model demonstrated an adequate fit, as well as two of the three higher-order models. The fit of these two higher-order models did not differ significantly. Post-hoc analyses determined that, while social integration can be considered a meaningful higherorder construct, the construct has theoretical rather than practical relevance for researchers. Responses to the proposed scale of social integration should be interpreted at the level of the identified first-order constructs rather than as a single scale representing the higher order, abstract social integration construct. The generalisability and contextual nature of the research findings, suggestions for future research, and the theoretical and practical limitations of the present research are discussed.

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Syftet med studien har varit att beskriva de specifika barriärer som individer med rörel-sehinder i åldrarna 20-35 år upplever att de möter i sin strävan att komma in på arbets-marknaden. Syftet har också varit att beskriva individernas livssituation under arbets-löshet och jämföra detta med livssituationen i någon form av sysselsättning. Metoden som har använts är kvalitativ, intervjuer med 12 individer med rörelsehinder. Resultaten från intervjuerna visar att individer med rörelsehinder möter barriärer inom olika områden. Barriärerna uppkommer via ett komplext samspel mellan den so-ciala och fysiska miljön, regelsystemen och individen. Studien tyder på olika orsaker till att individer med rörelsehinder möter barriärer i sina försök att få arbete. Exempel på sådana hinder är själva funktionshindret, graden av anpassning i den fysiska miljön, samhällets fördomar och rådande lagar. Utifrån detta har studien kunnat särskilja tre huvudkategorier av barriärer - individrelaterade, miljörelaterade och regelrelaterade. Resultatet visar att barriärer på individnivå är låg utbildning, avsaknad av yrkeserfa-renhet, lång period av arbetslöshet och dåliga kunskaper i regelsystemet. Ytterligare barriärer på individnivå är låg motivation att söka arbete. De miljörelaterade barriärer som identifieras är främst dåligt anpassade arbetslokaler, avsaknad av tekniska hjälpmedel och dåligt fungerade färdtjänst, bristande information samt rådande attityder om funktionshindrade i samhället. Dessa aspekter innebär di-rekta hinder för anställning av rörelsehindrade. Studien tyder också på att regelsystemen kan fungera som barriärer. Dels uppger un-dersökningsgruppen att de har bristande kunskaper i gällande regler, dels uppges att det inte är lönsamt att arbeta, eftersom inkomsten inte förbättras med ett arbete. / The aim of this study was to describe the specific barriers which young individuals (20-35 years) with physical disabilities experience that they encounter in their ambition to become part of the labour market. Furthermore, the aim was to describe the everyday life of the individuals in unemployment and to compare this with the situation in some kind of employment. The method used is qualitative, consisting of interviews with 12 individuals with physical disabilities. The results from the interviews show that individuals with physical disabilities en-counter barriers in different areas. The barriers arise through a complex interaction be-tween the social and physical environment, legislation and the individual. The study implies that individuals with physical disablities encounter different barriers in their attempts to find work. Examples of such obstacles are the disability itself, the level of adaptation in the physical environment, prejudices in society and existing laws. From this perspective, three main categories of barriers are distinguished in the study – those related to the individual, the environment and legislation. The result shows that barriers on an individual level are low level of education, lack of work experience, long-term unemployment and poor knowledge of legislation. Another barrier on an individual level is low motivation to look for work. The identified barriers related to the environment were mainly poorly accomodated work places, lack of technical aids and unsatisfactory transportation services, lack of information as well as prevailing attitudes in society about people with disabilities. These aspects imply direct obstacles for people with physical disabilities to find em-ployment. Moreover, the study indicates that legislation can be considered a barrier. The group of informants points out that they have insufficient knowledge about existing rules, but also that it is not profitable to work since their income does not improve by working.