L’étude présentée dans ce manuscrit s’inscrit dans le domaine du magnétisme de surface, qui a connu de grands développements ces dernières années grâce au microscope à effet tunnel (STM). Elle a pour but de montrer qu’une molécule simple, le nickelocène [Ni(C5H5)2], peut être attachée au sommet d’une pointe STM afin de produire une pointe-sonde magnétique, qui, dans le cadre de l’imagerie magnétique, présente des avantages indéniables comparés à des pointes conventionnelles. À la différence d’autres systèmes moléculaires étudiés avec le STM, nous montrons que les propriétés magnétiques du nickelocène en phase gazeuse sont préservées en présence d’un métal, même lorsque la molécule est attachée au sommet d’une pointe STM. Nous présentons trois résultats marquants avec cette pointe-sonde moléculaire: 1) Nous montrons que l’on peut contrôler le spin du nickelocène, activant à souhait un effet Kondo ; 2) Nous produisons à l’aide du courant tunnel des excitations entre les états de spin du nickelocène, que nous pouvons aisément identifier au travers de la conductance moléculaire. Ces états sont sensibles à toute perturbation magnétique extérieure au nickelocène; 3) Au travers de ces excitations, nous sondons alors le magnétisme de surface. Nous montrons qu’en couplant magnétiquement la pointe-sonde moléculaire avec des atomes, soit isolés soit dans une surface ferromagnétique, nous pouvons mesurer leur polarisation de spin, ainsi que le couplage d’échange nickelocène-atome. Ce dernier permet d’obtenir un contraste magnétique en imagerie STM à l’échelle atomique. / The study presented in this manuscript is part of the field of surface magnetism, which has undergone major developments in recent years thanks to the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). It aims to show that a single molecule, nickelocene [Ni(C5H5)2], can be attached to the tip of a STM to produce a magnetic probe-tip, which, in the context of magnetic imaging, has undeniable advantages compared to conventional tips. Unlike other molecular systems studied with STM, we show that the magnetic properties of nickelocene in the gas phase are preserved in the presence of a metal, even when the molecule is attached to the tip of a STM. We present three remarkable results with this molecular probe-tip: 1) We show that we can control the spin of nickelocene, activating at will a Kondo effect; 2) We monitor the spin states of nickelocene by producing electrically-driven excitations, which we can easily identify through the molecular conductance. These states are sensitive to the magnetic environment surrounding nickelocene; 3) We use these states to probe surface magnetism. We show that by magnetically coupling the molecular probe tip with single atoms, either isolated or in a ferromagnetic surface, we can measure their spin polarization, as well as the nickelocene-atom exchange coupling. By monitoring this coupling it is possible to obtain a magnetic contrast in the STM images with atomic-scale resolution.

Minskning av transporters negativa miljöpåverkan, eller en ökning av hållbara resor, har blivit en allt viktigare fråga för lokala aktörer. Genom samhälls- och trafikplanering ska dagens ohållbara transportsystem bli mer hållbart. Det gör hur planerare i Helsingborg planerar för hållbara resor intressant att studera. Avhandlingen undersöker hur planerare föreställer sig vad hållbart resande är, vilka resenärer det är som bör resa mer hållbart samt hur en hållbar stad kan se ut. Teoretiskt kombinerar avhandlingen ett intersektionellt ramverk med feministisk planeringsteori samt teorier från STS (teknik- och vetenskapsstudier). Det empiriska materialet består av djupintervjuer med sexton planerare, en fokusgruppsintervju samt bildanalys av de planeringsdokument som Helsingborgs stad använder sig av i planeringen för hållbara resor. Framförallt visar avhandlingen att planerare inte betraktar resors negativa miljöpåverkan som ett argument som kan få människor att resa mer hållbart. Istället är det möjligheten att framställa hållbara resor som roliga, hälsosamma, lustfyllda och praktiska som planerare tror kan få helsingborgarna att cykla eller åka mer buss. Men det är bara vissa resenärer som antas kunna ta del av de hållbara resornas positiva värden. Planerarnas föreställningar om bland annat kön, etnicitet och klass är avgörande för hur de förstår hållbara resor. Planerarna menar sammanfattningsvis att det är stort att resa rätt av miljöskäl, men större att fritt välja det mest attraktiva färdsättet. / Demands for sustainable mobility have become an increasingly important issue for local actors. Through city and traffic planning, the current unsustainable transport systems are going to become more sustainable. However, how to define sustainable mobility is disputed. Therefore, how planners in the Swedish municipality of Helsingborg define sustainable mobility makes an interesting case. This thesis examines how planners imagine sustainable mobility, who the sustainable traveler is, and what a sustainable city might look like. Theoretically the thesis combines an intersectional framework with a feminist planning theory and theories from Science and Technology Studies. The empirical material is based on in-depth interviews with sixteen planners, a focus group interview, and visual analyses of the planning documents the city of Helsingborg uses in planning for sustainable mobility. The analyses show that planners do not see the negative environmental impact of traveling as an argument which will persuade people to travel more sustainably. Instead, it is the possibility to construct sustainable mobility as fun, healthy, pleasurable, and practical that planners believe will persuade the inhabitants of Helsingborg to cycle or travel by bus more often. But not all travelers are likely to benefit from the positive values of sustainable mobility. To conclude, when planners imagine sustainable mobility, they imagine that it is good to travel the correct way for environmental reasons, but it is even greater to make independent travel choices, based on what modes of transport attract the most people. / <p>I denna elektroniska version av avhandlingen är bilderna i bilaga 2 uteslutna på grund av upphovsrättsliga skäl.</p>

[pt] A integração do grafeno nos dispositivos nanoeletrônicos depende da disponibilidade de processos de deposição de forma direta sobre o substrato. A deposição direta pode fornecer grafeno uniforme, com alta qualidade e em grande área sobre substratos semicondutores como sílicio ou germânio. Nesta tese, foi sintetizado grafeno diretamente sobre germânio dopado tipo p e com uma orientação cristalina (100) empregando a deposição química na fase vapor. Foi estudada a influência da relação de fluxo entre os gases CH4 e H2 no crescimento de grafeno. As técnicas empregadas para verificar a qualidade das amostras e o tipo de crescimento obtido foram a espectroscopia Raman, microscopia de varredura eletrônica, de tunelamento e de força atômica, e a espectroscopia de tunelamento. Determinamos que para as condições empregadas, o crescimento de grafeno sobre germânio é autolimitado, com a deposição de apenas uma única camada, com poucos defeitos na sua rede cristalina e com o nível de Fermi característico de um material com dopagem tipo n. / [en] The integration of graphene into nanoelectronic devices is dependent on the availability of direct deposition processes, which can provide uniform, large-area and high-quality graphene on semiconductor substrates such as Ge or Si. In this dissertation, we synthesized graphene directly on ptype Ge(100) substrates by chemical vapor deposition. The influence of the CH4:H2 flow ratio on the graphene growth was investigated. Raman Spectroscopy, Raman mapping, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy/Scanning Tunnelling Spectroscopy were the techniques employed to verify the quality of the samples and the type of growth. We determined that for the conditions employed, the growth of graphene is self-limited, with only a single layer deposition, with few defects in its crystalline lattice and with Fermi level characteristic of a material with doping type n.

Introduction: Central cholinergic system plays a key role in control of different brain functions such as learning, memory, attention, locomotion and rewards. Disrupted integrity, regulation or capacity of cholinergic signalling is closely connected with cognitive symptoms of several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, schizophrenia and increased distractibility. The major neurotransmitter of cholinergic neurons is acetylcholine (ACh) and regulation of ACh levels is main pharmacotherapeutic approach to the treatment of diseases associated with central cholinergic system. The aim of the thesis was to study the changes of central cholinergic neurotransmission with respect to various aspects of modulation of ACh levels in the brain by controlling its release through M4 muscarinic receptors (MR), its hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and after hydrolysis in the synapse, regulation of the uptake of metabolite choline by high affinity choline transporter (CHT). Methods: Here we used telemetry to measure locomotor activity and body temperature in mice with selective deletion of M4 MR (M4KO) and their wild type (M4WT) controls under the basal conditions...

On the current state of material distribution of renewable energy plans for development combined with the alternative uses of innovative technologies, there have been multilateral institutional partnerships regulating the actual distribution of nuclear energy programs through the PPPs, which have maintained a primarily scientific role while attracting international attention. In addition, the specific combination of scientific knowledge and technology transfers associated with public-private regulatory spheres has led to a common co-evolution of essential development characteristics, which have been intertwined with public environmental programs and resulting activities referring to the nuclear risk management of nuclear power plants NPPs, and to the formulation of participatory protection mechanisms. In this study, I analyze the comparative institutional status of nuclear energy models in industrial transition stages with waste disposal systems which have been based in Canada and Taiwan. The research focus in this dissertation has been placed over the practical need to identify the adaptive policy approaches in governance leading to local territorial interactions interrelated with a contemporary escalation of environmental technology issues, associated with public-private partnerships (PPPs), especially in terms of operability of STS transfers (science, technology, and societies) developed at societal level. Structurally speaking, the first section of this dissertation discusses introductory explanations already presented in July 2016 for the university commission about the proposed doctoral research design. The second and final parts of this dissertation have been developed at length in view of exploring some of the issues concerning the STS energy transfers and NPPs research policies associated with PPPs configurations. The final discussion section will summarize the literature findings about the changing mechanisms established in energy governance. The evaluative findings have been mostly developed through library archival documents, national reports, and analytical studies which I have compared in this dissertation. Overall for starting point, it can be affirmed that a technocratic vision of dynamic disciplinary elements related to managerial energy configurations of nuclear power plants, including waste disposal programs, has been proposed at regional level through common identification systems, established over public provisions involving regulatory interactions of nuclear sector industries based in East Asia and Canada. International and national attention has been focused on environmental cases of post-disaster emergencies and risk protection factors, particularly following on the Fukushima nuclear plant crisis in Japan in 2011. This structural process has been classified as an international critical domain. Essentially, the constructive experience acquired in governance has relied on cross-countries interpretative democratic models based on the existence of collective information i exchanges, which have actually involved different national regulators, public development actors, and industrial management partners, supported by: scientific experts, regional state officials, non-governmental representatives, and local district communities, among others. Moreover, the resulting collaboration process for public regulatory implementation which has been followed according to governmental aims and rationalization of resources regarding the civilian nuclear energy activities has also acquired a divergent character identified in multi-level state distribution systems. This happens in view of the similar formulation of industrial transition incentives for innovation and technology transfers, also entailing attentive responses formulated by taking into account the material normative reflections; which need to promote a broader view on collective participatory models, also based on public consensus criteria. Consequently, it can be considered that nuclear energy technologies and industrial knowledge transfers have been interlinked to a public set of normative appeals and confidence measures, promoting fundamental support for governance integrative practices. From an industrial point of view, the differentiation of innovation systems pursued through the development of specialized technology districts, for instance, in East Asia and Europe, has been configured according to public-private negotiation patterns assisting on the evolution of STS assessment programs. The corresponding formulation of risk prevention measures and safety assessment principles has been addressed according to the transition obtained with the adoption of alternative renewable energy plans. Managerial innovation capacities have reflected the temporal adaptation to development changes, which have been related to the emergence of nuclear fuel-cycle radioactive programs, and nuclear waste disposal activities. At implementation level, the direct involvement of community actors and environmental institutions has come into play leading to the identification of multilevel governance routes, by enhancing the knowledge transfers and learning systems, compatible with national and local collectivities, as well as, territorial and internal capacities. At the same time, the spatial regulatory requirements for regional identifications of the technologies used and the PPP agreements prepared in connection with nuclear energy facilities, and civilian energy installations, have testified the need to introduce learning cooperation stages for the evaluative and monitoring processes. These changing adaptation stages have been publicly controversial. At the end of bitter regional local disputes, the investigative agencies producing case-based reports have indicated the status of public concern and risk perceptions on nuclear safety issues, particularly for the local population living in proximity to NPPs, reflecting on common detrimental effects in terms of public governance and mutual trust conditions. The complex variation of public understanding about the programmatic issues surrounding nuclear science development and the environmental impacts has drawn us to an analytic core of ii structural determinants, which have been investigated in order to compare the international cooperation principles and the practical nationally-based conducts. For the identification of risk protection assessments of national capacities, I have elaborated this study project for comparative purposes, by trying to emphasize the critical aspects of public STS maintenance systems, which will require a legal status and clarification for the future generations in order to guarantee security and safety for everyone.

La thèse traite de la valorisation comme un processus à la fois continu, constructif et contesté. Elle aborde cette question théorique au travers de l'étude d'un objet de valorisation complexe : le traitement des déchets nucléaires aux États-Unis. Objet ontologiquement ambivalent, les déchets nucléaires peuvent être valorisés ou dévalorisés selon des perspectives très variées, qui offrent à la sociologie de l'évaluation un banc d'essai pertinent. La thèse s'appuie sur l'étude d'une série de situations où la formulation des valeurs du nucléaire pose problème. Ce sont, notamment, l'ordonnancement et les vicissitudes du processus budgétaire mis en œuvre pour financer le programme de gestion des déchets nucléaires Nord-américain, les plans conçus pour répartir la responsabilité financière dans le traitement d'un matériau qui selon toutes prévisions restera dangereux pendant un million d'années, les efforts d'un groupe d'acteurs pour attacher l'avenir de leur communauté à celui des déchets nucléaires, ou les utilisations d'une convention pour estimer la valeur économique du combustible usé. La thèse montre que les processus de valorisation et dévalorisation sont loin de se limiter à l'objet soumis à évaluation ; ces processus rendent d'autres valeurs explicites, les valeurs "de l'État", d'une communauté politique, d'une convention économique. La thèse propose d'utiliser la notion de « révaluation », d'une part, parce qu'elle permet d'expliciter l'imbrication des relations entre les processus d'évaluation et de valorisation et, d'autre part, parce qu'elle permet de souligner la particularité de la période sur laquelle porte la recherche, à savoir une période où la relance de l'énergie nucléaire a été publiquement débattue et où le gouvernement américain cherchait à reformuler sa politique de gestion des déchets nucléaires. / This thesis approaches valuation as an on-going, constructive and contested process. She addresses this theoretical issue through the study of a very complex object of valuation: nuclear waste in the context of the United States. As an ontologically ambivalent object, nuclear waste can be valued or devalued from many angles, which provides an intriguing and exciting test bed to unfold a sociology of valuation. The thesis examines a multitude of sites where the question of the formulation of nuclear values is being raised. These sites are, for example, the design and vicissitudes of the budgetary process conceived to finance the North American nuclear waste program, the trials set up in order to distribute the financial responsibility of a material expected to remain hazardous during the next million years, the efforts of a group of actors to attach the future of their community to the future of nuclear waste, or the uses of an economic convention to estimate the economic value of spent nuclear fuel. This thesis shows that processes of valuation are never limited to the object that is subjected to valuation and proposes the notion of revaluation, first, to articulate the intertwined relationship between the processes of evaluation and valuation, and second, to signify the particularity of the period during which the research has been undertaken, namely a moment when the revival of nuclear energy was publicly debated, and a moment when the U.S. government was seeking to reformulate its nuclear waste policy.

Drastic changes have taken place in UK electricity policy over recent years as government has sought to address the challenges associated with energy security, affordability and commitments to reduce carbon emissions. This study investigates the underlying policy changes between the year 2000 and 2012, particularly the Electricity Market Reform, as the most fundamental transformation in the British power market since liberalisation, almost three decades ago. It illustrates that although this policy had revised the long legacy of market-based and technology neutral electricity policymaking, it was yet to be claimed as a wholesale paradigmatic shift, because, as of 2012, it still suffered from a form of paradigm ambivalence and socio-technical lock-in. Furthermore, this research identifies an accumulative process of policy change explaining how a complex set of dynamics transformed the UK electricity policy mix. The thesis relies empirically on conducting 53 semi-structured interviews as well as scrutinising policy documents and relevant secondary studies. The thesis draws relevant approaches within policy studies that attend to address continuity and change in policy frameworks, in particular the Advocacy Coalition Framework (Sabatier 1999) and Policy Paradigm (Hall 1993) perspectives. The study contributes to this literature in three distinctive ways. First, it questions the adequacy of existing frameworks for conceptualising policy change in ‘large-technical’ and ‘techno-centric’ subsystems, such as electricity policy. In return, it introduces technology preference, as a policy component capturing the socio-technical elements of electricity policymaking. Second, to explain why and how such significant changes had been undergone, it forms a bridge between the characteristics of policy change and the extent that existing policies are perceived as irreconcilable policy failures. By this, it, albeit, moves beyond the conventional typology of change drivers in policy literature. Third, this research extends the emerging concept of negotiated agreement and policy compromise as a pathway to evolutionary changes (Sabatier & Weible 2007). Inspired by Institutional Change theory (Mahoney & Thelen 2010), it proposes that compromised policies are often at the risk of policy reversibility and retrenchment, subject to any shift in the contextual conditions they have originated in. Overall, the thesis provides an understanding of one of the very complex and contemporary cases for studying policy change theories.

<p>Tjänsteföretag är kunskapsintensiva företag som är beroende av den kunskap som finns inom företaget. Det är vanligt inom dessa företag att basera arbetet på en projektform. Detta innebär att när ett projekt ska bedrivas tillsätts en projektgrupp, bestående av individer som besitter den kunskap som behövs för att slutföra projektet. Projektets karaktär kan vara av varierande slag men i de flesta fall kommer ett skapande av ny kunskap att äga rum samt även någon form av kunskapsöverföring. För att projektets resultat ska bli en allmänt vedertagen modell eller produkt så måste den framtagna kunskapen valideras av beställaren. Därefter är det upp till organisationen att förvalta den framtagna kunskapen. För att kunna identifiera dessa kunskapsprocesser har vi i denna kandidatuppsats undersökt ett specifikt projekt, Alphaprojektet, som har bedrivits inom företaget Gamma AB. Gamma AB är ett tjänsteföretag som är verksamt inom tre affärsområden. Målet med Alphaprojektet var att kunna erbjuda marknaden ett koncept tidigt i kundens arbetsprocess vilket binder samman dessa tre affärsområden. Den process och det problem som denna uppsats beskriver är hur kunskap skapades inom denna projektgrupp samt hur den skapade kunskapen förvaltades av projektets beställare. En av de slutsatser som denna uppsats genererat är att kunskap skapades i Alphaprojektet ge-nom att individer med skilda bakgrunder och olika mentala modeller interagerade. Denna skapade kunskap tog, mer konkret formen av att projektgruppen enades kring att de måste skapa ett gemensamt mål. Detta mål var att de skulle inrikta sig mot ett visst antal kunder och att dessa kunder sedan skulle kunna utnyttjas som referenser för framtida uppdrag samt att Tidiga skeden är komplext och svårt att definiera. Beställaren valde under Alphaprojektets gång att omstrukturera projektet. De bakomliggande orsakerna till detta var enligt beställaren själv att projektet skulle ha tagit för lång tid och på så sätt medfört ökade kostnader och även problem inom den egna organisationen. Enligt vår me-ning berodde omstruktureringen på fler orsaker. Vår slutsats är att organisationen misslycka-des att förvalta den kunskap som gruppen skapade samt att projektets mål, initialt, inte var tillräckligt tydligt definierade.</p>

<p>Det finns idag ett väldigt stort urval av återförsäljare som agerar på Internet och dessa kan vid en första anblick te sig väldigt svåra att överskåda för konsumenter inför ett köp. Prisjämförelsesajter finns därför som en konsumentguide som med sina sökfunktioner snabbt hjälper konsumenter att hitta återförsäljare med de billigaste priserna samt även tillhandahåller information om såväl produkter som återförsäljare. Uppsatsen syftar till att studera prisjämförelsesajternas roll i samspelet mellan återförsäljare och konsument på den Internetbaserade marknaden för hemelektronik. Den kvalitativa studien grundas på intervjuer med de två marknadsledande prisjämförelsesajterna, PriceRunner och Prisjakt, samt intervjuer med tre återförsäljare inom detta branschsegment, CDON, Expert och Kameraexperten. Intervjuerna analyseras med hjälp utav en analysmodell där vi kopplat samman flera olika marknadsföringsteorier. Det resultat vi kommit fram till visar på att det nätverk av återförsäljare och konsumenter som prisjämförelsesajterna tillhandahåller har lett till en ökad konsumentmakt men att detta inte behöver ses som negativt för återförsäljarna då dessa har stora konkurrensfördelar att vinna om de sköter sina kundrelationer på ett bra sätt.</p>

<p>Studentorganisationen Värmlands nation i Uppsala genomdrev under våren och sommaren 2006 ett konceptbyte på sin dansklubb. Initiativet togs av nationsledningen, men genomförandet skedde i form av ett självständigt projekt drivet av projektanställda nationsmedlemmar. Den här uppsatsen studerar hur nationens ideella organisationsstruktur har påverkat projektarbetet. Detta görs främst genom intervjuer med berörda individer inom både nationen och projektet. Uppsatsen utgår från organisationsteori av Henry Mintzberg och projektteori av Anders Marttala, Kjell Nordberg och Anders Blomé.</p><p>Värmlands nations organisationsform kännetecknas av ideella drivkrafter, informell kommunikation och att många olika individers diversifierade insatser resulterar i en mångfasetterad och stundtals svåröverblickbar helhet. Denna struktur har sina fördelar i en bred studentorganisation med väldefinierade och återkommande aktiviteter, men när den överfördes till ett tillfälligt projekt visade den sig skapa en hel del problem i form av oklara riktlinjer och svårdefinierade ansvarsfördelningar. Trots detta är det tydligt att arbetssättet inte varit enbart en nackdel; projektets lyckade resultat kan till viss del härledas de nationsaktivas självpåtagna insatser. Sammantaget kan dock ett behov av tydligare arbetsfördelning och klarare arbetsledning identifieras i uppsatsen.</p>