Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / As modificações nas relações de prestação de serviço, decorrentes da sofisticação da sociedade pós-industrial, são notórias. Os trabalhadores dos dias atuais ainda são homens e mulheres que vivem da venda de sua força de trabalho, contudo, além do trabalhador operário há o surgimento de uma nova classe de trabalhadores: o trabalhador autônomo. Com isso a subordinação se tornou um importante elemento diferenciador das relações de trabalho. A visão do trabalho subordinado, um dos elementos da relação de emprego, foi construída a partir de um modelo tradicional de trabalhador. Logo, o que se pretende analisar no decorrer desta pesquisa é se o critério da subordinação presente na Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho ainda pode ser capaz de representar todas as relações de trabalho subordinada. Isto porque está se desenvolvendo uma prática de prestação de serviço na qual o profissional liberal presta o seu serviço com restrição na sua autonomia, o que denotaria a subordinação do trabalhador intelectual, mas que não se concretiza em virtude do ato formal que reveste essa relação. Estes profissionais recebem a nomenclatura de autônomo-subordinados, porque apesar de serem contratados como autônomos desempenham a sua função de modo subordinado. Esta prática possui desdobramentos negativos, como a ausência de direitos trabalhistas e previdenciários aos trabalhadores autônomo-subordinados, além da confusão social a que estão submetidos. Tais aspectos serão abordados no decorrer deste estudo, o qual utilizou como método de abordagem o dedutivo-indutivo, e também o método de procedimento bibliográfico dissertativo-argumentativo. Ao final deste trabalhou chegou-se a conclusão de que o conceito clássico de subordinação precisa ser readequado para atender a uma nova realidade do trabalho, a do trabalhador autônomo-subordinado. / The changes in the relations of service, resulting from the sophistication of post-industrial society, are notorious. The workers of today are still men and women living selling his labor power, however, beyond the labor worker there is the emergence of a new class of workers: the self-employed. With this subordination has become an important differentiating element of labor relations. The vision of paid employment, one of the employment relationship of elements, was built from a traditional model worker. Soon, to be examined during this study is the criterion of this subordination in the Consolidation of Labor Laws may still be able to represent all labor relations subordinate. This is because is developing a practice of service in which the liberal professional provides its service with restrictions on their autonomy, called this work of self-subordinate, which would denote the subordination of knowledge worker, but that is not realized due the formal act that covers this relationship. This practice has negative consequences, as the lack of labor and social security rights to self-subordinate workers, and social confusion they face. Such aspects will be widely discussed during this study, which used as a method of approach deductive-inductive, and also the method of argumentative-argumentative literature procedure. At the end of this work we came to the conclusion that the classical concept of subordination must be reconfigured to meet a new reality of work, the autonomic-subordinate worker.

Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender como os adolescentes significam suas relações afetivas e situações de conflito/violência no namoro, bem como a participação da rede de apoio social em seu enfrentamento. O cenário em que essa violência eclode é caracterizado pela vigência da ideologia machista entremeando as relações de gênero, tendo como resultante a naturalização da dominação masculina como forma de violência simbólica. A relevância do presente estudo é trazer subsídios para elaborar estratégias que considerem o contexto de socialização dos adolescentes, abrindo espaços para novas articulações, capazes de recompor as fronteiras entre papéis, funções e qualidades para cada gênero, modificando as atuais ideologias. O referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado é inspirado na teorização de Pierre Bourdieu sobre poder, violência e dominação simbólica; incorporando-se as referências conceituais de gênero de Joan Scott, muito imbricadas no processo de análise. A abordagem qualitativa possibilitou apreender a complexidade do fenômeno estudado, e o recorte empírico foi constituído por 19 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, que se encontravam na faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos, cursando o 2º ano do ensino médio de uma escola estadual de Ribeirão Preto/SP, no ano letivo de 2014. Para a construção dos dados, foram utilizados o grupo focal, a entrevista e o Diagrama de Escolta Social, respeitando-se os aspectos éticos para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas com seres humanos e iniciando a construção dos dados somente após a aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto/USP. Por meio do método de interpretação de sentidos, baseado na perspectiva hermenêutico-dialética, deu-se a análise dos dados e depreenderam-se três categorias temáticas centrais com seus respectivos núcleos de sentido: Os significados das relações afetivas dos adolescentes (Os sentidos de ficar e namorar e suas relações com ciúme, gênero e violência simbólica; Isolamento social - \"se você não pode o outro também não pode\"), (Des)igualdades de gênero no namoro: da (des)construção da violência simbólica à expressão de outras formas de violência (Posicionamento da mulher frente à dominação masculina; As situações de violências física, sexual e psicológica no namoro: quem realmente é o agressor?), A (re)estruturação da família e sua função na rede de apoio social do adolescente (O mosaico familiar do adolescente contemporâneo e a funcionalidade da família como rede de apoio; Participação da família nos processos sexuais e reprodutivos do adolescente; Violência intrafamiliar - naturalização). Entendemos que atuar sobre a origem da violência já no início dos relacionamentos dos adolescentes talvez seja a melhor forma de combatê-la ou minimizá-la. Os desafios são muitos: enfretamento de políticas, profissões e disciplinas historicamente setoriais, fragmentadas e parcializadas; enfrentamento dos modelos hegemônicos de gênero, fortemente naturalizados no senso comum; e a inclusão de adolescentes e famílias em um debate que envolve valores, intimidades e mudança de crenças. Apesar dos desafios, pretendemos instigar a reflexão e a discussão para o combate deste tipo de violência, visando ainda à democratização das relações de gênero e à prevenção da violência conjugal / This study aimed to understand how adolescents internalize their emotional relations and conflict/violence situations in dating relationships, as well as the participation of the social support network in coping with it. The scenario in which this violence breaks out is characterized by the force of sexist ideology interspersing gender relations, resulting in the male domination being considered natural and as a form of symbolic violence. The relevance of this study is to provide support to develop strategies that consider the context of socialization of the adolescents, creating room for new articulations able to restore the boundaries among roles, functions and qualities for each gender, modifying the current ideologies. The theoretical framework used is inspired by the theory of Pierre Bourdieu on power, violence and symbolic domination, incorporating the conceptual references of gender by Joan Scott, much intertwined in the analysis process. The qualitative approach enabled grasping the complexity of the phenomenon studied and the empirical design was made up of 19 adolescents, of both sexes, aged 15 to 19 years, attending the 2nd year of a public high school in the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, in the academic year of 2014. Focus group, interview and the Social Convoy Diagram were used for data collection, considering the ethical aspects for human research development and starting the data collection only after approval by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing. Data analysis was carried out using the method of interpretation of meanings, based on the hermeneutic-dialectic perspective, and three central thematic categories were identified with their respective units of meaning: The meanings of the emotional relationships of adolescents (The meanings of making out and dating and their relationships with jealousy, gender and symbolic violence; Social isolation - \"if you cannot the other also cannot\"), Gender (in)equalities in dating relationships: from the (de)construction of symbolic violence to the expression of other forms of violence (Women\'s position in face of the male domination; Situations of physical, sexual and psychological violence in dating: who really is the aggressor?), Family (re)structuring and its role in adolescents\' social support network (The family mosaic of contemporary adolescents and the functionality of the family as a support network; Family participation in adolescents\' sexual and reproductive processes; Intra-family violence - naturalization). It is understood that acting on the source of violence at the beginning of adolescents\' relationships may be the best way to fight or minimize it. Several challenges are recognized, such as the following: coping with policies, professions and subjects that are historically sectorial, fragmented and partial; confronting the hegemonic gender models, which are strongly considered as natural by the common sense; and the inclusion of adolescents and families in a debate that involves values, intimacy and changing beliefs. Despite the challenges, the study intends to instigate reflection and debate to combat this type of violence, also seeking the democratization of gender relations and the prevention of conjugal violence

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study analyzes the organization, the production and the units peasants' reproduction in the municipal districts of Ribeirópolis and São Domingos-SE, connected to the general product system of goods in the trajectory 1975 - 2005. In the two municipal districts a high land concentration verified due to the insertion of the capital in the field, and with an economy turned back to the external market, becoming necessary the amplification of the grass for the cattle creation, assisting to the interests of the capital. Though, the more the capitalism moves forward, at the same time that, persists the unit productive peasant that resists the with the using by force of family work, cultivating the cassava, the corn and the bean, besides the small raise rear. The cassava with the processing of the flour and the commercialization of its surplus became one of the fundamental elements of the reproduction and resistance of that peasant workers in the field. The units of production possess a low modernization level, because the traditional techniques of production still prevail with the using of instruments of handmade work as the hoe and pesticides for the combat to the ants and plagues. For analysis effect, the peasant field of the two municipal districts was divided in partial " peasants " and exclusive " peasants ". The partial ones characterize for little land and it doesn't produce enough for its reproduction, needing complementary the family income selling manpower. However, considered them exclusive they possess area of enough land to produce and to guarantee its survival without appealing to the rented work. However, the subordination of the peasant workers to the capital is still very strong, and the omission of the State generates what we denominated of orphan " peasants " of the public politics joining a series of problems faced by the peasant workers, for example of the productive chain that is disjointed in the two municipal districts favoring the middlemen's action in the commercialization of the cassava flour. Actually it is in the phase of the circulation that the capital subordinates and appropriates itself of the surplus of the work of the peasant workers, reproducing a contradictory system, and appropriates itself of the surplus of the work of peasant works , where for one hand subordinates the work of flour-man peasant the circulation and, on the other hand it resists, in that characteristics as affection to the land, exclusive use of forcing by the family work and control of the necessary work, they still persist. / O estudo analisa a produção e a reprodução das unidades camponesas nos municípios de Ribeirópolis e São Domingos-SE, integrado ao sistema geral do ciclo do capital produtor de mercadorias na trajetória 1975 - 2005. Nos dois municípios verifica-se uma alta concentração fundiária decorrente da inserção do capital no campo, e com uma economia voltada para o mercado externo, tornando-se necessária à ampliação das pastagens para a criação de gado, atendendo aos interesses do capital. Todavia, quanto mais o capitalismo avança, paralelamente, persiste a unidade produtiva camponesa que resiste com o uso da força de trabalho familiar, cultivando a mandioca, o milho e o feijão, além do pequeno criatório. A mandioca com o beneficiamento da farinha e a comercialização do seu excedente tornou-se um dos elementos fundamentais da reprodução e resistência desse campesinato no campo. As unidades de produção possuem um baixo nível de modernização, pois ainda predominam as técnicas tradicionais de produção com o uso de instrumentos de trabalho artesanal como a enxada e praguicidas para o combate às formigas e pragas. Para efeito de análise, o campesinato dos dois municípios foi dividido em camponeses parciais e camponeses exclusivos . Os parciais caracterizam por pouca terra e não produz o suficiente para a sua reprodução, necessitando complementar a renda familiar vendendo força de trabalho. Contudo, os considerados exclusivos possuem área de terra suficiente para produzir e garantir a sua sobrevivência sem recorrer ao trabalho alugado. Entretanto, a subordinação do campesinato ao capital é ainda muito forte, e a omissão do Estado gera o que denominamos de camponeses órfãos das políticas públicas agregando uma série de problemas enfrentados pelo campesinato, a exemplo da cadeia produtiva que é desarticulada nos dois municípios favorecendo a ação dos intermediários na comercialização da farinha de mandioca. Na verdade é na fase da circulação que o capital subordina reproduzindo um sistema contraditório e se apropria do excedente do trabalho do campesinato, onde, de um lado subordina o trabalho do camponês-farinheiro na circulação e, de outro, resiste, em que características como afeto à terra, uso exclusivo da força de trabalho familiar e domínio do trabalho necessário ainda persistem.

This essay is based on a study that presents the result of interviews directed at women who are integrated in the gaming community. The purpose is to get clarification on the topic about how women experience gaming and if they are treated differently than men in the community. With the question “How do women experience the male dominated gaming world and how does it affect them?”, subordination, misogyny, male dominance and gender are keywords that can be identified within the targeted area. The theoretical framework has been based on Sylvia Walby's theoretical interpretation of patriarchy, Judith Butler’s performativity theory, and Eve, K Sedgwick’s theory about homosociality. The results show that women are worse treated in the gaming community than men.  The women experience that they are subordinate men where her entry in the gaming world is considered to be deviant. The gaming world has patriarchal traits where the men through performative and homosocial behaviour reproduce and maintain these structures. The effects have been that the gaming world is now characterized by misogynistic premises where the man can get away with hate speech against women without consequences.

Die Untersuchung widmet sich am Beispiel des Shona dem sprachlichen Phänomen der sententiellen Subordination, bei der letztere primär durch regelhafte prosodische Mittel, die die Verbalform verändern, signalisiert wird.

[pt] O imaginário de beleza e sexualidade ainda se faz presente em diferentes segmentos, como o de turismo, com o objetivo de vender o Brasil como produto. Ao colocar a mulher brasileira como centro deste imaginário, verifica-se que há um processo de silenciamento desse sujeito, impossibilitando-o de que se autorrepresente. Esse processo de silenciamento do sujeito feminino é analisado por autores pós-coloniais, como Gayatri Spivak, que considera esse sujeito duplamente subalternizado: pelo patriarcado e pelo colonialismo. O presente estudo buscou, então, compreender de que forma a subalternização de agentes do Norte Global às mulheres brasileiras se materializa em um contexto de turismo. Para atingir o estado de conhecimento estabelecido, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com 11 mulheres brasileiras que tiveram experiências de turismo em países do Norte Global. A análise dos dados mostra que a subalternidade se materializa por meio da visão da mulher brasileira como sendo associada a prostituição; da figura feminina como um objeto sexual; e da percepção de que o Brasil é um país repleto de atrasos, trazendo às entrevistadas sentimentos negativos quanto à sua identidade perante povos Eurocêntricos. / [en] The imaginary of beauty and sexuality is still present in different segments, such as tourism, with the aim of selling Brazil as a product. By placing the Brazilian woman at the center of this imaginary, it appears that there is a process of silencing this subject, making it impossible for him to represent himself. This process of silencing the female subject is analyzed by post-colonial authors, such as Gayatri Spivak, who considers this subject doubly subordinate: by patriarchy and colonialism. The present study then sought to understand how the subordination of agents from the Global North to Brazilian women is materialized in a tourism context. In order to reach the state of knowledge established, in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 Brazilian women who had tourism experiences in countries of the Global North. Data analysis shows that subordination is materialized through the view of Brazilian women as being associated with prostitution; the female figure as a sexual object; and the perception that Brazil is a country full of delays, bringing to the interviewees negative feelings about their identity before Eurocentric peoples.

In June 2022, a new law will be implemented in the Swedish legal system, making honour- violence a certain crime. Before the new law has been implemented, investigations have been made by government officials trying to present how honour-related violence and oppression is a problem in the Swedish society. The aim for this thesis is to examine how the policy makers has presented the problematisation according to the method ‘What is the problem represented to be? (WPR). The questions that are being asked are how the policy makers problematise honour-related violence and oppression the Swedish society and how they present the Previous research has shown how social isolation and mobility plays a crucial role to those who experience honour-related violence and oppression. The thesis has therefore undertaken the theoretical framework of intersectionality to show how social and political identities can cause a person to experience a social isolation and subordination in society. The purpose is to examine how the policy makers problematise honour-violence and oppression in the law proposal and if they account for any particular vulnerabilities that can cause social isolation. Results shows that the victims of honour-related violence and oppression are being left without protection from their family, are the government including them in their policy documents to make sure that they are protected by laws and legislations? How the problem with honour-related violence and oppression is produced within policy documents and referral documents and if they account for particular vulnerability is what will be examined in this thesis and see if the government are subordinating an already subordinated group.

In the New Testament and in the early church fathers’ writings, the Son is understood to be ontologically equal to the Father and subordinate to him. Whether understood as ingenerate-generate, sender-sent, commanded-obedient, subordination shows the distinction between the Father and Son. As seen in church history, minimizing these distinctions can lead to modalism and pressing them too far leads to Arianism. In the Bible, obedience or subordination does not mean ontologically inferior. Rather, obedience results from faith and love. Although some fathers connected obedience to Christ’s humanity, they were doing so while rejecting the Arian argument that the Son’s obedience meant he was ontologically inferior. They affirmed the voluntary obedience of the Son as an expression of his love for the Father and rejected any sense of coercion or determinism. The doctrine of the eternal generation of the Son from the Father’s ousia held together the equality and subordination of the Son to the Father. Beginning with Christ’s atoning work rather than metaphysics, P. T. Forsyth and Jürgen Moltmann believe that the Son’s obedience is crucial for the atonement to be the free act of grace of the Sovereign God. Because of this, the Son’s obedience must be divine, and thus eternal. Otherwise, the obedience would be from Christ’s humanity, and humanity would contribute in inappropriate ways to the atonement. They also believe that subordination, obedience, humility, and servanthood complete the understanding of divine love. The unity provided by the same divine love is expressed according to the particularity of the Person. In the Trinitarian relationship, the Son’s eternal obedience is his free response to the Father. Here subordination is not oppression, but perfect love freely given to the perfect Lover. This fuller conception of divine love that a proper emphasis on obedience affords has great potential to help Trinitarain theology contribute to the elimination of oppression and the improvement of human relationships and to do so in a manner consistent with the biblical witness.

<p><p>The present essay examines the linguisitc conceptualisation of otherness in the present party platforms of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD, Social Democratic Party of Germany) and the Christliche Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU, Christian Democratic Union of Germany). The language and the textual structure of their party platforms is analysed, its function described and compared with each other by using representative text excerpts. The theoretical background of this study is grounded in cultural studies. The methodological framework consists of a combination of critical discourse analysis and textual analysis. Criterias of the linguistic analysis are: coherence (including implicit meanings, propositions and presuppositions), modality, thematic roles, deixis and pronouns and keywords. </p><p> </p><p>The study shows that the<em> Other </em>is cleary conceptualized by using binary oppositions whereas those who are reperesented by <em>we</em> can not always be clearly identified. By using both objective and subjective modality authority and legitimacy are linguistically constructed by those who represent <em>we</em>. The analysis shows that stipulations and issues are mentioned which are supposed to be abided by the <em>Others</em> without being justified by those who represent <em>we</em>. Consequently the <em>Other</em> is excluded. Analysing both party platforms shows that the <em>Other</em> is  subcategorized, too. Myths about the <em>Others</em> are confirmed by representing a stereotypical image of the <em>Other</em> through language. However there are differences in the linguistic conceptualization of alterity. The representatives of CDU speak out more explicitly on specific issues concerning the<em> Other</em> than representatives of SPD do. Consequently SPD’s statements concerning the <em>Other</em> are more implicit.</p><p> </p><p>The study shows that meaning is created by language and that myths of the <em>Other</em> are reproduced in political discourse.</p><p> </p></p>

Ce mémoire de maîtrise propose une séquence didactique travaillant l’enchaînement de phrases par subordination et coordination en vue de favoriser le transfert de connaissances grammaticales en situation de production écrite. Nous avons d’abord fait ressortir que les élèves apprennent et revoient diverses règles de grammaire, mais qu’ils ont une grande difficulté à transférer ces connaissances en contexte d’écriture. Plusieurs chercheurs soulignent la pertinence de décloisonner l’enseignement de la grammaire et de l’écriture (Paret, 1992; Chartrand, 2003; Bilodeau, 2005) pour favoriser le transfert, notamment au moyen de la démarche active de découverte (Chartrand, 1996). Nous nous sommes intéressée à la syntaxe de la phrase, plus précisément à la construction de phrases complexes par enchaînement. Nous considérons les notions grammaticales qui en découlent difficiles pour plusieurs élèves et nous constatons que cet enseignement se fait peu fréquemment et souvent de manière magistrale, sans travailler l’écriture en parallèle. Nous avons donc élaboré une séquence didactique travaillant ces concepts grammaticaux, tout en ayant en tête de favoriser le transfert des notions grammaticales vers un contexte d’écriture. Nous avons ensuite mis à l’essai cette séquence dans un groupe de première secondaire et avons vérifié son efficacité à l’aide d’un prétest et d’un posttest (production écrite). Nous avons pu constater que la séquence didactique expérimentée dans le cadre de ce mémoire produit de bons résultats. Il y a une amélioration notable dans les enchaînements de phrases dans les textes produits par les élèves. Par contre, nous n’avons pas pu conclure que ceux-ci étaient significatifs d’un point de vue statistique. La séquence didactique semble toutefois aider les élèves, même les plus faibles, puisque les entretiens métagraphiques montrent qu’ils ont meilleure compréhension des enchaînements de phrases. / This research proposes a series of lessons for working subordination and coordination. The goal is to foster the transfer of grammar knowledge in writing compositions. First, we have noticed that students learn grammar rules, but they have a great difficulty to tranfer this knowledge in writing contexts. A lot of researchers (Bilodeau, 2005; Paret, 1992; Chartrand, 2003) stress the relevance of breaking the limits of the various domains of the study of French in class (grammar, writing and reading). This “open” approach is seens as helping the transfer of grammatical knowledge, notably with the use of an heuristic approach (cf. Chartrand, 1996). We focused on the syntax of the sentence, more specifically the construction of complex sentences by linking simple sentences together. We consider these grammatical notions as difficult for most of the students at the beginning of «secondary school », and believe that the teaching is too often rare or totally separate from witing. So, we created a series of lesson that aims at working these grammatical concepts, keeping in mind that it is primordial to foster the transfer of grammatical knowledge to writing contexts. We have tested the series of lesson in an experimental group of the first year of secondary school (age 12-13) and we have verified its efficacity using a pretest and a posttest (written composition and interview on the text). By comparing the experimental and the control group, the results of the research show us qualitative (but not quantitative) that the didactic sequence has a positive effect on the experimental group. After an analysis of the results conducted by a professional statistician, we unfortunately could not prove that the sequence has an significant impact on the experimental group.