Les récepteurs à la vasopressine V1bR et à la sérotonine 5HT3R jouent des rôles physiologiques importants dans la détection des signaux extracellulaires, les mécanismes de transmission nerveuse et diverses pathologies dont le cancer, le diabète et des maladies des SNC et SNP. Mes études avaient pour but de générer ou trouver des modulateurs peptidiques de ces deux récepteurs. Pour le V1bR, j’ai développé plusieurs anticorps de type VHH et les ai caractérisés aux plans biochimique et fonctionnel. L’un de ces VHHs agit comme un agoniste allostérique complet et spécifique du V1bR humain (hV1bR). In vitro ce VHH est capable d’activer les voies de signalisation de l’inositol phosphate et des MAP kinases et d’induire l'internalisation du hV1bR. Dans des îlots pancréatiques surexprimant le hV1bR, il induit une augmentation du Ca2+ intracellulaire et une sécrétion d'insuline. Pour le 5HT3R, j’ai criblé par SPR 31 venins de serpents sur des récepteurs recombinants immobilisés et mis en évidence une interaction à partir d’un de ces venins. Suite à purification par chromatographie liquide et identification par spectrométrie de masse, j’ai identifié une toxine préalablement caractérisée comme une enzyme à activité Ca2+-dépendante. Cette toxine interagit avec les 5HT3R A et AB indépendamment du Ca2+ et avec des valeurs de Kd ≤ 10 nM. L’analyse fonctionnelle par électrophysiologie suggère qu’elle agit comme un PAM de l’activité canal du 5HT3R. Des images de ME en coloration négative montrent la toxine fixée sur le domaine extracellulaire du 5HT3R, à distance du site pour la 5HT. Le VHH et la toxine pourraient être utilisés comme outils pharmacologiques et/ou agents thérapeutiques. / The vasopressin V1bR and serotonin 5HT3R receptors play important physiological roles in the detection of extracellular signals, in the mechanisms for neuronal transmission, and in various pathologies including cancer, diabetes, and CNS and PNS diseases. My studies were aimed at generating or finding peptidic modulators of these two receptors. For the V1bR, I developed several antibodies of the VHH type and characterized them biochemically and functionally. One of these VHHs acts as a complete allosteric agonist specific for the human V1bR (hV1bR). In vitro this VHH is able to activate the signaling pathways of inositol phosphate and MAP kinases and to induce the internalization of hV1bR. In pancreatic islets overexpressing hV1bR, it induces an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and a secretion of insulin. For the 5HT3R, using SPR I screened 31 snake venoms on immobilized recombinant receptors and for one of these venoms, evidenced an interaction. Following purification by liquid chromatography and identification by mass spectrometry, I identified a toxin previously characterized as an enzyme with Ca2+-dependent activity. This toxin interacts with the 5HT3R A and AB independently of Ca2+ and with Kd values ≤ 10 nM. Functional analysis by electrophysiology suggests that it acts as a PAM of the 5HT3R channel activity. Images recorded by negative staining EM show that the toxin binds to the 5HT3R extracellular domain, at a distance from the 5HT binding site. Both this VHH and this toxin could be used as pharmacological tools and / or therapeutic agents.

No description available.

I den här uppsatsen har jag undersökt argumentationen i Katarina Frostensons K – en skönlitterär bok som skrevs i en tid (hösten 2017 till våren 2018) då #metoo-rörelsen svepte över världen och 18 kvinnor hade vittnat i DN om övergrepp av en känd kulturprofil med nära band till Svenska Akademien. Flera medier namngav mannen som Jean-Claude Arnault, make till akademiledamoten och poeten Katarina Frostenson. Händelserna ledde till en av de största kriserna i Svenska Akademiens historia och K är Frostensons första och enda offentliga yttrande rörande situationen. Boken utkom i maj 2019 och den här undersökningen väljer att tolka den som ett slags försvar mot det Arnault och hon själv har anklagats för. Då samtida retorisk teori visat på vikten av myter i argumentation (Bengtson 2012), och både juridiska och empiriska aspekter talar emot Frostensons retoriska problem, har underökningen utgått från att argumentationen använder sig av emotionella och suggestiva appeller i form av myter. Med hjälp av Brummets närläsningsmetod (2019) och Lindqvists topikteori (2016) har Frostensons argumen-tation delats in i tre övergripande topiker. Dessa har sedan analyserats och identifierat ett antal myter som Frostenson använder sig av för att stärka sin argumentation. En myt som analyseras mer djupgående är exempelvis den antika myten om megäror och kvinnor som hämndlystna monster, vilken Frostenson applicerar på kvinnorna som vittnat i DN. En annan myt handlar om kollektivets behov av syndabockar och att Arnault fått den rollen. En tredje myt hävdar att svenskar är främlingsfientliga eftersom Arnault får ta skulden på grund av sin franska och judiska härkomst. En fjärde myt argumenterar för att åtrå legitimerar våld, vilket hon försöker stärka genom den bibliska berättelsen om kung David och Batseba.  Utöver Bengtsons tolkning av Barthes mytteori (2012) som utgångspunkt har undersökningen bland annat tagit avstamp i kommunikationsprofessorn McFarlands teori om kopplingen mellan myten och det heliga (1989), genusforskaren Tassis teorier om kvinnor och hämnd (2011) samt Richard Kearneys tolkning av René Girards offermekanismer (1995). Vidare har analysen satts i relation till relevant tidigare forskning och kopplats till både historiska och samtida händelser och kontexter. Jag hävdar att min undersökning visar hur viktigt det är att söka efter mer än bara logiska premisser i argumentation. Frostenson har i princip uteslutande myter som bas i sin argumentation, och de är inte alltid helt uppenbara – dolda i suggestiva termer och ett symboliskt språk. Ett av den här uppsatsens syften var att försöka visa hur en mytisk argumentationsanalys kan gå till i praktiken, för att utöka kunskapen kring hur vi kan förstå argumentation i känslomässiga kontexter, så som i debatter om sexuella övergrepp, men också rent generellt. Resultatet som framkommit i undersökningen, det vill säga den mängd myter som identifierats och analyserats, bör inspirera till vidare forskning i ämnet. Jag menar att det finns ett uppdämt behov av just sådana här argumentationsanalyser och att retorikvetenskapen har en viktig roll i detta.Sökord: Katarina Frostenson, K, Jean-Claude Arnault, #metoo, Svenska Akademien, myter, mytisk argumentation, Roland Barthes, Erik Bengtson, Janne Lindqvist, topiker, litteratur, retorik, poesi, poet, skönlitteratur.

L’encéphalomyélite myalgique (EM) est une maladie complexe, multi-systémique et débilitante, dont l’étiologie est inconnue. D’une personne atteinte d’encéphalomyélite myalgique (PAEM) à l’autre, les symptômes varient en fréquence et en sévérité créant ainsi une grande hétérogénéité clinique entre les individus. Un sous-groupe de PAEM vivent des épisodes d’intolérance orthostatique (IO) ou vivent avec une comorbidité de syndrome de tachycardie orthostatique posturale (POTS), deux conditions qui sont mal comprises. Le malaise après-effort (PEM), un des symptômes phare de l’EM, survient après une activité physique ou mentale minimale. Le malaise après-effort entraîne une dégradation générale de l’état de l’individu, peut entraîner une exacerbation des autres symptômes et va durer de plusieurs heures à plusieurs jours. Chez les individus souffrant de POTS ou d’IO, le malaise après-effort peut déclencher des épisodes d’intolérance orthostatique. Le gène SLC6A2 codant pour le transporteur de norépinephrine NET a été identifié comme potentiel mécanisme dans pathophysiologie du POTS, tout comme les protéines impliquées dans la vasodilatation, comme la thrombospondine-1 (TSP-1). Notre laboratoire a identifié un panel de onze microARN (miARN) exprimés différentiellement chez les PAEM. Parmi ceux-ci, le miR-150-5p a comme cible prédite SLC6A2. Notre hypothèse était qu’une plus grande expression du miR-150-5p après un effort ou qu’une chute de thrombospondine-1 pourrait induire une vasodilatation soudaine contribuant aux symptômes d’IO ou de POTS. Nous avons mesuré les niveaux plasmatiques du miR-150-5p et de TSP-1 avant (T0) et après (T90) l’induction du malaise après-effort chez des PAEM avec POTS/IO (n = 20), chez des PAEM sans POTS/IO (n = 117) et chez des témoins sédentaires associés pour le sexe et l’âge (n = 48). Nous avons démontré que les sujets atteints de POTS/IO avaient des niveau plus importants du miR-150-5p et des symptômes plus sévères. Finalement, nous avons également utilisé la veste intelligente Hexoskin (Carré Technologies Inc., Montreal, Qué., Canada) pour suivre un sous-groupe d’individus (n = 10) sur une plus longue période après l’induction du malaise après-effort. Avec cet outil, nous avons pu monitorer les symptômes au quotidien, permettant un meilleur suivi clinique de ces patients. Ce projet de maîtrise a permis une meilleure compréhension de la pathophysiologie de l’EM et de celle du POTS. / Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) is a complex chronic disease with debilitating smyptoms and unknown etiology. Symptoms vary in frequency and severity from a person with ME (PwME) to another, thus creating a highly clinically heterogeneous patient population. Some PwME also experience orthostatic intolerance (OI) episodes or live with a comorbidity of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), two conditions that are not well understood. Post-exertional malaise (PEM) causes patients to experience a worsening of their symptoms following an effort, whether it be physical or mental. PEM can last from a few hours to several days. In PwME with POTS/OI, PEM can trigger orthostatic intolerance episodes. SLC6A2 is a gene coding for the norepinephrine transporter NET. Its contribution to the POTS pathophysiology has been mentioned several times in literature. A biochemical milieu prone to vasodilation was also reported as a contributing element to POTS pathophysiology. Recently, our laboratory published an article identifying a panel of eleven microRNAs (miRNAs) differentially expressed in PwME. Among these miRNAs, miR-150-5p has been predicted to target SLC6A2. Our hypothesis was that higher expression of miR-150-5p following an effort or a decrease in circulating thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) inducing vasodilation could contribute to POTS/OI symptoms. We measured circulating levels of miR-150-5p and TSP-1 before (T0) and after (T90) PEM induction in PwME (n = 117), PwME with POTS/OI (n = 20) and age and sex matched sedentary controls (n = 48). We demonstrated that PwME with POTS/OI have higher levels of miR-150-5p at both T0 and T90, while also having more severe symptoms. Furthermore, we used the connected vest Hexoskin (Carré Technologies Inc., Montreal, Qué., Canada) to follow a subgroup (n = 10) of patients for a longer period following PEM induction. With this tool, we were able to monitor symptoms on a daily basis, allowing better clinical follow-up. Overall, this project allowed better understanding of ME and POTS’ pathophysiology.

L'encéphalomyélite myalgique (EM) aussi connue sous le nom de syndrome de fatigue chronique est une maladie multi-systémique caractérisée par une fatigue extrême et un malaise post-effort, associés à d’autres symptômes débilitants comme l’intolérance orthostatique et des troubles du sommeil. L’EM se caractérise également par des altérations au niveau du système immunitaire et des perturbations du métabolisme énergétique affectant également le métabolisme des lipides. Dans ce contexte, nous avons exploré la contribution possible de la sphingomyéline phosphodiesterase acide 3b (SMPDL3B), produite par le gène SMPDL3B, dans la pathogénèse de l’EM. Celle-ci est une protéine multifonctionnelle ancrée par un groupement glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) au niveau de la membrane des cellules. Cette enzyme a suscité notre intérêt compte tenu de son rôle dans la régulation de l'immunité innée et dans la conversion métabolique des sphingolipides en céramides. En effet, des études métabolomiques antérieures ont rapporté une réduction drastique des taux plasmatiques de céramides de 50% chez les hommes et de 86% chez les femmes souffrant d'EM. Nous proposons que l’élévation des niveaux circulants en SMPDL3B contribue à la sévérité de plusieurs symptômes chez les personnes atteintes d’EM (PAEM) via différents mécanismes. Les niveaux plasmatiques en SMPDL3B ont été mesurés par ELISA au niveau d’une cohorte prospective québécoise composée de PAEM (n=147) et de témoins sédentaires appariés pour le sexe et l’âge (n=62) n’ayant aucun antécédent familial d’EM. Nous avons également testé, par la même approche, des échantillons de plasma d’une cohorte norvégienne composée de PAEM (n=141). L’analyse de ces deux cohortes indépendantes a permis de mettre en évidence une corrélation positive entre les taux circulants en SMPDL3B et la sévérité des symptômes des PAEM. Nous avons également observé des niveaux plasmatiques plus élevés chez les PAEM atteints d’intolérance orthostatique lorsque comparés aux PAEM ne présentant pas ce symptôme. Finalement, nous avons confirmé à l’aide de la spectrométrie cellulaire diélectrique que la forme soluble de la protéine SMPDL3B peut se lier avec une haute affinité au récepteur de chimiokines CCR3 présent chez les cellules Jurkat et mis en évidence que l’occupation de ce récepteur par la chimiokine CCL11 ou un antagoniste pharmacologique pouvait augmenter la liaison de la forme soluble de la protéine SMPDL3B vers un autre récepteur membranaire qui demeure pour l’instant inconnu. Ce projet de maîtrise a permis une meilleure compréhension de la pathophysiologie de l’EM et de la contribution de la protéine SMPDL3B (forme ancrée et soluble) dans sa pathogénèse. / Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) also known as chronic fatigue syndrome is a multi-systemic disease characterized by extreme fatigue, post-exercise malaise, orthostatic intolerance, and sleep disturbances. ME is also characterized by alterations in the immune system and disturbances in energy metabolism that also affect lipid metabolism. In this context, we explored the possible contribution of sphingomyelin acid phosphodiesterase 3b, produced by the SMPDL3B gene, in the pathogenesis of ME. This is a multifunctional protein anchored by a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) group at the cell membrane. This enzyme has intrigued our interest given its role in the regulation of innate immunity and in the metabolic conversion of sphingolipids into ceramides. Indeed, previous metabolomics studies have reported a drastic reduction in plasma ceramide levels by 50% in men and 86% in women with ME. We propose that elevation of circulating levels of SMPDL3B increases the severity of several symptoms in persons with ME (PwME) via different mechanisms. Plasma levels of SMPDL3B were measured by ELISA in a Quebec cohort composed of PwME (n=147) and sedentary controls matched for sex and age (n=62) with no family history of ME. We also tested, by the same method, plasma samples from a Norwegian cohort composed of PwME (n=141). The analysis of these two independent cohorts revealed a positive correlation between SMPDL3B and the severity of PwME symptoms. We also observed higher plasma levels in PwMEs with orthostatic instability when compared to PwMEs without this symptom. Finally, we confirmed using dielectric cell spectrometry that the soluble form of the SMPDL3B protein can bind with high affinity to the CCR3 chemokine receptor present in Jurkat cells and demonstrated that the occupation of this receptor by the chemokine CCL11 or a pharmacological antagonist could increase the binding to another membrane receptor which remains unknown for the moment. This master's project allowed a better understanding of the pathophysiology of ME and the contribution of the SMPDL3B protein in its pathogenesis.

This paper examines the Quintet in A Minor for Piano and Strings by Florence B. Price (1887-1953). One of Price's latest compositions (with final revisions dated January 21, 1952), the Quintet is a masterful example of what is possible when using a multicultural lens to approach the making of American music. This paper exposes the insufficiency of examining (and assessing) multicultural composers and their works only with traditional Western European analytical views, when an expanded approach is needed to explain many of the non-European musical influences and phenomena. While more complex and challenging, this expanded analytical approach sheds added light and understanding on all compositional techniques used within this work. This analysis of the Quintet in A Minor shows that Price often self-quotes from some of her own earlier works; specifically works from her organ, art song, and symphonic oeuvres. The findings also show that Price's understanding of both Western Classical traditions and African-American musical traditions enabled her to intertwine multiple cultures, creating novel forms that are authentic to the American experience she lived. Price created what she referred to as a "very beautiful and very American" sound.

No / A review is carried out on the characterisation and algorithmic implementation of an extended product-form approximation, based on the principle of maximum entropy (ME), for a wide class of arbitrary finite capacity open queueing network models (QNMs) with service and space priorities. A single server finite capacity GE/GE/1/N queue with R (R>1) distinct priority classes, compound Poisson arrival processes (CPPs) with geometrically distributed batches and generalised exponential (GE) service times is analysed via entropy maximisation, subject to suitable GE-type queueing theoretic constraints, under preemptive resume (PR) and head-of-line (HOL) scheduling rules combined with complete buffer sharing (CBS) and partial buffer sharing (PBS) management schemes stipulating a sequence of buffer thresholds {N=(N1,¿,NR),0<Ni¿Ni¿1,i=2,¿,R}. The GE/GE/1/N queue is utilised, in conjunction with GE-type first two moment flow approximation formulae, as a cost-effective building block towards the establishment of a generic ME queue-by-queue decomposition algorithm for arbitrary open QNMs with space and service priorities under repetitive service blocking with random destination (RS-RD). Typical numerical results are included to illustrate the credibility of the ME algorithm against simulation for various network topologies and define experimentally pessimistic GE-type performance bounds. Remarks on the extensions of the ME algorithm to other types of blocking mechanisms, such as repetitive service blocking with fixed destination (RS-FD) and blocking-after-service (BAS), are included.

One of the major challenges in earth sciences and mineral exploration has been to determine with high accuracy and at a fast rate the elemental composition as well as the general chemistry of a rock sample. Many analytical techniques e.g., scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been employed in the past with a certain degree of success, but their analyses usually require a lengthy sample preparation and time-consuming measurements which produce results at a much slower rate than techniques whichrequire less or do not require any sample preparation at all. SEM images the surface of a sample by scanning it with a high-energy beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern, where the primary electron beam produced under very low air pressure vacuum scans across the sample by striking it, and a variation of signals produce an image of the surface, or its elemental composition together with energy dispersive X-rays. Alternatively, laser induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) and multi energy X-ray transmission (ME-XRT) are non-contact measurement scanning techniques, capable of producing faster results than SEM-EDS which makes them suitable for real time measurements and analyses as they do not slow down the pace of a project being carried out. LIBS is a spectroscopic technique used to characterize and detect materials where a highly energetic laser pulse is focused onto the surfaces of solids, liquids or gases resulting in atomic and molecular species to emit light at specific wavelengths which is collected with a spectrometer and analysed using a computer. Comparably, ME-XRT is a sensor-based sorting technique involving the planar projection of X-ray attenuation of a particle stream, distributed on a fast conveyor belt, where they are scanned and evaluated while passing and an image is recorded by a line scan detector.      Eleven rock samples were analysed in this study. They include four rock type samples: granite, basalt, sandstone, and gneiss, all obtained from Luleå University of Technology (LTU) sample storage and seven ore type samples which include a porphyry Cu sulphide ore, a porphyry Cu oxide ore, a porphyry Cu-Au-Ag ore, an apatite iron ore (AIO), an iron-oxide copper gold ore (IOCG), an orogenic gold ore and a volcanogenic massive sulphide ore (VMS).       The SEM results give a semi-quantitative elemental composition of the rocks, which may be usedto discriminate mineralisation. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) maps may be used to identifygeological features and secondary electron (SE) images may be used to understand the topography of the rock samples. The SEM has a low penetration depth rate but produces moderate to high accuracy resultsdepending on the settings and calibrations. It requires a lengthy sample preparation, and its analytical time is often too long for routine industrial application. LIBS results also provide rock elemental compositions similar to the SEM, which may be quantitative if the same spectrometer is used for all elements and calibrated against a standard. It also produces element maps similar to the SEM-EDS maps. LIBS analyses yield high accuracy results but at a low penetration depth. There are no standard calibrations for the LIBS measurements, which limits quantification. LIBS measurements do not require any form of sample preparation. ME-XRT analyses result in rock chemical data portraying a light material fraction (aluminium-like) and a heavy material fraction (iron-like) which may be used to distinguish different rock samples based on the closeness of their effective atomic number Zeff to that of aluminium and iron respectively. It’s analysis also produces low-resolution images of the analysed rock samples. The image resolution is too low to allow interpretation of the data in the context of the structures and textures in the rock samples. It has a higher penetration depth than LIBS and SEM-EDS producing more volumetric data but with a lower accuracy in terms of the amount of information obtained. Only two elements are used for ME-XRT calibration measurements, if many elements of varying atomic numbers could be used, it would have the ability to provide a more reliable data. Samples must have a maximum and minimum thickness; thus, sample preparation is required to regulate the rock thickness.      SEM and LIBS provide element compositions of minerals and element distribution maps required by geologist in their daily activities during exploration and mining. This information can be considered the most useful obtained from all three techniques. However, LIBS analyses are faster, and its maps are of higher quality even at the same resolution as the SEM-EDS. This makes the LIBS preferable for real time measurements and analyses. Geological activities like drill core logging, mine mapping and sampling for grade control all require fast results for project continuity and LIBS is suitable for this purpose as it can keep up with the pace of these activities. SEM analytical technique provides semi-quantitative data which is more accurate than the LIBS data and thus, preferable for usage in research institutions and universities.ME-XRT can reveal information on the internal structures or different rock sample compositions. This makes it a suitable technique in distinguishing ore from waste material especially in iron ore mining and processing where the iron needs to be separated from the siliceous waste and sorting is also required prior to beneficiation to avoid equipment destruction by abrasive quartz. LIBS and ME-XRT analytical techniques complement each other in terms of analytical capabilities as LIBS has a low penetration depthrate but high accuracy results while the ME-XRT has a high penetration depth rate but low accuracy results. They are both fast scanning techniques that can be used for real time measurements and analyses and if their analytical prowess can be improved, the combination of these two fast analytical techniques may enable us to obtain high quality data and may as well be what is needed by geologists in the future.

No description available.

In dieser Studie werden Einstellungen zu sozialer Ungleichheit bzw. Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen und die Wahrnehmung von Einkommensungerechtigkeit durch die Bevölkerung in postkommunistischen und westlich-kapitalistischen Ländern zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten untersucht. Im Zentrum stehen vor allem die Determinanten dieser subjektiven Bewertungen und Wahrnehmungen auf der Makro-Ebene. Wie lassen sich Unterschiede in den Einstellungen und Wahrnehmungen zwischen Ländern erklären? Für westliche Länder wird davon ausgegangen, dass im Wesentlichen der Wohlfahrtsstaat als zentrales Verteilungsarrangement jeweils prägend wirkt. Um den Einfluss des Wohlfahrtsstaates zu überprüfen, wird einerseits eine Typologie wohlfahrtsstaatlicher Regime herangezogen. Andererseits wird auch der Einfluss wohlfahrtsstaatsbezogener Makroindikatoren als nähere Charakterisierung der ausgewählten Länder getestet, was in der international vergleichenden Einstellungsforschung bislang vernachlässigt wurde. In postkommunistischen Ländern, die seit dem Systemwechsel im Vergleich zu westlichen Ländern nicht durch lange wohlfahrtsstaatliche Traditionen geprägt wurden, stehen eher die unterschiedlichen Transformationsverläufe als Erklärungshintergrund von Einstellungs- und Wahrnehmungsunterschieden auf Makro-Ebene zur Verfügung. Da die objektiven Strukturen, Institutionen und individuellen Lagen in postkommunistischen Ländern einem stärkeren sozialen Wandel unterlagen, ist hier im Gegensatz zu westlichen Ländern auch mit einem entsprechend stärkeren Wandel der Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen und Bewertungen zu rechnen. Die Daten für diese Studie stammen aus zwei internationalen Umfrageprojekten, dem ''International Social Justice Project'' (ISJP) von 1991, 1996 und 2000 sowie dem ''International Social Survey Programme'' (ISSP) von 1987, 1992 und 1999. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen, die als normative Grundhaltungen von Menschen eher prinzipieller Art sind, besser durch wohlfahrtsstaatliche Regimes erklären lassen, die diese Grundhaltungen institutionell inkorporieren und strukturell transportieren, während subjektive Wahrnehmungen von Einkommensungerechtigkeit besser durch konkretere wohlfahrtsstaatliche Makroindikatoren beeinflusst werden. / This study analyzes attitudes towards social inequality, justice ideologies and the perceived amount of injustice with respect to the distribution of income in post-communist and western-capitalist countries at different times, with a specific focus on the macro level determinants of subjective judgements and perceptions. How can country differences with respect to subjective judgements and perceptions be explained? One can assume that, for western countries, the welfare state is the main distribution arrangement shaping these subjective aspects. In order to analyze the influence of the welfare state, a typology of welfare state regimes is developed. In addition, the effects of macro indicators of the welfare state, conceptualized as more specific characteristics of the selected countries, are tested, which has been previously neglected in cross-national attitude research. In post-communist countries, which were not shaped by long national welfare state traditions as much as in western countries, the different transformation processes and their success are more suitable for explaining divergent macro-level attitudes and perceptions. As objective structures, institutions and the individual situations in post-communist countries have gone through a stronger process of social change than in western countries, a stronger change in justice attitudes, evaluations and perceptions can be accounted here accordingly. Data for this study come from two international survey projects, the ''International Social Justice Project'' (ISJP) 1991, 1996 and 2000 and the ''International Social Survey Programme'' (ISSP) 1987, 1992 and 1999. The results demonstrate that justice attitudes, which are rather basic normative attitudes, can be better explained by welfare state regimes which incorporate these basic attitudes institutionally and transport them structurally, whereas subjective perceptions, such as the perception of social injustice with respect to the income distribution, are affected by more concrete welfare related macro indicators.