The aim of this thesis is to examine the affects of mobile communication practices on urban public places, particularly on meeting places in urban space. The contribution of mobile communication technologies into daily practices and rapid penetration of them into everyday-life is quite obvious in the last decade. The inevitable presence of mobile phones in everyday-life practices encourages urban researchers to consider their impacts on urban social context and consequently on urban public places. The objective of the research is to understand the incompatibility between the existing urban image and the mental image of mobile society. Mobile phones enable people to organize meetings independent from the scheduled program. This device not only increases the mobility of the user within the city but also enhances the individual&rsquo / s ability to develop coherent cognitive maps / because it gives the freedom of choice to pick-up the location for &ldquo / meeting places&rdquo / . For instance, beside landmarks, paths have been given new identities by mobile society. An increase in the number of indoor or outdoor meeting places (some being entirely random in selection), contributes to the cognitive maps and thus to the identity of the city. This stands as a contradicting argument to the classical understanding of the city and its parts, which is by and large accepted to be based on visual experiences. The predetermined and limited components (nodes, landmarks) which help individuals meet (and socialize) are now modest items of a larger inventory of settings. This thesis is aiming to analyze the behavioral and perceptual changes that derive from mobile communication practices. Through this research, the architectural and spatial qualities of the old and new inventories of meeting places are also a part of the study to reveal the differences, if any.

The aim of the research is, having evaluated attitude peculiarities of the participants of the research, revealed real collaboration practices and applied action research, to construct methodology and a model of collaboration, meeting special educational needs. The research has been carried out in accordance with the principle of triangulation, combining quality and quantity methods (questionnaire method, individual semi-structured interview, action research using the focus group method). The results of the research revealed that children, having special educational needs and their parents often appear in the situation of isolation in comprehensive schools. teachers’ communication among themselves is more often oriented to individual conversations, consultations, individual perfection, but not to team work and collegial solution of problems. Students often feel teachers’ negative attitudes towards them, ignorance, rejection. Structure and expressiveness of parents’ and teachers’ attitudes towards special education and collaboration has been identified. Considering the collaborative situation (on a country scale) and concrete institutional context (on a school scale), collaboration methodology has been suggested, the basis of which is action research with focus group method applied. The results of the research confirm effectiveness of the methodology. Analysis of individual cases when there is common problem solution and participation of all the members of educational process... [to full text]

The aim of the research is, having evaluated attitude peculiarities of the participants of the research, revealed real collaboration practices and applied action research, to construct methodology and a model of collaboration, meeting special educational needs. The research has been carried out in accordance with the principle of triangulation, combining quality and quantity methods (questionnaire method, individual semi-structured interview, action research using the focus group method). 1445 participants were involved. The results of the research revealed that children, having special educational needs and their parents often appear in the situation of isolation in comprehensive schools of Lithuania – SEN students lack communication, often there are no possibilities to involve and solve children’s educational problems together, their possibilities and needs are not evaluated enough. Parents’ and specialists’ interactions are especially limited. It was stated that teachers’ communication among themselves is more often oriented to individual conversations, consultations, individual perfection, but not to team work and collegial solution of problems. One way information provision dominates in communication with parents. Underefficient system of communication and information spread limits possible interactions, does not encourage complex interaction of all the participants of the process of education and common problem solution. Leaders underestimate the results of common work... [to full text]

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Dès la loi NRE de 2001, le législateur français s’est intéressé à l’utilisation de la voie électroniqueen période d’assemblée générale des actionnaires. Il laisse au pouvoir réglementaire la liberté deposer les modalités de toute forme d’interaction à distance entre la société anonyme et sesactionnaires. Le régime juridique allemand relatif aux assemblées générales a quant à lui étémodernisé en profondeur par la seule ARUG de 2009. Cette loi transpose la directiveeuropéenne 2007/36/CE du 11 juillet 2007 concernant l’exercice de certains droits desactionnaires de sociétés cotées. Ces textes ont conçu un actionnaire qui utiliserait la voieélectronique pour faciliter l’exercice de ses droits, un « cyber-actionnaire ». Si les textes françaisont bien pour objectif de faciliter l’exercice des droits de l’actionnaire, un nouveau cadre juridiquesemble s’être greffé sur la réglementation connue jusqu’alors. À trop chercher à s’en distinguer,notamment pour marquer la nouveauté, un régime juridique spécial semble s’être constitué, alorsque le droit allemand paraît aisément assimiler la voie électronique aux modes traditionnels decommunication. Or l’on ne fait pas face à une nouvelle catégorie d’actionnaires qui justifierait untraitement particulier. Le cyber-actionnaire n’est qu’un actionnaire exerçant par voie électroniqueses droits relatifs à l’information, à la communication et à la prise de décision collective enpériode d’assemblée générale. Pour s’en convaincre, la présente étude tire le bilan del’implication de la voie électronique en droit des sociétés par actions français et allemand. / This study looks into the introduction of electronic means in French and German company law.The French legislator already introduced the possibility of participating in shareholders annualgeneral meetings via electronic means in 2001. The law on New Economic Regulations led thegovernment to set the conditions of all the electronic communication between companies andtheir shareholders. In Germany, mainly the ARUG from 2009 modernized the law related to theAGM, by transposing the European directive from 11th July 2007 on the exercise of certain rightsof shareholders in listed companies. The new laws have a shareholder in mind, who would useelectronic means to facilitate the exercise of his rights before and during the AGM, a “cybershareholder”.While the German law seeks to assimilate the electronic communication with thetraditional correspondence, the varying French decrees seem to distinguish between a new legalregime and a traditional one. However, there is no need for a new category of shareholders,which could justify a special legal foundation. The cyber-shareholder is just a shareholderexercising his rights related to information, communication and collective decision-making in theAGM via electronic means.

Gathering places (mötesplatser in Swedish) is an frequent used concept within the discourse about urban and regional planning in Sweden. It is an ambiguous term that is used in a variety of contexts and with a variety of meanings. Present work aims to investigate and describe the function of an urban square in Sweden as a public gathering place based on a number of given aspects. To achieve the aim of this thesis two different research approaches, in addition to an extensive literature study, is being used; a survey with people in a calculated target area and observations following the methodology created by Metha, 2014. Previous studies have shown that there are a number of variab- les that need to be understood to create a comprehensive insight in the social dimensions of urban public space. Among these, different groups and their perception of different factors are crucial to include. Furthermore, the inclusion and the possi- bility to use the public space is of great importance. As is the possibility to feel safe and calm in the space. Hence, there are numerous factors to include when the social dimensions of a public space is to be studied. These factors can be measured as indicators on how good the public space is, as is done in the Public Space Index developed by Metha (2014). Present study’s findings include a suggested definition of the term “Public gathering place” and data that indicates that Bysistorget is an overall good public gathering place. This is, however, proble- matized when the data is divided by different groups and a more variegated understanding arises.

Corporate bodies are essential for the development of companies activities, and their minutes provide a means of evidence and proof of the deliberations and resolutions adopted therein. In certain conlict situations, the presence of a notary public is required in the meetings in order to verify the legality and validity of the resolutions adopted. This is why the General Corporations Law provides for the possibility that the notary public witnesses the general shareholders meeting, but omits it in the case of the board of directors. In this context, the amendment of article 170 of the General Corporations Law expressly incorporates the possibility of counting with the presence of a notary public in the board of directors in order to certify the authenticity of the resolutions and implement immediately the decisions adopted by both corporate bodies. / Los órganos sociales son esenciales para el desarrollo de las actividades de las sociedades y sus actas constituyen un medio de constancia y prueba de las deliberaciones y acuerdos adoptados en ellos. En ciertas situaciones confictivas, se amerita la presencia de un notario en las reuniones para dejar constancia la legalidad y validez de los  acuerdos adoptados. Por ello, la Ley General de Sociedades preveía la posibilidad de que el notario presencie las juntas generales de accionistas, pero lo omitía en el caso del directorio. En este contexto, la modiicación del artículo 170 de la Ley General de Sociedades incorpora de manera expresa la posibilidad de contar con la presencia de un notario en el directorio para certiicar la autenticidad de los acuerdos y poder ejecutar de inmediato las decisiones de ambos órganos sociales.

Bakgrund: Vi blir allt äldre och fler bor kvar i hemmet med behov av vård- och omsorgsinsatser. Då dessa personer av någon anledning vårdats på sjukhus och skall återgå till hemmet görs en vård- och omsorgsplanering för att patienten ska kunna lämna slutenvården på ett tryggt sätt. Med ett växande antal äldre med behov av insatser i hemmet kommer även behovet av samordnad vård- och omsorgsplanering på sjukhus att öka. En sådan planering görs allt mer via videokonferens idag. Denna form av digitala möten innebär nya utmaningar för sjuksköterskan i att skapa och upprätthålla en ömsesidighet. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka förutsättningar för vård- och omsorgsplanering via videokonferens och hur detta påverkar möjligheten för vårdpersonalen att kunna förstå och tolka patientens situation utifrån ett helhetsperspektiv och således utföra ett personcentrerat möte på distans. Metod: En kvalitativ forskningsansats användes för att erhålla en förståelse av sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av vård- och omsorgsplanering via videokonferens. Metoden bestod av en inledande explorativ litteraturstudie samt enskilda personliga semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet bestod av totalt sju sjuksköterskor inom slutenvård, primärvård och kommunal hemsjukvård. Analysen av intervjumaterialet utfördes med en induktiv ansats inspirerad av fenomenologi. Resultat: Resultatet visar att kommunikationen påverkas och att möten via videoteknik förlorar närhet och således en del av den mänskliga kontakten. Detta kan bidra till sämre möjlighet att se varandra som personer men kan kompenseras av ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt. Tekniken kan fungera som ett medel för mänsklig interaktion dock ej ersättning för det. Huvudtemana som framkommer i resultatet är förlust av närhet kompenseras av flera vinster med tillhörande teman skärmen som barriär och vinster för vårdpersonal, patient och anhöriga samt teknik som medel för mänsklig interaktion med tillhörande teman ytterst beroende av personerna i mötet och hög kvalitet på utrustning och prestanda. Slutsats: Samordnad vård- och omsorgsplanering via videokonferens innebär utmaningar i att skapa närvaro och ett genuint intresse som kompenserar för den fysiska närhet som förloras. Denna mötesform kan göra det svårare se varandra som personer men detta hinder kan kompenseras av ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt. Sjuksköterskan behöver vara väl förtrogen med personcentrerad vård för att kunna möta patienten trots den barriär som skärmen kan utgöra. Teknik är ett medel, inte ett självändamål i sig. Rätt nyttjad kan informations- och kommunikationsteknologi användas med stora tidsvinster för att få tillgång till varandra oavsett geografisk plats och kan bidra till en mänsklig interaktion men inte ersätta den. / Background: We are becoming older and more people remain in their home with the need for care. When these persons for some reason have been hospitalized and are to return to their homes, care planning is performed in order for the person to be able to leave the ward in a safe manner. With an increasing number of elderly persons in need of care interventions in their home, the need for coordinated care planning in hospitals will also increase. Such planning is today being performed increasingly often via video conferencing. This form of digital encounters poses new challenges for the nurse in creating and maintaining a mutuality. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the conditions for coordinated care planning via video conferencing and how this affects the ability of health care professionals to understand and interpret the patient’s situation from a holistic perspective, thus performing a person-centered meeting at a distance. Method: A qualitative research approach was used to gain an understanding of nurses' experience of coordinated care planning via video conferencing. The method consisted of an initial exploratory literature study and individual personal semistructured interviews. The sample consisted of a total of seven nurses in primary care, primary care and municipal home nursing. The analysis of the interview material was conducted with an inductive approach inspired by phenomenology. Result: The result shows that the communication is affected and that meetings via video technology lose proximity and thus a part of the human contact. This can disrupt the possibility of seeing each other as persons but can be compensated by a person-centered approach. The technology can act as a means of human interaction, but not as a compensation for it. The main themes found in the result are loss of proximity compensated by multiple gains with associated themes screen as a barrier and benefits for healthcare professionals, patients and relatives as well as technology as means of human interaction with associated themes decidedly dependent on the people in the meeting and high quality in equipment and performance. Conclusion: Coordinated care planning via video conferencing involves challenges in conveying presence and genuine interest that compensates for the loss of physical presence. This form of meeting can make it more difficult to see each other as persons, however this obstacle can be compensated by a person-centered approach. The nurse needs to be well acquainted with person-centered care in order to meet the patient despite the barrier that the screen may create. Technology is a means, not an end in itself. Proper use of information and communication technology can be used with great time gains to access each other regardless of geographical location and can contribute to human interaction but not replace it.

La présente thèse vise à défendre la valeur esthétique du temps inscrit dans l’architecture. Elle considère le temps à travers la notion d’événement qu’elle met à l’épreuve sur un objet : le village de Viens dans le Vaucluse. L’événement du temps inscrivant partout des inégalités et des différences, l’analyse systématique de l’architecture permet de construire une grammaire plastique du temps. Cette grammaire se caractérise par l’hétérogénéité des matériaux, des actions et des usages qui participent chacun à leur manière et dans leurs interactions à la temporalisation de l’architecture. Le temps architectural se dialectise selon deux lignes complémentaires, celle de la rencontre d’une part, celle de l’entropie et du désordre de l’autre. Si les inégalités produites par le temps se manifestent dans des singularités irréductibles les unes aux autres, les conditions d’existence du bâti créent une expérience commune dont l’architecture témoigne par une résolution harmonieuse des tensions que le temps engendre. La question grammaticale se double d’une question d’ordre déontologique. Il s’agit alors de se demander comment on produit le présent et ce qu’on fait du passé architectural. Le temps architectural étant foncièrement hétérogène, rapports de temporalités distinctes, la question déontologique du temps consacre le présent comme temps de référence. Dans ce présent hétérogène la photographie joue un rôle crucial : en éternisant le temps dans la prise de vue et en créant des rapports nouveaux par la juxtaposition de ses images. La photographie, et après elle les différents supports de mémorisation et de communication, inventent un temps nouveau qui ne se lit plus sous la forme d’une histoire linéaire mais sous la forme de cohabitations continues de temporalités. / This thesis supports the view of an aesthetic value of time as inscribed in architecture. It considers time under the notion of event, as implemented in a case study : the village of Viens in Vaucluse. Since the specificity of time is to inscribe differences and inequalities everywhere, a systematic analysis of architecture should build a visual time grammar. The latter is characterized by the heterogeneity of materials, actions, and uses which, each in its own way and interactions, participate to the temporalisation of architecture. Architectural time consists in two dialectical and complementary lines : that of the encounter on one hand, and that of entropy and disorder on the other hand. Even if the differences produced by time manifest themselves in irreducible singularities, the living conditions of built architecture makes possible an experience where tensions created over time are harmoniously resolved.A deontological issue adds up to the grammatical one : how does one include architectural past into present propositions? Architectural time being radically heterogeneous, made from distinct temporalities, the deontological issue of time institutes the present time as reference. In such an heterogeneous times pattern, photography has a key role by fixing eternity in a single shot and creating new relationships through the juxtaposition of pictures. Photography, and later on the new memorisation and communication media, invent a new type of time which doesn’t read in the form of a linear narrative any more, but of continuous cohabitations of temporalities.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever as orientações de letramento de crianças de uma turma de primeiro e terceiro ano do Ensino Fundamental I de uma escola pública estadual, localizada na zona rural do sul do Brasil, bem como investigar a presença e os usos da escrita das crianças e dos seus familiares fora do contexto escolar. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de trabalho de campo de nove meses, que envolveu a geração de dados etnográficos na escola e na comunidade por meio de observação participante, gravação audiovisual das aulas, entrevistas com os professores e membros da comunidade, registros fotográficos e coleta de documentos. A fundamentação teórica que orientou todo o processo investigativo está baseada nos Novos Estudos sobre Letramentos (HEATH, 1982,1983, 2012; STREET, 1984; BARTON, 2007), os quais entendem letramento como um conjunto de práticas sociais que envolvem a leitura e a escrita e que estão inscritas em um contexto cultural específico. Os principais conceitos que guiam este trabalho são o de letramento (BARTON; HAMILTON, 1998), eventos de letramento (HEATH, 1982) e práticas de letramento (BARTON, 2007). Por meio da análise dos dados, concluímos que há, dentro da escola, orientações de letramento alinhadas à valorização de um conhecimento construído socialmente e que está diretamente conectada à configuração socioeconômica dos grupos que fazem parte da comunidade investigada. A escrita medeia um encontro entre a vida que está fora da escola e a vida que se faz dentro, estabelecendo determinadas funções para o letramento. Nessa escola, saber ler e escrever serve para: ser agricultor; ser cidadão do mundo; ser pesquisador. Além disso, constatamos que as crianças e os seus familiares são membros de um grupo social que usa a escrita de diferentes maneiras e para diversos propósitos em suas vidas e que as crianças acabam por se envolver em práticas de letramento ligadas ao mundo adulto, seja como participantes ou apenas observadores. Além disso, averiguamos que há uma relação complexa entre identidades social de gênero/ser agricultor e letramentos. O presente estudo pretende dar visibilidade às práticas de letramento dos membros e das crianças que vivem em uma comunidade rural em diferentes contextos, abrindo caminhos para que a instituição escolar reconheça e valorize o conhecimento que essas pessoas trazem para a escola, desconstruindo uma visão deficitária sobre populações rurais. / This study aims to describe the literacy orientations of children from first and third grades of an elementary public school located in a rural area in southern Brazil, as well as to investigate the presence and uses of writing at school, at home, and in other scenarios. The study involved nine months of ethnographic fieldwork, wtih participant observation, audiovisual recording of classroom settings, interviews with teachers and other members of the community, photographic records, and document collection. The entire theoretical investigative framework is based on the New Literacy Studies (HEATH, 1982.1983, 2012; STREET, 1984; BARTON, 2007), which understand literacy as a set of social practices involving reading and writing inscribed in a specific cultural context. The main concepts that guide this work are literacy (BARTON, HAMILTON, 1998), literacy events (HEATH, 1982) and practices of literacy (BARTON, 2007). From the data analysis, we could conclude that there is, in the school, literacy guidelines aligned with the promotion of a socially constructed knowledge, and it is directly connected to the socio-economic configuration of the groups who are part of the community. Writing mediates a connections between life that is out of school and life that happens inside of it, establishing determined functions for literacy. In this school, reading and writing are used to: be a farmer; be a citizen of the world; be a researcher. In addition, we found that children and their families are members of a social group that uses writing in different ways and for different purposes, as well as the children end up getting involved in literacy practices related to the adult world, either as participants or observers of them. Moreover, we found that there is a complex relationship between social identities of gender, the social identity of being a farmer, and literacies. This study aims to give visibility to the literacy practices of members and of children living in a rural community in different contexts, opening ways for the school institution to recognize and to value the knowledge that these people bring to school, deconstructing a deficit view of rural populations.