Det fynd av sällsynta jordartsmetaller som gjordes i Kiruna i början av året 2023 hyllas för att ha potential att bidra till framväxten av grön teknik. Samtidigt skulle en gruva på denna plats klyva ett traditionellt renskötselområde i två separata delar. I uppsatsen tillämpas Politisk utilitarism och Rättvisa som Skälighet för att upptäcka möjliga riktlinjer för huruvida en gruva är tillåten på mark som redan används som renskötselområde. Då teorierna leder till två motsatta slutsatser presenteras ett förslag om att anta nerväxt som en alternativ strategi för att uppnå en grön omställning, vilket gör att beslutsproblemet tar en ny form och möjliggör för teorierna att mötas i sin vägledning.

<p>Humanitär intervention är ett begrepp inom internationella relationer som väcker många känslor och frågor. Trots att idén om att använda våld för att stoppa brott mot de mänskli-ga rättigheter kan verka attraktivt från ett moraliskt perspektiv, vilket man i århundraden har gjort, har denna praktik varit synnerligen oregelbunden. Detta i hög grad beroende på den ambivalens som finns inför de internationella normer som skall reglera staters använ-dande av militärt våld.</p><p>Synen på humanitära interventioner har ändrats i överensstämmelse med de förändringar som skett inom det internationella systemet. Dessa ändringar har, till viss del, medfört en förändrad syn på de normer som legitimerar användandet av våld inom det internationella samfundet.</p><p>Humanitära interventioner som begrepp och praktik innehåller många dilemman i vår tid. Detta eftersom det berör traditionella normer av suveränitet och ickeintervention, som är de främsta byggstenarna för det moderna internationella systemet, tillika del av Förenta Na-tionernas (FN) stadgar. Stater är i dag förbjudna att använda militärt våld som ett instru-ment i deras utrikespolitik, förutom i fall av självförsvar eller i kollektiva säkerhetsåtgärder, beslutade av FN:s säkerhetsråd. Det handlar även om att det finns traditionella normer som förbjuder intervention i andra staters interna angelägenheter. Dessutom ska allt militärt våld auktorernas av säkerhetsrådet, som har till uppgift att upprätthålla internationell fred och säkerhet.</p><p>Med detta perspektiv för ögonen, är användandet av våld för att genomdriva internationella humanitära normer, mycket begränsad enligt internationell lag. Detta har i många situatio-ner skapat ett svart hål när det kommer till att stoppa allvarliga förbrytelser mot de mänsk-liga rättigheter, genom internationellt ingripande. Ovanstående har lett till att man börjat diskutera och ifrågasätta traditionella principer som har varit ledande för det internationella samarbetet, vilket i sin tur skulle kunna öppna vägen för vissa interventioner med humani-tära syften.</p><p>Denna diskussion handlar om suveränitet, internationella lag och det handlar om moraliska ställningstaganden. Realismen har under lång tid varit den ledande skolan i internationella relationer och därmed lagt grunden för hur man ska tolka internationella konflikter, krigs-föring och interventioner. På senare tid har Realismen utmanats av andra teoretiska skolor och ställningstaganden som ifrågasätter Realismens förmåga att förklara händelser på den internationella arenan.</p><p>Genom att jämföra Realismens ståndpunkter, gentemot humanitära interventioner, med Utilitarismen och den Kosmopolitiska skolan, har uppsatsen kunnat presentera olika bilder av den problematik som humanitära interventioner idag står inför och därmed måste för-hålla sig till. Igenom att granska konflikten i Rwanda 1994 och Kosovo 1999 har problema-tiken runt humanitära interventioner ytterligare kunnat belysas och diskuteras. Detta har skett genom en kvalitativ textanalys.</p><p>Nyckelord: Humanitär Intervention, Suveränitet, Icke-intervention, Internationell lag, Rea-lism, Kosmopolitanism, Utilitarism, Moral</p> / <p>Humanitarian intervention is a concept within international relations that provoke many diverse feelings and questions. Although the idée too use force in the name of ending crimes against human rights may seem attractive from a moral perspective, its practise has been highly irregular. This is much due to the norms that regulate states use of military force.</p><p>The view on humanitarian interventions has changed in unity with the changes that have appeared within the international system. These changes have, to some extent, brought on a transformation in how we look upon the norms that regulate the use of force within the international community.</p><p>Humanitarian intervention is also a concept and practises that creates many dilemmas in our time. This because it touches and concerns traditional norms of sovereignty and non-intervention, that is not only fundamental building stones for the modern international system, but also a immense part of the structure of the United Nations (UN). States today, are forbidden to use military force as an integrated part of their foreign policy, except in cases of self-defence or collective security measures authorised by the UN Security Council. It is also about customary norms, which declare that states should not interfere in other states internal affaires.</p><p>In the company of the above stated, the use of force to implement humanitarian norms is fairly limited according to international law. This has repeatedly created a gap when it comes to stop serious violations against human rights through international interference. The above stated has led to an intense discussion concerning how traditional principals may have to chance in ways that better can guide international cooperation’s in these matters. This discussion may in turn lead to an opening for some sort of interventions with humanitarian purposes.</p><p>This discussion, furthermore, concerns sovereignty, international law, and it is about morality. Realism has for a long period of time been the leading school in international relations and has laid the ground for how we should interpret international conflicts, war and intervention. Recently, this school has been forced too respond to opposition from some other theoretical schools; questioning Realisms ability to explain activities on the international arena.</p><p>By comparing Realism opinion toward humanitarian interventions, with the Utilitarian and Cosmopolitan school, this thesis has been able to present different pictures describe the complexity of humanitarian interventions. Through analyse of the conflicts taking place in Rwanda 1994 and in Kosovo 1999, the issue of humanitarian intervention has been further scrutinised and discussed. This has been done through a qualitative text analyse.</p><p>Keywords: Humanitarian Intervention, Sovereignty, Non-intervention, International law, Realism, Cosmopolitanism, Utilitarianism, Morality</p>

<p>Denna uppsats belyser förutsättningar för samarbete om en gemensamt ägd resurs mellan traditionellt sett egoistiska vinstmaximerande aktörer. Handlingar som motiveras utifrån egoistisk vinstmaximerande rationalitet vid utnyttjandet av en gemensamt ägd resurs är kontraproduktivt och ohållbart för resursens bevarande på lång sikt. Därför måste aktörerna ändra sitt beteende kring utnyttjandet av resursen.</p><p>Här belyses de förutsättningar, processer, handlingsmotiv och verktyg som krävs för att gemensam handling mellan egoister kan ingås, etableras och bevaras. Samarbete som utformas enligt modellen som beskrivs i denna uppsats ger individerna högre nyttoavkastning samtidigt som resursen kan bevaras på ett långsiktigt hållbart sätt. Egoistiska, eller självintresserade, konkurrerande aktörer gör långsiktiga nyttovinster på att samarbeta.</p><p>Som exempel används två imaginära vinstdrivande företag på en konkurrensutsatt marknad. Företagen får nyttovinster i form av ökad produktivitet och kostnadsminskningar genom att samarbeta om en gemensamt ägd inköpsavdelning, jämfört med individuellt agerande. Ett företag fungerar i denna uppsats som representant för urtypen av en vinstmaximerande självdriven egoist. Inköpsavdelningar har traditionellt sett varit drivna som en privat ägd resurs. Här belyses att nyttovinster kan göras genom att ombilda flera privat ägda inköpsavdelningar till en gemensamt ägd resurs. Men detta kräver att aktörerna omformulerar sina nyttofunktionella motiv till handling. Uppsatsen beskriver hur detta kan gå till, vilka svårigheter samarbete kan innebära och hur aktörerna kan överkomma svårigheterna.</p><p>”Mind-Map” modellerna i avsnitten 5.2 och 5.3 har visst sammanfattande värde. De visar hur uppsatsens teorier bygger på varandra. ”Mind-Map” modellerna visar följderna från egoistisk och liberal-utilitaristisk rationalitet som motiv till handling vid utnyttjandet av en gemensamt ägd resurs. För att en gemensam handling ska komma till stånd kan aktörerna inte motivera sina handlingar från egoistisk vinstmaximering, utan snarare liberal-utilitaristisk ”satisficing”.</p><p>Uppsatsens antaganden är uppbyggda som så att avsnitten 2, 3 och 4 utgör grundantagandena. Hur de antagandena appliceras introduceras i avsnitt 5. I avsnitt 6 kommer ytterligare antaganden allt eftersom modellen anpassar sig efter en inköpssituation.</p>

Animal welfare is a topic subjected to great controversy, mostly within moral philosophy. The moral issue of human behaviour is often dealt with, alongside whether nonhuman animals are eligible certain rights. In our world, how humans behave towards nonhuman animals have fallen into something of political oblivion, which is the departure-point for this research. The essay’s discourse surrounds nonhuman animals’ political and moral status in Sweden, with the aim of drawing conclusions regarding whether they can be said to possess it. This is done through an analysis of ideas, using dimensions as tools, problematizing the Swedish parliamentary parties' views on animal welfare. A better understanding for nonhuman animals’ situation in Sweden has been provided, showing that there is no animal rights mentality tangible, while speciesist and utilitarian attitudes towards nonhuman animals dominate. The analysis show that nonhuman animals in Sweden possess moral status, as the parties agree that nonhuman animals should be spared from unnecessary suffering, and their welfare seems to count in its own right. However, human interests tend to take precedence in most cases, and in the end, nonhuman animals cannot be considered to possess any political status, despite their unmistakable presence in our society.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:49:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 30140054 bytes, checksum: c5f54ca62713b24505a238af3d1f37a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-13 / The research entitled " The children s literary prose in textbook: an instrument of pedagogical utilitarism or object of pleasure?" involves, thematically, the identification and analysis of the theoretical and methodological concepts, guiding the proposed practices by the textbook of Elementary Education (4th and 5th grades) for the reading of literary texts for children. The study, centered in the dialogic discourse (bakthinian and peircean) and the theory of intertextuality, it aims to reflect on the dual function of children s literature in the classroom: to instruct and amuse, to delight and teach, investigating the relationship between the quality of children s text and the methodology that is dispensed by the textbooks, its potential to arouse the reader reactions of sensible knowledge of the world or simply to serve as an educational tool-utility in carrying out diverse activities of the superficial nature on the read text (fill in forms, reading limited to scripts built of peripheral issues about the content of the text, copies, grammatical notes unrelated of the poetic message constructed by literary language in texts). We opted for Qualitative Research, defining it as a method of data collection for the case study, the Document Analysis. The objects of analysis are selected by the researcher Textbooks, among the examples listed by the guide of the National Textbook Program (NPDB) 2010. We found, with this investigation, that the literary text is treated, in the researched textbooks, as utilitarian object, as a monossemic discourse, unlinked from the real, human and social world. / A pesquisa intitulada A prosa literária infantil em livros didáticos: instrumento de utilitarismo pedagógico ou objeto de prazer? envolve, tematicamente, a identificação e análise das concepções teóricas e metodológicas, norteadoras das práticas propostas pelo livro didático da Educação Fundamental (4º e 5º anos) para a leitura do texto literário infantil. O estudo, centrado no discurso dialógico (bakthiniano e peirceano) e na teoria da intertextualidade, objetiva refletir sobre a dupla função da literatura infantil na sala de aula: instruir e dar prazer, investigando a relação existente entre a qualidade dos textos infantis e a metodologia que lhes é dispensada pelos livros didáticos, sua potencialidade para despertar no leitor reações prazerosas de conhecimento sensível do mundo ou simplesmente para servir de instrumento pedagógico-utilitário na execução de atividades diversas de natureza superficial sobre o texto lido (preenchimento de fichas; leitura limitada a roteiros constituídos de questões periféricas sobre os conteúdos do texto; cópias; observações gramaticais desvinculadas da mensagem poética construída pela linguagem literária dos textos). Optou-se pela Pesquisa Qualitativa, definindo-se como método de coleta de dados para o estudo de caso, a Análise Documental. Os objetos de análise são Livros Didáticos selecionados pela pesquisadora, dentre os exemplares indicados pelo guia do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) 2010. Constatou-se, com esta investigação, que o texto literário é tratado, nos livros didáticos pesquisados, como objeto utilitário, como um discurso monossêmico, desvinculado do mundo real, humano, social.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:54:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 30140054 bytes, checksum: c5f54ca62713b24505a238af3d1f37a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-13 / The research entitled " The children s literary prose in textbook: an instrument of pedagogical utilitarism or object of pleasure?" involves, thematically, the identification and analysis of the theoretical and methodological concepts, guiding the proposed practices by the textbook of Elementary Education (4th and 5th grades) for the reading of literary texts for children. The study, centered in the dialogic discourse (bakthinian and peircean) and the theory of intertextuality, it aims to reflect on the dual function of children s literature in the classroom: to instruct and amuse, to delight and teach, investigating the relationship between the quality of children s text and the methodology that is dispensed by the textbooks, its potential to arouse the reader reactions of sensible knowledge of the world or simply to serve as an educational tool-utility in carrying out diverse activities of the superficial nature on the read text (fill in forms, reading limited to scripts built of peripheral issues about the content of the text, copies, grammatical notes unrelated of the poetic message constructed by literary language in texts). We opted for Qualitative Research, defining it as a method of data collection for the case study, the Document Analysis. The objects of analysis are selected by the researcher Textbooks, among the examples listed by the guide of the National Textbook Program (NPDB) 2010. We found, with this investigation, that the literary text is treated, in the researched textbooks, as utilitarian object, as a monossemic discourse, unlinked from the real, human and social world. / A pesquisa intitulada A prosa literária infantil em livros didáticos: instrumento de utilitarismo pedagógico ou objeto de prazer? envolve, tematicamente, a identificação e análise das concepções teóricas e metodológicas, norteadoras das práticas propostas pelo livro didático da Educação Fundamental (4º e 5º anos) para a leitura do texto literário infantil. O estudo, centrado no discurso dialógico (bakthiniano e peirceano) e na teoria da intertextualidade, objetiva refletir sobre a dupla função da literatura infantil na sala de aula: instruir e dar prazer, investigando a relação existente entre a qualidade dos textos infantis e a metodologia que lhes é dispensada pelos livros didáticos, sua potencialidade para despertar no leitor reações prazerosas de conhecimento sensível do mundo ou simplesmente para servir de instrumento pedagógico-utilitário na execução de atividades diversas de natureza superficial sobre o texto lido (preenchimento de fichas; leitura limitada a roteiros constituídos de questões periféricas sobre os conteúdos do texto; cópias; observações gramaticais desvinculadas da mensagem poética construída pela linguagem literária dos textos). Optou-se pela Pesquisa Qualitativa, definindo-se como método de coleta de dados para o estudo de caso, a Análise Documental. Os objetos de análise são Livros Didáticos selecionados pela pesquisadora, dentre os exemplares indicados pelo guia do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) 2010. Constatou-se, com esta investigação, que o texto literário é tratado, nos livros didáticos pesquisados, como objeto utilitário, como um discurso monossêmico, desvinculado do mundo real, humano, social.

No description available.

Les Lumières allemandes voient l’émergence d’une réflexion anthropologique spécifique qui envisage l’homme dans sa totalité, en dépassant les dualismes entre l’âme et le corps, l’esprit et la sensibilité, la nature et la culture. Le présent travail se propose d’analyser dans cette perspective "Les Années de Voyage de Wilhelm Meister ou les Renonçants" de Johann Wolfgang Goethe, ultime roman de l’auteur qui se situe au début du XIXe siècle en Allemagne. Nous démontrons que ce roman témoigne d’une unité de sens sous-jacente à la multitude apparente au premier regard. En focalisant notre recherche sur l’analyse du chemin initiatique, nous pouvons dépasser les significations communément admises. Nous pouvons montrer que tout un nouvel univers pour la compréhension de cette œuvre hermétique de vieillesse, élaborée en même temps que Faust II, de 1825 à 1829, s’ouvre alors. Goethe observe et dépeint les difficultés existentielles de son époque et propose une solution pour l’individu, celle de tendre vers une indépendance ontologique intérieure face aux incertitudes du monde extérieur. Son projet éducatif consiste à faire l’union entre la quintessence de la philosophie hermétique, tradition millénaire (die alte Wahrheit), inhérente à un accès à la maîtrise initiatique et les besoins de l’époque moderne : la capacité au dépassement de soi, acquise par une individuation réussie et l’unité en soi-même, peut être mise au service du bien commun. / The German Enlightenment witnessed the emergence of a particular kind of anthropological reflection considering man in its totality, going beyond the dualisms of soul and body, spirit and sensitivity, nature and culture. This work sets out to analyze Johann Wolfgang Goethe’s ultimate novel taking place in early nineteenth century Germany — Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years, or the Renunciants — through that perspective. It demonstrates how a sense of unity underlies the apparent multiplicity of this novel. Focusing my research on the study of the initiatory journey allowed me to transcend commonly accepted interpretations. Indeed, the reader is provided with a new context of understanding for this hermetic novel written in old age, in the same period as Faust II, from 1825 to 1829. Goethe observes and depicts the existential difficulties of his era and offers the following solution to the individual: one should strive towards an inner ontological independence in order to face the uncertainties of the external world. His educational project consists in uniting the quintessence of hermetic philosophy, a millenary tradition (“die alte Wahrheit”) inherent in initiatory masterhood, and the needs of the modern era. Goethe thus reveals how the ability to surpass oneself thanks to a successful individuation and a sense of unity within oneself can be put at the service of the common interest.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kun Young Yu.pdf: 738962 bytes, checksum: 7f8ae8dc1a8ea3f259e76465208eef4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-05 / The present research aims at analyzing the Korean bioethics through the analysis of the historical, social, cultural and philosophical elements of the country to understand how such elements influenced in the constitution of bioethics in that country. The work is started through the study of scandal perpetrated by the major scientist of the country in the area, Professor Hwang Woo Suk, and by analyzing the social and political impact of such event we learnt about the values that guided the local bioethics, which are pragmatism and its strong social appeal. We will see how this science was skillfully handled for propagandistic purposes by the local government, upon attribution of a patriotic character to its development and the complicity with which an entire nation embraced this "national project" under which they placed expectations much beyond the medical benefits initially targeted. In the analysis of the factors that participated in the formation of this unique bioethics, we will analyze the association of the bioethical researches to the economic plans of the government, the influence of the several social and philosophical elements such as cultural hedonism, the local culture of pragmatic and empiric nature, the Silhak, the economic influence of the research for the community capitalism practiced in the country, and the patriotic appeal attributed thereto by the historical factors and principles such as Social Darwinism. The analysis of the aforementioned elements helps us to understand how a country so advanced in the researches on the biotechnology area, has a bioethics that is so weak in ethical content, that in last analysis it was responsible for the outbreak of the fraud in the stem cells cloning research / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a bioética coreana através da análise dos elementos históricos, sociais, culturais e filosóficos do país para entender como tais elementos influíram na constituição da bioética naquele país. Inicia-se o trabalho através do estudo do escândalo protagonizado pelo maior cientista do país na área, o Professor Hwang Woo Suk, e analisando a implicação social e política de tal evento, aprendemos sobre os valores que nortearam a bioética local, que são o pragmatismo e o seu forte apelo social. Veremos como esta ciência foi habilmente manuseada para fins propagandísticos pelo governo local, ao atribuir caráter patriótico ao seu desenvolvimento e a cumplicidade com que toda uma nação abraçou este projeto nacional sob o qual depositaram anseios muito além dos benefícios médicos que se propunha alcançar inicialmente. Na análise dos fatores que participaram na formação desta bioética singular analisaremos a vinculação das pesquisas bioéticas aos planos econômicos do governo, a influência de vários elementos sociais e filosóficos como o hedonismo cultural, a filosofia local de cunho pragmática e empírica, o Silhak, a influência econômica das pesquisas pelo capitalismo comunitário praticado no país, e o apelo patriótico atribuído ao mesmo pelos fatores históricos e princípios como o Darwinismo Social. A análise dos elementos mencionados acima ajuda a entender como um país tão avançado nas pesquisas na área de biotecnologia, possui uma bioética tão fraca em conteúdo ético, que em última análise foi a responsável pela eclosão da fraude nas pesquisas de clonagem de células-tronco

<p>The purpose of this essay is to discuss the base of sociology from an existentialistic perspective. The discussion takes it's position in the debate on the crisis of sociology, and aligns with Alvin Gouldner's understanding of the crisis. Gouldner believed that the crisis of sociology was mirrored in a sociological method that failed to describe the social reality that it meant to describe; a lack in self-criticism and self-reflexivity, a lack in self-containment in relation to state interests and a lack in moral engagement. This raises a number of questions, which I discuss in the essay. What is the role of sociology in our society? How shall we form a method that responds to the social reality that we sociologists aim to describe? How can we make sociology more moral?</p><p>Existentialism offers a starting point to describe these questions. I argue that the existentialistic description of man as essence carries implications for the social science. By constituting a critique of a computable moral, existentialism points at the necessity of a standing self-criticism and dialogue. An existentialistic description of man as non-essence carries implications for the theory and method of sociology. Man's possibility of radical exceeding of himself means the impossibility to reach theories that describe reality as it is. At the same time, method and theory are necessary to create knowledge about social phenomenon. I read existentialism as an imperative for a sociology that is reflexive in the sense a) a reflexivity in relation to the basic presumptions (value philosophical and ontological) that effect our sociological examinations b) a self-reflexivity that amount to an understanding of the scientists own role relation to his study and the object being studied. Furthermore, I read existentialism as an imperative for a radicalization of dialogue as method.</p>