The diploma thesis is concerned with the portrayal of the female experience with the Second World War in The Night Watch (2006) by contemporary British writer Sarah Waters. The theoretical part outlines the socio-historical background of the novel with particular attention to the female experience of the Second World War in various fields, such as their family lives, job opportunities, and everyday life during the Blitz. Special attention is also given to the description of the female experience with abortion during the war and the lifestyles of female homosexuals in that historical period. The thesis further presents the theoretical delimitation of the neo-historical genre, of which the novel is a representative, and briefly introduces the novel in the context of Sarah Waters's other works in order to establish the basis for the analysis. The practical part of the thesis relies on the theoretical part and examines how the fictional portrayal of the female experience corresponds with the outlined reality. Simultaneously, the work considers how Waters uses the Second World War in her fictional story and which elements she chooses to highlight. Moreover, it discusses the reasons behind emphasising these elements in the novel and how it corresponds to the neo-historical genre. KEYWORDS Sarah Waters;...

The pocket watch, an ingenious invention that over its 500 year-long development, made it possible for time keeping to become portable and reliable. A symbol of culture, station and importance, that changed the way our society interacts with and uses time. Nordiska museet’s collections contain over a thousand pocket watches and pocket watch movements, all available through the aggregator Swedish Open Cultural Heritage API. With a critical eye towards the outdrawn digitisation process of Swedish museums, this paper intends through statistical analysis to find trends, patterns, and problems relating to the representation of this grand collection. The results reveal negligence surrounding technical descriptors by reason of suboptimal knowledge regarding watchmaking, a confusing naming convention, and a great need for deeper research into the collection.

Le 22 juin 1994, le Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU vote la résolution 929 autorisantle déploiement d’une force multinationale humanitaire, neutre et impartiale au Rwandaayant pour mission de mettre fin aux massacres. Concrètement, c’est la France, àl’initiative de ce projet, qui va assurer le commandement de la mission dénomméeOpération Turquoise. Celle-ci se heurte à l’opposition des rebelles tutsis du FrontPatriotique Rwandais, aux réserves des organisations humanitaires mais elle reçoit lesoutien appuyé du gouvernement intérimaire rwandais hutu. L’Opération Turquoisesuscite surtout une vague d’accusations dans la presse française, le président FrançoisMitterrand et les militaires français étant accusés de « complicité de génocide », voire de« participation au génocide ». Ces accusations perdurent et reviennent régulièrementdepuis plus de vingt ans, relayées par des journalistes qui disent avoir découvert puisrévélé « l’inavouable » rôle de la France au Rwanda.Cette étude analyse les enquêtes journalistiques menées de 1994 à 2014 et lesconfronte aux documents confidentiels et secret-défense issus des archives américaines,françaises, rwandaises et onusiennes, ainsi qu’à la stratégie militaire mise en oeuvredurant l’Opération Turquoise. Elle permet ainsi d’identifier les sources sur lesquellesreposent ces accusations et d’en évaluer le bien-fondé. Ce faisant, elle met en évidence lafaçon dont la recherche s’est concentrée sur le génocide au détriment de la lutte arméeinitiée par le FPR de 1990 à juillet 1994, laissant de côté des aspects essentiels à lacompréhension de la tragédie rwandaise. / On the 22nd June 1994, the UN Security Council passes the resolution 929authorising the deployment of a multinational humanitarian, neutral and impartial force toRwanda having as its mission to put an end to the massacres. In concrete terms, it isFrance, on initiative of this project, who goes to carry out the command of the missionnamed Operation Turquoise. This comes up against the opposition of the Tutsis rebels ofthe Rwandan Patriotic Front, to the reservations of the humanitarian organisations but itreceives the backup support of the acting Rwandan Hutu government. OperationTurquoise incites above all a wave of accusations in the French press, with the PresidentFrançois Mitterand and the French military soldiers being accused of 'complicity ingenocide', even of taking part in the genocide. These accusations have endured and havebeen regularly coming back for more than twenty years, relayed by journalists who claimto have discovered then revealed the shameful role of France in RwandaThis study analyses the journalistic inquiries led from 1994 to 2014 and comparesthem with confidential secret defence documents stemming from American, French,Rwandan and UN records, as well as the military strategy put in place during OperationTurquoise. It also allows identification of the sources on which these accusations lie andevaluation of their validity. In so doing, it brings to the fore the way in which the researchhas focused on the genocide to the detriment of the armed struggle initiated by the RPFfrom 1990 to July 1994, leaving aside essential aspects in the comprehension of theRwandan tragedy.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate practices and operations of Community Police Forums and their sub-structures in Tshwane. This includes various approaches that are used to implement and manage the operations of Community Police Forums and their sub-structures. This research is designed to determine different operational approaches that are used by the Community Police Forums and their sub-structures to curb the criminal activities including those of their respective members. The qualitative research method was utilised for this study, achieving stated research objectives and answering the research questions. The population in the study included members of the South African Police Service and Community Police Forums in Tshwane District, as well as officials in the Directorate Community Police Relations within the Gauteng Department of Community Safety. The study revealed that Community Police Forums and their sub-structures are essential in the reduction of crime and they can be used as force multipliers to the South African Police Service. It also shows that there are legislative framework that Community Police Forums and their sub-structures are supposed to function under and adhere to. Monitoring mechanisms are in place to ensure that these structures function within the stipulated framework. Therefore, based on these findings, recommendations were made on practices and operations of Community Police Forums and their sub-structures. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminal Justice)

The research problem that was investigated in this research study was to evaluate the implementation of sector policing in Tembisa policing precinct. Even though there are policies and directives on how to implement it, there is still some challenges because it is yet to yield the intended results. Data was collected from focus group interviews, literature studies and polices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the form of focus group interviews. Moreover, a literature study including material such as official SAPS documents, library sources and National Legislation regarding community policing has been presented. Data was also collected from sector managers, sector teams, CPF members and pastors who participated in four focus group interviews in Tembisa police station. The sample was chosen on the basis of what the researcher considers to be typical units. Participants were interviewed in stages. The collected data was broken into themes, patterns, trends and relationships. Data analysis followed verbatim transcription of interviews, that’s why the researcher followed Tesch’s approach of descriptive analysis. The research conducted indicated that although progress has been made in the implementation of sector policing In Tembisa, there still more which needs to be done. Specific concerns which require the attention of SAPS management were raised. It is clear that internal communication and consultation are a necessity. It is also clear that members on the ground are not well trained because they lack the actual knowledge on how to implement it. Training and development of all role players need to be prioritised to enhance their knowledge. All the role players need to be motivated during the implementation of sector policing to ensure that they are ready for the job ahead. The recommendations drawn from the conclusions made in this study may provide a proper direction on how to implement sector policing in the Republic. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Policing)

The central issue of this research revolves around the implementation of sector policing in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. The research is based in two police stations, that is, Nongoma and Newcastle. Sector policing is a policing strategy introduced by South African Police Service in 1994. The aim of this policing strategy is the creation of structured consultation with regards to local crime problems between the police and respective communities. The objective of sector policing is to develop an organizational structure and environment that reflects community values and facilitates community involvement in addressing risk factors and solve crime-related problems. The research problem for this study is that there is little or no research conducted on the implementation of sector policing in South Africa in general and Nongoma and Newcastle in particular. Following this problem statement, the following five research questions were formulated: What is sector policing and how does its implementation differ between the USA, the UK and South Africa? What is the status of the implementation of the sector policing in South Africa, in particular the Province of KwaZulu-Natal? What are the challenges experienced in implementing sector policing in Nongoma and Newcastle police stations? What are best practices that can be observed in the implementation of sector policing in these two police stations? What is the best possible way of implementing sector policing in South Africa? The aim of the research is to assess and describe the manner in which sector policing was implemented in the two police stations in KZN. The research findings obtained through interviews are analysed and interpreted. In view of the findings, best practices, and recommendations were formulated on how to overcome challenges that may face the implementation of sector policing in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. / Public Administration & Management / M.Tech. (Public Administration & Management)

國際社會目前面臨如何減少全世界難民數量的問題，同時也面臨許多難民帶來的問題。為了要使國際社會的難民問題得到緩解，越來越多的國際人道救援機構在難民問題相當嚴重的區域，進行著人道救援行動，期望能改善大多數難民的生活狀況，並在許多方面給予難民支援，最終目標希望能根本減少全世界的難民數目，或是讓難民也能正常生活。 剛果民主共和國正是目前國際人道救援行動的主要目標之一，因為剛果民主共和國的鄰國多為長期內戰衝突的國家，因此有大量的難民逃至剛果民主共和國境內。再加上剛果民主共和國內部的種族衝突也在大國因為自身國家利益考量，未能及時阻止衝突蔓延的情況下，剛果民主共和國內戰也延續了十年，造成剛果民主共和國政府自身難保，而境內的難民問題亦日趨嚴重。 為協助剛果民主共和國政府處理相關的難民問題，國際人道救援行動投入大量人力與物力安頓難民的生活，並協助逃往國外的難民回到剛果民主共和國境內。在聯合國安理會的維和部隊，以及國際人道救援機構，如聯合國難民署與人權觀察等組織的協助之下，受到剛果民主共和國內戰衝突的難民，皆逐漸在剛果民主共和國境內衝突趨緩之際，重新回到家園或原居住地生活。而藉著國際人道機構對於剛果民主共和國難民的救援行動，也發現國際人道救援救援網絡漸形完整，因而一方面讓許多原本隱而不顯的人道危機，得到更多外界的關心與幫助，使國際人道救援行動能更加順利，快速改善當地的難民處境，另外一方面則也顯現出國際人道救援機構在難民問題上的重要地位。 / International society now is facing the difficulties of how to reduce the number of refugees and also the problems that caused by refugees. To help the refugees, more and more international humanitarian aid agencies conducting the humanitarian aid operations in the conflict zones. Their operations are to ameliorate the conditions of refugee’s life and the most important thing is help them repatriated to their homeland. The bloody conflict in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) made the international humanitarian aid agencies aware that the government of DRC had no ability to manage the influx of the refugees from neighbors. So the humanitarian aid agencies spend lots of energy to help the refugees from DRC or in DRC to be repatriated or to help them integrate with locals. On the aid operations that international humanitarian aid agencies did to the refugees in DRC, we found that the network of international humanitarian aid becomes more and more complete. Those operations helped gather more attention from publics, so we can avoid the humanitarian crisis in the future or make the refugee’s situations better. And the importance of international humanitarian aid agencies is also evident in the case of refugee problem in DRC.

The central issue of this research revolves around the implementation of sector policing in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. The research is based in two police stations, that is, Nongoma and Newcastle. Sector policing is a policing strategy introduced by South African Police Service in 1994. The aim of this policing strategy is the creation of structured consultation with regards to local crime problems between the police and respective communities. The objective of sector policing is to develop an organizational structure and environment that reflects community values and facilitates community involvement in addressing risk factors and solve crime-related problems. The research problem for this study is that there is little or no research conducted on the implementation of sector policing in South Africa in general and Nongoma and Newcastle in particular. Following this problem statement, the following five research questions were formulated: What is sector policing and how does its implementation differ between the USA, the UK and South Africa? What is the status of the implementation of the sector policing in South Africa, in particular the Province of KwaZulu-Natal? What are the challenges experienced in implementing sector policing in Nongoma and Newcastle police stations? What are best practices that can be observed in the implementation of sector policing in these two police stations? What is the best possible way of implementing sector policing in South Africa? The aim of the research is to assess and describe the manner in which sector policing was implemented in the two police stations in KZN. The research findings obtained through interviews are analysed and interpreted. In view of the findings, best practices, and recommendations were formulated on how to overcome challenges that may face the implementation of sector policing in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. / Public Administration and Management / M.Tech. (Public Administration & Management)

The research problem that was investigated in this research study was to evaluate the implementation of sector policing in Tembisa policing precinct. Even though there are policies and directives on how to implement it, there is still some challenges because it is yet to yield the intended results. Data was collected from focus group interviews, literature studies and polices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the form of focus group interviews. Moreover, a literature study including material such as official SAPS documents, library sources and National Legislation regarding community policing has been presented. Data was also collected from sector managers, sector teams, CPF members and pastors who participated in four focus group interviews in Tembisa police station. The sample was chosen on the basis of what the researcher considers to be typical units. Participants were interviewed in stages. The collected data was broken into themes, patterns, trends and relationships. Data analysis followed verbatim transcription of interviews, that’s why the researcher followed Tesch’s approach of descriptive analysis. The research conducted indicated that although progress has been made in the implementation of sector policing In Tembisa, there still more which needs to be done. Specific concerns which require the attention of SAPS management were raised. It is clear that internal communication and consultation are a necessity. It is also clear that members on the ground are not well trained because they lack the actual knowledge on how to implement it. Training and development of all role players need to be prioritised to enhance their knowledge. All the role players need to be motivated during the implementation of sector policing to ensure that they are ready for the job ahead. The recommendations drawn from the conclusions made in this study may provide a proper direction on how to implement sector policing in the Republic. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Policing)

Cette thèse présente un retour d’expérience sur le dispositif de veille et d’intelligence économique mise en place au sein de Marseille Innovation pour permettre aux éditeurs open source accompagnées dans sa pépinière d’entreprise de surveiller efficacement leur environnement pour y détecter des opportunités de développement. Ce projet s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une démarche globale, conduite par Marseille Innovation et ses partenaires pour structurer un réseau d’acteurs open source en PACA.Nous avons tout d’abord réalisé un état de l’art de la littérature open source en soulignant le paradoxe que pose le modèle open source pour les éditeurs qui choisissent d’utiliser les licences libres : l’adoption d’un modèle open source par certains éditeurs pour leurs logiciels permet une création de valeur pouvant être supérieure à celle générée dans le cadre de modèles propriétaires traditionnels, mais que cet avantage est contrebalancé par une dangereuse incertitude, quant à la captation de cette valeur, susceptible d’être récupérée par des concurrents n’ayant pourtant consentis aucun effort de développement et n’en ayant pas subis les coûts. Par la suite, nous avons présenté la naissance du logiciel libre comme le résultat des mutations de l’industrie informatique qui ont marqué le début des années 70, mutations qui ont fait passer le logiciel libre de la sphère publique à la sphère commerciale. En réaction, les défenseurs du logiciel libre ont inventé un système original de « licences publiques » pour protéger ces logiciels contre tout verrouillage technique ou légal de leur utilisation, de leur diffusion et de leur modification. Cependant, si ces licences publiques permettent de favoriser la création de valeur, à travers la coopération d’une communauté de programmeurs et la diffusion du logiciel, le caractère aléatoire de la rémunération dans le modèle open source a conduit les éditeurs à chercher et inventer de nouveaux « Bunisess Models » plus ou moins aléatoires, garantissant mieux leurs revenus.Partant des connaissances accumulées sur le modèle open source, nous avons par la suite exposé la démarche initiée par Marseille Innovation, en collaboration avec CCI de Marseille Provence et l’association Libertis, pour structurer un réseau d’acteurs open source en PACA. Cette démarche a abouti au lancement de plusieurs chantiers d’intérêt commun dont un sur la mise en place d’un dispositif de surveillance sur la filière open source.La stratégie adoptée pour mettre en place ce dispositif de surveillance consiste dans un premier temps à dresser un état de l’art des différentes approches théoriques et pratiques recensées sur le sujet dans la littérature SIC. Ensuite, une approche pragmatique de la veille a été choisie et les moyens organisationnels, processuels et techniques pour mettre en place ce dispositif de surveillance ont été étudiés. Des actions de sensibilisation à la veille et l’intelligence économique ont été également conduites auprès des membres du réseau et des startups open source accompagnées par Marseille Innovation, grâce à lesquelles des besoins en veille sont identifiés et des produits d’information sont élaborés pour permettre aux membres du réseau open source de suivre efficacement leur environnement. Des études de veille sont également réalisées pour répondre aux attentes des entreprises sur le mode de création et de captation de valeurs dans l’open source, les segments de marché porteurs, les licences informatiques et les business models qui en découlent. / This thesis presents a feedback on the competitive intelligence device set up in Marseille Innovation to allow open source software editors housed in its business incubator, to effectively monitor their environment in order to detect new opportunities for development. This project is part of a comprehensive approach, led by Marseille Innovation and its partners to structure a network of open source companies in the PACA area (south of France).First, we achieved a state of the art of open source literature emphasizing the paradox posed by the open source model for software editors who choose to use free software licenses : the adoption of an open source model by some editors for their software allows a value creation that could be greater than that generated through traditional proprietary models, but this advantage is offset by a dangerous uncertainty as to the value capture, could be recovered by competitors who have yet made no programming effort to and not having incurred costs. Subsequently, we presented the birth of free software as the result of changes in the computer industry that marked the early '70s, changes which caused the passage of free software from non commercial/public sphere to commercial/private sphere. In response, defenders of free software have invented an original system of "public licenses" to protect these software’s against any technical or legal interlocking of their use, their distribution and their modification. However, if these public licenses allow to promote a value creation, through the cooperation of a community of programmers and software distribution, the randomness of remuneration in the open source model has led software editors to seek and invent new "Business Models" more or less random, to better ensure their income.Based on knowledge accumulated on the open source model, we have subsequently explained the approach initiated by Marseille Innovation, in collaboration with Marseille-Provence Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCI) and Libertis, to structure a network of open source companies in the PACA area. This approach led to the launch of several projects of mutual interest, including one on the setting-up of a monitoring device to monitor open source software industry.The approach adopted to setting-up this monitoring device consists in a first step to establish a state of the art of different theoretical approaches and practices identified in the information and communication sciences’ literature. Then, a pragmatic approach of monitoring has been chosen. Organizational means, processual and technical have been studied to set up this monitoring device. Raising awareness actions to competitive intelligence were also conducted with members of the network and open source startups coached by Marseille Innovation, through which information needs are identified and information products are developed to enable members of open source network to effectively monitor their environment. Bibliometric studies are also made to meet the expectations of open source companies on how to create and capture value in the open source software model, about promising market segments, software licenses and business models that result.