社會福利的觀念與制度之產生，實肇因於近代資本主義發展後，產生的無數社會問題，為了延續資本主義制度，因而產生社會福利之合理性的辯論。因此，若要深刻了解社會福利的本質及問題，必不可缺少對於近代資本主義發展歷程的認識，包括社會經濟史和經濟思想史，故本文嘗試在經濟思想的脈絡下，透過經濟學家們在理論思想上的辯論，探討社會福利制度的正當性問題。 本文以約翰．斯圖亞特．彌爾（John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873）為思想類比的核心，並以馬克思（Karl Marx, 1818-1883）、海耶克（F. A. von Hayek, 1899-1992）與羅爾斯（John Rawls）作為辯論的對手，交織出一個以歷史為經，意識形態為緯的論述架構，尋思政府應採自由放任或管制的界限何在，其原則為何。 由於社會福利制度本質上實是自由主義與社會主義思想調和的具體呈現，因此，在思想上交糅著自由主義與社會主義的約翰．彌爾，其分配正義理論乃為社會福利制度的合理性提供了有力的辯護；並且，當代著名的「第三條路」（the Third Way）—此一非左非右的政治哲學，不過是彌爾折衷思想的舊理新敘，身處十九世紀的約翰．彌爾實為「第三條路」之先驅，故本文認為，倘若要深刻理解「第三條路」的哲學，實應返回彌爾的理論思想。 第一章　緒論 第一節 研究動機 第二節 思考的起點與論述架構 第二章 思想源流－十七至十九世紀之英國 第一節 社會經濟環境之變遷 壹.十七世紀至十八世紀末的英國 貳.十八世紀至十九世紀中葉的英國 第二節 政治經濟思潮之發展 壹.英國古典政治經濟學的發展 一.重商主義時代的告終 二.亞當斯密自由放任的思想 貳.邊沁的效用主義 第三章 彌爾的社會福利思想 第一節 社會福利理論 壹.彌爾的效用原則 貳.效用原則與分配正義 第二節 社會福利制度 壹.教育 貳.勞工 一.最低工資 二.工作時數 三.工會 參.窮人 第四章 對彌爾思想的檢討 第一節 馬克思的批評 第二節 海耶克的批評 第三節 羅爾斯的批評 第五章 結論

圓教是中國佛學獨有的概念，圓主要指圓滿和圓融二義，圓教即圓滿究竟、圓融無礙地總攝一切法的教法。對天台宗來說，這圓教是如何可能的呢﹖智者大師透過教相門與觀心門來講圓教，教相門就是以判教理論，分判、判定有佛一代的說法，何者為權，何者為實，而最後必以天台圓教為實。觀心門就是通過智者大師自心所行法門，點出一念三千的教說，由此一念心即具三千法以明圓教之義。 　　另外，佛性是中土佛教思想的核心概念，主導著整個中國佛學的發展方向，然則在天台圓教浸潤下，會顯出何種形態的佛性理論﹖我們發現，在天台宗之思想中，佛性圓滿無盡地具足一切法，可以說和圓教義理是一致的，實則兩者之關係本來就密不可分。 　　總之，天台圓教和佛性思想表顯著中國佛教哲學的高峰，亦充份地開顯了大乘佛教的精神，實為人類思想文化的一大寶庫。

Le Sud-Est de l'Amérique du Sud (SESA) est l'une des rares régions subtropicales où les modèles climatiques du WCRP/CMIP3 projettent une augmentation significative des précipitations en été austral pour la fin du XXIème siècle, dans un scénario de réchauffement climatique. Ce signal est associé à une augmentation de la fréquence des étés identifiés comme des phases positives du mode dominant de la variabilité des précipitations dans la région, ce mode étant défini par des précipitations au-dessus (en-dessous) de la normale dans le SESA (zone de convergence d'Atlantique Sud). Cette tendance est associée à une augmentation de la température de surface de la mer (SST) dans le Pacifique équatorial. Cela est confirmé par des expériences de simulation numérique effectuées avec le système interactif two-way nesting du LMDZ4, qui montrent aussi que l'augmentation projetée des précipitations dans le SESA est associée au signal zonalement asymétrique du réchauffement des SST.

<p>Swedish consulting companies within the architecture-and engineering business exist on a market that is distinguished by an increasing globalization and internationalization. The companies’ commissions are based mostly on long-term, personal clientele. These relations are threatened by a huge number of coming retirements and high employee turnover.</p><p>Consequently these companies need to improve and strengthen their relationships with existing customers, to create long-term employee and customer loyalty. The purpose of this essay was to analyze and evaluate consulting companies´ internal marketing. To elucidate the problem a survey has been performed on three architecture- and engineering business and their client. From the study, elements that are important to create loyalty have been derived. The theories are based on involvement, branding and organization.</p><p>From the result it may be concluded that all consulting companies fulfil every factor considered important to create loyalty. These factors are mainly strong brand, high involvement and customer satisfaction. The companies realize the great importance of personal relations and are aware of the strategic procedures needed to create loyalty. They have also successfully created loyal customers. However, this loyalty is directed to individuals instead of companies.</p><p>The fact that loyalty is directed to individuals instead of companies is not a big problem today, but coming retirements and high employee turnover means that in the future it will be more important to focus on creating loyalty towards the companies. To secure their future situation, the companies need to develop strategies to strengthen customer relations to the company.</p><p>The conclusion is that companies in this position need to work strategically to build their brand image. By creating a stronger brand internally the companies will maintain an attractive working place, increasing loyalty amongst employees. This in turn will strengthen the possibilities to create long-term customer loyalty towards their brand.</p><p>Suggestion to further research is to study additional factors that are important to create loyalty directed to the company.</p> / <p>Svenska konsultföretag inom arkitektur- och teknikbranschen agerar på en marknad som kännetecknas av en ökad globalisering och internationalisering. Företagens uppdrag bygger främst på långsiktiga och personliga kundkontakter som hotas av stora pensionsavgångar och hög personalomsättning. Av denna anledning behöver de nu förstärka relationerna med de befintliga kunderna samt knyta personalen till sig för att skapa både lojala anställda samt lojala kunder. Uppsatsens syfte var att analysera och utvärdera konsultföretagens interna marknadsföring. För att belysa problemet har en surveyundersökning gjorts på tre konsultföretag inom arkitektur- och teknikbranschen, samt hos deras kunder. Utifrån studien skulle faktorer härledas som är viktiga för konsultföretag för att skapa lojala anställda samt lojala kunder. Teoridelen baseras på teorier om involvering, branding och organisation.</p><p>Resultatet visar att konsultföretagen uppfyller samtliga av de faktorer som anses viktiga för att skapa lojalitet. Dessa faktorer är främst starkt varumärke, höginvolvering samt kundtillfredsställelse. Företagen inser vikten av personliga relationer samt är medvetna om de strategiska arbetssätten för att skapa lojala kunder. Studien visar att företagen har lyckats med detta. Lojaliteten är dock personanknuten och inte riktad till företagen.</p><p>Att lojaliteten är personanknuten är i dagsläget inget stort problem, men då stora pensionsavgångar väntar och personalomsättningen blir allt högre kommer det bli mer aktuellt i framtiden att fokusera lojaliteten till företaget. För att säkra situationen i framtiden behöver företagen arbeta strategiskt med att förankra kundkontakterna till företaget.</p><p>Slutsatsen är att företagen i detta läge behöver arbeta strategiskt med att bygga upp sitt varumärke. Genom att börja varumärkesuppbyggandet internt och förankra företagets identitet erhålls en attraktiv arbetsplats, vilket stärker lojaliteten hos de anställda. Vidare ökar detta förutsättningarna för att skapa en långsiktig varumärkeslojalitet hos kunderna.</p><p>Som förslag på vidare forskning gavs, att studera ytterligare faktorer som är viktiga för att skapa varumärkeslojalitet.</p>

<p>Denna studie fokuserar på sponsring inom kultursektorn utifrån den sponsrade partens perspektiv. Syftet med studien är att analysera hur aktörer inom kultursektorn går tillväga för att identifiera och attrahera potentiella sponsorer till sina verksamheter. Studien är avgränsad till sponsring inom kultursektorn i Sverige och de aktörer som undersöks är Bonniers Konsthall, Riksteatern, Skansen och Way out West. Undersökningen bygger på en flerfallstudie där intervjuer har genomförts med representanter för varje aktör. Studiens övergripande teoretiska referensram är hämtad från Managerial Theory och de koncept som används är marknadsföringskonceptet och marknadsföringsmixen. Dessa koncept kompletteras med A-ERIK modellen som används för att analysera sponsring genom att dela in detta fenomen i fyra ej ömsesidigt uteslutande variabler; association, exponering, relationer samt integrerad kommunikation.De slutsatser som kan dras utifrån studien är att kulturaktörerna identifierar potentiella sponsorer utifrån sina möjligheter att erbjuda association, relationer, exponering och integrerad kommunikation. Till viss del identifierar kulturaktörerna även sponsorer utifrån sina egna behov, med motiven att sponsorer ska ge ett mervärde till kulturaktörernas verksamhet och att kulturaktörerna vill nå ut till sponsorns intressenter. Aktörerna identifierar branscher, inte specifika företag, och de branscher som anses som mest attraktiva är sådana vars kärnvärden ligger nära kulturaktörernas. För att attrahera sponsorer använder aktörerna främst association och relationer. Sponsorer tillåts associera sig med aktörernas varumärken och specifika teman i föreställningar eller utställningar och aktörerna erbjuder sponsorer en möjlighet att stärka relationen till sina egna intressenter samt att skapa nya relationer till aktörernas intressenter.</p> / <p>This study focuses on sponsorship in the cultural sector from the sponsored party’s perspective. The issues being examined is how organizations in the cultural sector approach to identify, contact and attract potential sponsors to their activities. The study is limited to sponsorship in the cultural sector in Sweden and the organizations surveyed are Bonniers Konsthall, Riksteatern, Skansen and Way out West. The investigation of these organizations is based on multiple case study interviews conducted with representatives of each organization. The study's overall theoretical frame of reference is taken from the Managerial Theory and the concepts used are the marketing concept and the marketing mix. These concepts are supplemented with the A-ERIK model which is used to analyze the sponsorship by dividing it in four not mutually exclusively variables; association, exposure, relationships and integrated communications.The conclusions drawn from this study is that the organizations identify potential sponsors based on their ability to offer the sponsor association, exposure, relationships and integrated communications. To some extent, the organizations also identify sponsors based on their own needs, with the rationale that the sponsor will add value to the cultural activities and to reach out to the sponsor's stakeholders. The organizations identify sectors, not specific companies, and the sectors that are being considered as most attractive are those whose core values are close to the organizations. In order to attract sponsors the organizations use in particular association and relationships. The sponsor is allowed to associate with the organizations brand and specific themes in shows or exhibitions and the organizations offers the sponsor the opportunity to strengthen the relationship with their stakeholders and to create new relationships with the organizations stakeholders.</p>

<p><strong>Purpose </strong>The purpose is to analyze the parliamentary parties political communication in the social media channels before the election 2010.</p><p><strong>Methodology </strong>This essay is a descriptive study from nine interviews of the responsible people in the parliamentary parties. In addition to that two more interviews were done with social media experts</p><p><strong>Theoretical perspective </strong>This essay is based on two-way communication and communication strategies</p><p><strong>Conclusions </strong>The parliamentary parties use social media as a complement to traditional media. The purpose is to create dialog and to minimize the gap to the voters, but in many ways it is being used as a one-way communication channel.  The parliamentary parties are trying to use the social media channels in Swedish conditions, but in many ways they try to imitate an American used strategy.</p>

<p>I dagens arbetsliv verkar det, överlag, som att det ställs höga krav på personliga egenskaper. Det som bestämmer vilka egenskaper som tas med i en platsannons är vilka personliga krav tjänsten fordrar för att en anpassning till arbetsgruppen ska vara möjlig. Vid utformandet av en platsannons bör de personliga egenskaperna som anges tas i beaktning då tolkningar kring dem kan se ut på olika sätt beroende på vilken kontext en individ befinner sig i. Utifrån det valde vi att genomföra den här studien vars syfte var att ta reda på om det språkliga budskapet angående de personliga egenskaperna i platsannonser når fram på, ett för arbetsgivaren, önskvärt sätt; samt om det finns skillnader mellan arbetsgivarens och de arbetssökandes tolkningar gällande de personliga egenskaper som återges. Utifrån syftet har frågeställningar formulerats, som besvarats i uppsatsen. Den första frågan behandlade vilka konsekvenser kommunikationskanalen och envägskommunikationen får för hur budskapet i en platsannons når fram och tolkas av mottagaren. Nästa fråga som undersöktes var hur arbetsgivaren och de arbetssökande tolkar de personliga egenskaperna i annonserna. Slutligen besvarar frågorna tre och fyra om det finns några skillnader och samband mellan tolkningarna av de personliga egenskaperna. Vår studie stöds av en teoretisk referensram som bland annat behandlar kommunikation och tolkningslära, rekrytering och platsannonsering samt beskrivningar av de personliga egenskaper som vi har fokuserat på i undersökningen.</p><p>För att få svar på syftet och frågeställningarna använde vi oss av en kvalitativ metod, med intervjuer som tillvägagångssätt. Studien utgår från två platsannonser, vars utformare vi intervjuade. Då syftet var att få två olika perspektiv på fenomenet intervjuade vi även arbetssökande. Under intervjuerna fokuserade vi till stor del på respondenternas tolkningar kring de personliga egenskaperna som fanns i platsannonserna.</p><p>Efter genomförd studie samt analys av den, kom vi fram till en övergripande slutsats; vilken är att det finns skillnader mellan arbetsgivarens och de arbetssökandes tolkningar angående de personliga egenskaperna. Arbetsgivarnas tolkningar inryms i de arbetssökandes, trots det uppstod ett tolkningsproblem. Tolkningsproblemet visade sig i form av att de arbetssökande lade en bredare betydelse bakom egenskaperna än arbetsgivarna. Att de arbetssökande hade en bredare tolkning av begreppen, medförde att de hade ett större urval av tolkningar att välja på. Det ger i sin tur upphov till att den arbetssökande kan välja en tolkning som inte stämmer överens med arbetsgivarens. Vi upptäckte dessutom att det fanns betydande samband mellan egenskaperna. Med samband menar vi att egenskaperna är sammankopplade med varandra och därför upptäcktes en svårighet för våra respondenter att entydigt definiera dem. På grund av att samband mellan egenskaperna existerar så tolkas de på ett brett sätt; därför påträffades även skillnader angående tolkningarna, vilket återkopplas till vår övergripande slutsats.</p> / <p>Today it seems like it is important with individual personal qualities in the labour market. The factor that determines what kind of qualities that ought to be included in a work ad are which personal demands the position requires, in due to the individuals’ possible adjustment to the work group. When forming the work ad the personal qualities ought to be considered because the interpretations regarding them can appear in different ways depending on which context the individual exist in. On this basis we chose to go through with this study. The purpose of the study was to find out if the linguistic message regarding the personal qualities reaches the recipient in a, for the employer desirable way; and if there are any differences between interpretations regarding the personal qualities through the two perspectives, employer and the persons looking for jobs. On the basis of the purpose of the study, some questions have been formed. These questions have been answered in this essay. The first questions discuss what consequences the channel of communication and the one-way-communication cause regarding the messages ability to reach and be interpreted by the recipient. The next question examined was how the employer and the jobseeker interpret the personal qualities in the work ads. The last thing examined is whether or not there are any differences or connections between the interpretations of the personal qualities. The theoretical reference supports our study. The theoretical references consist, among other things, of communication and the knowledge of interpretation, recruitment and job advertisement and descriptions of personal qualities.</p><p>In order to answer and approach the purpose and the questions of the study, we used a qualitative method with interviews. The study is based on two work advertisements. The creators of these ads were interviewed. Because of the purpose we wanted to have two different perspectives on the phenomenon, thus we interviewed jobseekers as well. During the interviews we focused on the respondents interpretations about the personal qualities in the work ads.</p><p>After completing the analysis and the study, we came to an overall conclusion; which was that there are differences between the employer and the jobseekers interpretation about the personal qualities. The employers interpretations is included in the jobseekers, despite this a problem regarding the interpretations occurred. These problems were shown in the form of the jobseekers wider view of the qualities, than the employers. The jobseekers wider interpretation of the qualities resulted in a larger selection of interpretations. The jobseeker can choose an interpretation that might not be equal with the employers. We also discovered that there are significant connections between some of the qualities. These connections result in a difficulty for the respondents to define the qualities in a homogeneous way. Because of the existence of these connections they are interpreted in a wider way; thus differences was also discovered, which reconnects to our overall conclusion.</p>

<p>One-step photoinitiated free radical carbonylation was employed for the rapid (5–7 min) labelling of aliphatic carboxylic acids, esters, and amides with a short-lived positron emitter ¹¹C (t_½ = 20.3 min) at the carbonyl position. The labelled compounds were synthesized from alkyl iodides (0.05–0.1 mmol), [¹¹C]carbon monoxide, and appropriate nucleophiles. Decay-corrected radiochemical yields were up to 74%; conversion of [¹¹C]carbon monoxide reached 85–90%; specific radioactivity was 158–192 GBq/mmol. The labelled compounds were identified and characterized using HPLC, LC-MS, and ¹H and ¹³C NMR. The effects of solvents, additives, photoirradiation, temperature, and reaction time were studied and discussed.</p><p>[<i>carbonyl-</i>¹¹C]Amides were synthesized using amines in 1–2 equiv. to iodides, exploiting solvent effects to control reactivity. [<i>carboxyl-</i>¹¹C]Acids were synthesized using water as a nucleophile, in binary and ternary aqueous solvent mixtures; the addition of TBAOH or KOH was necessary to obtain high radiochemical yields. [<i>carbonyl-</i>¹¹C]Esters were synthesized using primary and secondary alcohols, <i>tert-</i>butanol, and phenol. Bases were KOH, BuLi, LiHDMS.</p><p>The effects of photosensitizers were studied and exploited to accelerate the labelling of carboxylic acids and esters resulting in 75–85% decay-corrected radiochemical yields under mild conditions without the use of bases.</p><p>A mild procedure for the ¹¹C-carboxylation of alkyl iodides using DMSO as an oxygen nucleophile was developed. This method is expected to be suitable in the macroscale synthesis of carboxylic acids using isotopically unmodified carbon monoxide.</p><p>Radical carbonylation was applied to improve the synthesis of an extensively used PET tracer, [<i>carbonyl</i>-¹¹C]WAY-100635. The tracer was synthesized in one step, whereas a common approach via Grignard reagents requires three steps.</p><p>In addition, several (¹³C)compounds were synthesised using the described methods.</p><p>Free radical carbonylation may be used for the ¹¹C-carbonylation of alkyl iodides, whereas transition-metal carbonylation – of aryl halides and triflates. Thus, the two carbonylation methods are complementary with respect to the scope of synthetic targets.</p>

One-step photoinitiated free radical carbonylation was employed for the rapid (5–7 min) labelling of aliphatic carboxylic acids, esters, and amides with a short-lived positron emitter 11C (t½ = 20.3 min) at the carbonyl position. The labelled compounds were synthesized from alkyl iodides (0.05–0.1 mmol), [11C]carbon monoxide, and appropriate nucleophiles. Decay-corrected radiochemical yields were up to 74%; conversion of [11C]carbon monoxide reached 85–90%; specific radioactivity was 158–192 GBq/mmol. The labelled compounds were identified and characterized using HPLC, LC-MS, and 1H and 13C NMR. The effects of solvents, additives, photoirradiation, temperature, and reaction time were studied and discussed. [carbonyl-11C]Amides were synthesized using amines in 1–2 equiv. to iodides, exploiting solvent effects to control reactivity. [carboxyl-11C]Acids were synthesized using water as a nucleophile, in binary and ternary aqueous solvent mixtures; the addition of TBAOH or KOH was necessary to obtain high radiochemical yields. [carbonyl-11C]Esters were synthesized using primary and secondary alcohols, tert-butanol, and phenol. Bases were KOH, BuLi, LiHDMS. The effects of photosensitizers were studied and exploited to accelerate the labelling of carboxylic acids and esters resulting in 75–85% decay-corrected radiochemical yields under mild conditions without the use of bases. A mild procedure for the 11C-carboxylation of alkyl iodides using DMSO as an oxygen nucleophile was developed. This method is expected to be suitable in the macroscale synthesis of carboxylic acids using isotopically unmodified carbon monoxide. Radical carbonylation was applied to improve the synthesis of an extensively used PET tracer, [carbonyl-11C]WAY-100635. The tracer was synthesized in one step, whereas a common approach via Grignard reagents requires three steps. In addition, several (13C)compounds were synthesised using the described methods. Free radical carbonylation may be used for the 11C-carbonylation of alkyl iodides, whereas transition-metal carbonylation – of aryl halides and triflates. Thus, the two carbonylation methods are complementary with respect to the scope of synthetic targets.

Purpose The purpose is to analyze the parliamentary parties political communication in the social media channels before the election 2010. Methodology This essay is a descriptive study from nine interviews of the responsible people in the parliamentary parties. In addition to that two more interviews were done with social media experts Theoretical perspective This essay is based on two-way communication and communication strategies Conclusions The parliamentary parties use social media as a complement to traditional media. The purpose is to create dialog and to minimize the gap to the voters, but in many ways it is being used as a one-way communication channel.  The parliamentary parties are trying to use the social media channels in Swedish conditions, but in many ways they try to imitate an American used strategy.