This survey is a study about the concept of the new man and masculinities. The basic question in this study is what consequences the discussion after Metoo has had for masculinity and whether we are now facing the creation of a new masculinity. In the light of an article about the new woman written by Aleksandra Kollontaj in the early 1900s and a book by Viktoria Saxby with the title Den nya mannen (the new man), published in 2019, this comparative study examines whether there is a new man among us. The theory in this study is taking the point of departure in different definitions of masculinities, as well as Metoo and comparing the mentioned article and book above. With the use of hegemonic masculinity and gender as theory, as well as discourse analysis as method, this study will try to come up with a result whether the new man is on a rise and how this will affect gender equality. The essence of the study is that the new man exists, he is missing and he is needed. / Denna undersökning är en studie om begreppet den nye mannen och maskuliniteter. Grundfrågan i studien är vilka konsekvenser diskussionen efter Metoo har haft för maskulinitet och om vi nu står inför skapandet av en ny maskulinitet. I ljuset av en artikel om den nya kvinnan skriven av Aleksandra Kollontaj i början av 1900-talet och en bok av Viktoria Saxby med titeln Den nya mannen (den nya mannen), publicerad 2019, undersöker denna jämförande studie om det finns en ny man bland oss. Teorin i denna studie tar utgångspunkt i olika definitioner av maskuliniteter, liksom Metoo och jämför den nämnda artikeln och boken ovan. Med användning av hegemonisk maskulinitet och kön som teori, samt diskursanalys som metod, kommer denna studie att försöka komma fram till ett resultat om den nya mannen ökar och hur detta kommer att påverka jämställdhet. Kärnan i studien är att den nya människan finns, han saknas och han behövs.

This C-thesis focus on conflict-related sexual violence in media coverage before and after#Metoo. The research question of this study is ‘In what way has the media’s portrayal offemale victims of sexual violence in conflicts changed since #Metoo?’. This study furtherargues that due to the great attention of sexual violence, #Metoo and media coverage, theportrayal of women as subjects of conflict-related sexual violence will have changed in recentyears in media reporting. The content analysis finds support for the hypothesis which statesthat there has been less taboo in the reporting of conflict-related sexual violence and a morenuanced reporting in conflict-related sexual violence in recent years. This C-thesis hascontributed to the research field of conflict-related sexual violence since #Metoo is stated tobe an important variable when investigating this type of issue. The theories onconflict-related sexual violence has also been explicitly exhibited to be lacking in having onecohesive theory, which is another contribution of knowledge and a gap which futureresearchers can investigate. The study of conflict-related sexual violence is a subject that cannever be investigated enough, it is therefore vital that researchers keep expanding the field.

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This study examines how the #MeToo-movement was influenced by different forms of informal justice on the social media platform Twitter in 2017. Furthermore, online U.S. news media is analyzed in its contributory role during the movement. Thus, these two sites of analysis also highlight the interplay between social media and online news sources. Therefore, the research questions are: R.Q. 1: How were different forms of informal justice facilitated through networked activism on Twitter during the 2017 #MeToo-movement?R.Q. 2: In what ways did the reporting of online U.S. news media contribute to the mechanisms of informal justice on social media during the 2017 #MeToo-movement? Both questions are answered through two independent qualitative content analyses: The first critically evaluates 80 tweets from the social media platform Twitter that were published between October 15 - December 31, 2017, with the hashtag #MeToo; the second reviews 12 online articles from online U.S. news sources that reported about the online proliferation of the #MeToo-movement.While the results contained online shaming of celebrities and public figures, no distinctive forms of punishment or vigilantism could be identified within the samples. Furthermore, victims of abuse engaged in self-disclosure without exposing their abusers. Still, informal justice could be understood as a way to speak up against societal injustice by expressing a clear warning towards sexual perpetrators through digitally networked activism. At the same time, online news source merely reiterated social media developments without engaging in additional online shaming. However, these news sources also participated in #MeToo-related justice by spreading further awareness about the movement. Thus, a reciprocal relationship between social media and online U.S. news media became evident.

This master’s thesis studies testimonies gathered by the #nödvärn initiative – the metoo call from2017 by the Swedish police department for their current and former employees, as well as traineesand students. The thesis contributes to filling an existing research gap about sexualharassment/violence from the perspective of the harassed/victim, by analyzing their description oftheir own experiences and how they attribute responsibility for the harassment. One of the wayswas to look at the issue from a feminist perspective and add to/build on the existing feministresearch in this field of the testimony compilation through the #nödvärn initiative in the Swedishcontext. Therefore, with the help of the interpretative phenomenological approach (IPA), CarolBacchi’s theory of gender and power relations, along with the decolonial theory, I have selectedeight testimonies from the compilation and analyzed them to understand the perspective of theharassed/victims, how they reason around their experiences of being harassed/violated, how theinterpretation and reactions of colleagues and supervisors affect how the harassed persons/victimsinterpret their experiences of harassment/violence and how the harassed persons/victims attributeresponsibility for the harassment/violence in the testimonies. The analysis reveals that the way theharassed/victims reason around their experiences of sexual violence and the way (and on whom)they attribute responsibility for the harassment/violence are interconnected and are heavilyaffected by the hierarchy and power relations in the organization that also affect theharassed/victim’s colleagues’ and superiors’ reaction or response to the harassed/victim’sexperience of sexual harassment/violence.

This study aims to examine whether there has been a difference for female journalists in local newsrooms in terms of task assignments and workplace environment since the #MeToo movement. We investigated whether there has been a difference in their treatment at the newsrooms and whether their duties have changed. The study used field theory and gender theory together with previous research that supports it. The study used qualitative interviews where we interviewed four female journalists and two female editors at various media companies in smaller towns around Sweden. The interviews were designed after semi-structured interviews in order to examine and understand women journalists’ experiences. Our research questions were “How do female journalists perceive that their areas of coverage have changed?” and “How has the treatment of female journalists changed in local newsrooms since #MeToo?” The results of the study shows that the tasks have become more equal, this is for journalists who work in local editorial offices, as the smaller newsrooms do not have the same opportunity to divide the news into smaller coverage areas as the large newsrooms. The results also show that female journalists write about both “hard” and “soft” news, which is a change from previous studies. In terms of #MeToo, the movement has not brought about a big change in how female journalists are treated. It has become more of a difference in the awareness of what is acceptable behaviour and what is not. The participants in the study say that both male and female managers and colleagues think more often about how they are perceived by those around them. They think about how they behave and express themselves towards others.

ABSTRACTIn the autumn of 2017 361 testimonies of sexualized violence and abuse from women, previously or currently active in the Church of Sweden, were published under the hashtag #vardeljus as a part of #metoo. Neither the church nor theology can ignore or avoid the subject after this publication. However, despite this obvious need to address #vardeljus theologically, there has been a lack of theological reflection within a Swedish context. Indeed, the questions of if and how theology continue to contribute to the legitimation and maintenance of structures that enable sexualised violence and how theology can help women exposed to sexualised violence remain largely unanswered. This study therefore aims to provide some answers. Firstly, it seeks to identify what needs are expressed in the testimonies from #vardeljus by examining the theological conclusions about these, as drawn by Anne Sörman, from a feminist theological perspective. Secondly, it analyses whether contemporary interpretations of original sin by Lutheran theologians Eva-Lotta Grantén and Anna Karin Hammar contain useful, relevant, and sufficient resources to meet these demands and acknowledge women who experienced sexualised violence in church environments. Thirdly, this study contributes to the future shaping of theology by concluding which complements are needed to ensure that theological interpretations of sin, such as for example those by Grantén and Hammar, are relevant also for women subjected to sexualized violence. By using feminist theological textual analysis, where key themes as represented by Susan Frank Parsons, Sólveig Anna Bóasdóttir, Rita Nakashima Brock and Rebecca Ann Parker are defined and used, this study queries whether these needs are acknowledged and met in interpretations of original sin by Grantén and Hammar. In this examination their usage of such theological concepts as original sin, sin, accountability and guilt are weighted against the #vardeljus-experiences of sexualised violence in order to establish whether original sin is a concept suitable for acknowledging women and including them in theology. Grantén and Hammar attempt to make original sin a useful and understandable concept for contemporary believers, although they differ in their interpretations of this concept. Grantén considers that original sin entails guilt which primarily concerns and affects the relation between an individual and God and only secondarily interhuman relationships. Hammar argues against the usage of original sin and guilt and instead proposes to use destruction and (original) accountability as contemporary-friendlier alternatives. However, neither Grantén, whose main concern is to study original sin as a cause to the existence of sin and evil, nor Hammar, who applies a more consequence-directed approach, manages to adequately acknowledge or adapt their interpretations after women’s experiences of being victims to sexualised violence. This study concludes that if contemporary interpretations of original sin aren’t supplemented with interpretations that illuminate differences within a group where everybody is a sinner, acknowledge women as victims, emphasise the need of identifying and holding perpetrators accountable, and, at the same time, offer tangible help to victims, then the resources that the concept of original sin offers are neither helpful nor relevant to women that are victims of sexualised violence.

This study proposes a social and emotional disclosure model for understanding the mechanism that explains sharing intimate information on social media (Twitter). Previous research has indicated that some aspects of social, emotional, and attitudinal information processing are involved in disclosure of intimate information. However, these factors have been considered in isolation. This study proposes and tests a theoretically grounded model that brings all of these factors together by combining individual and group social media behaviors and online information processing in the realm of online social movements. The core explanatory model considers the impact of peer response, emotional evaluation, personal relevance, issue orientation, and motivation to post online on intimate information disclosure online. A path analysis building on four Poisson multiple regressions conducted on 28,629 #MeToo tweets evaluates the relationships proposed in the explanatory model. Results indicate that emotional evaluation and motivation to post online have direct, positive impacts on online disclosure. Other factors such as peer response, issue orientation, and personal relevance have negative direct relationships with online disclosure. Motivation to post online mediates the effects of emotional evaluation, issue orientation, and personal relevance on online disclosure while issue orientation mediates the effect of personal relevance on motivation to post online. This study offers findings that have use for practitioners interested in hashtag virality and to social media users interested in social influence and online information sharing.

This discourse analysis looks into discursive constructions of sexual acts as sexual crimes or as “regular” sexual practices in the media debate following the #metoo movement in Sweden. The analysis is focused on three cases of accusations of sexual crimes against famous men. By relating linguistic constructions of sexual acts to how the women and men involved are portrayed, the analysis shows how the meaning of sexual practices as crimes or not seems to be dialectically related to discursive constructions of men and women. The analysis shows that women inhabit three different positions in the material, that of the brave hero warning others of sexual criminals, that of the revenge artist mobilizing media storms and that of the active victim, who is partly responsible for the crimes committed against her. The men in the material inhabit three positions as well, the role of the sexual criminal, the role of the “asshole” and the role of the victim of harsh media storms and revengeful women. The findings shine light on the #metoo movement by showing there might be a preferred narrative involved. The analysis points to the female victims of sexual crime having to be heroes for the sexual acts to be linguistically constructed as actual crimes in the media reports. However, the results also show a contradicting story, that of small changes in narrative from earlier “rape myths” which may make possible small shifts in discourse being circulated throughout different institutions in society. The most important finding is that the juridical discourse seems to have a prominent place in the order of discourse surrounding sexual assault, since all discursive constructions of the acts, the men and the women relate in some way to the law and the justice system. Following this, there seems to be a need for other ways of talking about sexual acts that for some reason cannot lead to a conviction but still feels like violations to one of the parties involved.

On 15 October 2017 actress Alyssa Milano posted the following on her Twitter account: “If you’ve been sexually harassed or assaulted write ‘me too’ as a reply to this tweet”. After Milano’s tweet, the hashtag #MeToo is said to have gone viral overnight. Suddenly, the stories of survivors and victims of sexual harassment, sexual assault and/or sexual abuse seemed to be everywhere— although, it may be argued, that they have always been the lived reality for many of us. Activists and those who research feminist hashtags like #MeToo tend to view the hashtag as a personalized tool for storytelling that enables survivors and victims to re-claim agency over the production of their own stories. This thesis deals with how survivors/victims of sexual harassment, sexual assault and/or sexual abuse tell their stories and reproduce their experiences in the context of #MeToo movement. Through an analysis within the framework of institutional ethnography, the process of constructing a #MeToo account will be recovered. The analysis focuses on investigating what informs and shapes the way in which survivors/victims tell their story and how their #MeToo accounts interact with the reader. It will be argued that institutional processes of handling cases of sexual violence significantly influence the way survivors and victims share their experiences in the context of the movement. It will be suggested that being critical and mindful of the institutional processes that affect the way survivors and victims share their experiences, means to disrupt the oppression and the violence that criminal justice systems and retributive models of justice perpetrate. As it is then that we can open up to more transformative, sustainable approaches to justice and survivor/victim support. The project contributes to the current body of feminist hashtag activism scholarship with an institutional ethnography perspective.