An examination of Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross, applying modern theories of gender and sexuality to the textual analysis of a selection of primary written works and biographical works, in order to determine the roles that they play, not only in the case of these two saints of the Catholic Church, but also within the mystical tradition as a whole.

A proposta de elaborar presente trabalho originou-se das inquietações decorrentes do trabalho profissional como assistente social na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – Campus Campo Mourão (UTFPR-CM), por meio do qual foi possível acompanhar a implementação do Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI), implantado na instituição no ano de 2008. O REUNI, que compôs a Política de Educação do governo Lula da Silva voltada para o ensino superior, visava possibilitar às universidades federais a ampliação do acesso e à permanência de alunos na educação superior, de forma a melhorar índices de conclusão e aumentar a relação proporcional de alunos por professores das universidades. A sua implementação na instituição registrou, em números, o crescimento da universidade em diversos aspectos. Entretanto, esse processo se deu em um período em que, contraditoriamente, registrava-se a ampliação da educação superior na esfera privada, alimentada pela ampliação dos financiamentos de fontes públicas e tendo como principais instrumentos o Programa de Financiamento Estudantil (FIES) e o Programa Universidade para Todos (PROUNI), dando continuidade aos preceitos neoliberais que vigoravam nos governos que antecederam Lula da Silva e nele permaneceram. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi analisar as repercussões do processo de expansão da educação superior, a partir das diretrizes do REUNI e das legislações que o acompanharam, no âmbito na UTFPR-CM. O projeto de pesquisa contou com parecer favorável do Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da Unioeste e a metodologia adotada foi a revisão bibliográfica e os estudos documentais. No primeiro capítulo, procurou-se contextualizar e compreender as estratégias do capital na tentativa de contornar a crise estrutural instalada desde a década de 1970, colocando ênfase nos ajustes neoliberais que tiveram como um de seus desdobramentos a contrarreforma do Estado. Abordou-se essa estratégia, inicialmente, de forma mais ampla e depois contextualizada na realidade brasileira, colocando ênfase nas políticas “reformistas” implementadas pelos governos de FHC e Lula da Silva. No segundo capítulo analisamos tal política “reformista” no âmbito da política educacional implementada pelo governo Lula da Silva, levando em conta a expansão das universidades federais ocorrida nos seus mandatos (2003 a 2010). No terceiro capítulo estabeleceu-se a aproximação com o objeto da pesquisa, que consiste em investigar os elementos que compõem o processo de expansão da UTFPR, por via do REUNI, buscando fazer, primeiramente uma contextualização sócio-histórica do desenvolvimento da instituição no todo e depois do Campus Campo Mourão. Com a coleta de dados, tornou-se possível demonstrar os reflexos da implementação do REUNI na UTFPR-CM e, através da análise qualitativa, demonstrar as condições presentes nesse processo, considerando o momento político e econômico do desenvolvimento capitalista, quando a expansão do acesso à educação superior nas universidades se fez em meio ao crescimento dos mecanismos de privatização desse nível de ensino. / The proposal of developing this work from the inequalities resulting from professional work as social worker at the Federal University of Technology from Paraná – Campus Campo Mourão (UTFPR-CM), wherewith was possible to keep up with implantation of the Program of Support for the Restructuring and Expansion of Federal Universities (REUNI), implanted the institution on the year of 2008. The REUNI, which compose the Education Policy of the Lula da Silva’s government turned to the higher education, aimed enable the federal universities to increase the access and the permanence of students on the higher education, in order to improve the completion rates and increase the proportional ratio of students per university professors. Its implementation in the institution registered, in numbers, the University growth in several respects. However, this process occurred in a period in which, contradictorily, was registered the higher education enlargement on the sphere private, fueled by the enlargement of financing of public sources and having as principal instruments the Program of Financing Student (FIES) and the Program University for All (PROUNI), giving continuity to the precepts neoliberal that were in force on the government witch precede Lula da Silva and on it remained. The general objective of the study was analyze the repercussions of the expansion process of higher education, from REUNI guidelines and from the legislations that follow it, under the UTFPR-CM. The research project counted with a judgment favorable from the Ethics Committee on the Unioeste research and the methodology adopted was the bibliography review and the documentary studies. In the first chapter, sought contextualize and understand the strategies of the capital in an attempt to get around the structural crisis installed since the decade of 1970, placing emphasis on neoliberal adjustments which has as one of its deployment the contextualized on the Brazilian reality, placing emphasis on policies “reformist” implemented by the governments of FHC and Lula da Silva. In the second chapter we analyzed such policy taking into account the expansion of federal universities occurred in your mandates (2003 to 2010). In the third chapter was settled the approach with the object of the search, that consists in investigate the elements witch compose the expansion process of the UTFPR, through the REUNI, seeking to do, firstly a contextualization socio-historical of institution development in overall and then of Campus Campo Mourão. With the data collect, it became possible demonstrate the implementation’s reflections from REUNI on the UTFPR-CM and, through qualitative analysis, demonstrate the contradictions present in this process, considering the political and economic moment from the development capitalist, when the expansion of the access to the high education at the federal universities was made in the middle of the privatization mechanisms growth of this level of education.

A proposta de elaborar presente trabalho originou-se das inquietações decorrentes do trabalho profissional como assistente social na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – Campus Campo Mourão (UTFPR-CM), por meio do qual foi possível acompanhar a implementação do Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI), implantado na instituição no ano de 2008. O REUNI, que compôs a Política de Educação do governo Lula da Silva voltada para o ensino superior, visava possibilitar às universidades federais a ampliação do acesso e à permanência de alunos na educação superior, de forma a melhorar índices de conclusão e aumentar a relação proporcional de alunos por professores das universidades. A sua implementação na instituição registrou, em números, o crescimento da universidade em diversos aspectos. Entretanto, esse processo se deu em um período em que, contraditoriamente, registrava-se a ampliação da educação superior na esfera privada, alimentada pela ampliação dos financiamentos de fontes públicas e tendo como principais instrumentos o Programa de Financiamento Estudantil (FIES) e o Programa Universidade para Todos (PROUNI), dando continuidade aos preceitos neoliberais que vigoravam nos governos que antecederam Lula da Silva e nele permaneceram. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi analisar as repercussões do processo de expansão da educação superior, a partir das diretrizes do REUNI e das legislações que o acompanharam, no âmbito na UTFPR-CM. O projeto de pesquisa contou com parecer favorável do Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da Unioeste e a metodologia adotada foi a revisão bibliográfica e os estudos documentais. No primeiro capítulo, procurou-se contextualizar e compreender as estratégias do capital na tentativa de contornar a crise estrutural instalada desde a década de 1970, colocando ênfase nos ajustes neoliberais que tiveram como um de seus desdobramentos a contrarreforma do Estado. Abordou-se essa estratégia, inicialmente, de forma mais ampla e depois contextualizada na realidade brasileira, colocando ênfase nas políticas “reformistas” implementadas pelos governos de FHC e Lula da Silva. No segundo capítulo analisamos tal política “reformista” no âmbito da política educacional implementada pelo governo Lula da Silva, levando em conta a expansão das universidades federais ocorrida nos seus mandatos (2003 a 2010). No terceiro capítulo estabeleceu-se a aproximação com o objeto da pesquisa, que consiste em investigar os elementos que compõem o processo de expansão da UTFPR, por via do REUNI, buscando fazer, primeiramente uma contextualização sócio-histórica do desenvolvimento da instituição no todo e depois do Campus Campo Mourão. Com a coleta de dados, tornou-se possível demonstrar os reflexos da implementação do REUNI na UTFPR-CM e, através da análise qualitativa, demonstrar as condições presentes nesse processo, considerando o momento político e econômico do desenvolvimento capitalista, quando a expansão do acesso à educação superior nas universidades se fez em meio ao crescimento dos mecanismos de privatização desse nível de ensino. / The proposal of developing this work from the inequalities resulting from professional work as social worker at the Federal University of Technology from Paraná – Campus Campo Mourão (UTFPR-CM), wherewith was possible to keep up with implantation of the Program of Support for the Restructuring and Expansion of Federal Universities (REUNI), implanted the institution on the year of 2008. The REUNI, which compose the Education Policy of the Lula da Silva’s government turned to the higher education, aimed enable the federal universities to increase the access and the permanence of students on the higher education, in order to improve the completion rates and increase the proportional ratio of students per university professors. Its implementation in the institution registered, in numbers, the University growth in several respects. However, this process occurred in a period in which, contradictorily, was registered the higher education enlargement on the sphere private, fueled by the enlargement of financing of public sources and having as principal instruments the Program of Financing Student (FIES) and the Program University for All (PROUNI), giving continuity to the precepts neoliberal that were in force on the government witch precede Lula da Silva and on it remained. The general objective of the study was analyze the repercussions of the expansion process of higher education, from REUNI guidelines and from the legislations that follow it, under the UTFPR-CM. The research project counted with a judgment favorable from the Ethics Committee on the Unioeste research and the methodology adopted was the bibliography review and the documentary studies. In the first chapter, sought contextualize and understand the strategies of the capital in an attempt to get around the structural crisis installed since the decade of 1970, placing emphasis on neoliberal adjustments which has as one of its deployment the contextualized on the Brazilian reality, placing emphasis on policies “reformist” implemented by the governments of FHC and Lula da Silva. In the second chapter we analyzed such policy taking into account the expansion of federal universities occurred in your mandates (2003 to 2010). In the third chapter was settled the approach with the object of the search, that consists in investigate the elements witch compose the expansion process of the UTFPR, through the REUNI, seeking to do, firstly a contextualization socio-historical of institution development in overall and then of Campus Campo Mourão. With the data collect, it became possible demonstrate the implementation’s reflections from REUNI on the UTFPR-CM and, through qualitative analysis, demonstrate the contradictions present in this process, considering the political and economic moment from the development capitalist, when the expansion of the access to the high education at the federal universities was made in the middle of the privatization mechanisms growth of this level of education.

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / The present work analyses the manifestations of June 2013 and the established relations amongst the historical mechanisms that give functionality to the idea of conciliatory pact as roots that ground Brazilian political structure along our history. In order to do so, we engaged on the analysis of three moments of our recent history under the light of some Marxist categories which provide us with a stream of dialogue between these moments, keeping as a steady reference, the conducting wire of the conciliatory tradition in Brazilian contemporary politics and the meaning contained in June 2013 manifestations as denials that come “from above” (upper social classes) of these arrangements that have marked Brazilian politics. We started tracing a line from the democratic transition in the 1980s and how it was articulated “from above” through the perspective of the conciliatory tradition; in a second moment, we moved forward to the 1990s, to the inception of neoliberal politics in Brazil and how, after the dismantling of the State, strong results were generated in the political operating dynamics in Brazil, deepening a state of economical domination and political emptying based on social class conflicts and its interlocutions in the institutions, revealing a horizon of social regression. The Gramscian nature of the passive revolution is dislocated to the condition of counter-reformation, as a more understandable account on the meaning of neoliberal hegemony in Brazil and its singularities in the field of conciliatory politics. We partially finalized the works by attempting to summarize of today’s moment focusing on the manifestation of June 2013 and on the permanence of conciliatory politics in Brazilian politics, bringing up the contributions from the categories of this so called “upside down” hegemony and small politics hegemony, as much as attempting to interpret the manifestations in June 2013 as a rejection of Brazilian political structure and its conciliatory tradition. / O presente trabalho analisa as manifestações de junho de 2013 e as relações estabelecidas entre os mecanismos históricos que dão funcionalidade à ideia de pacto conciliatório enquanto raízes que fundamentam a estrutura política brasileira ao longo da nossa história. Para tanto, buscamos analisar três momentos de nossa história recente à luz de algumas categorias marxistas que nos possibilitam uma linha de diálogo entre esses momentos, sem perder como norte o fio condutor da tradição conciliatória na política brasileira contemporânea e o significado das manifestações de junho de 2013 enquanto negação destes arranjos “pelo alto” que marcam a política brasileira. Traçamos essa linha a partir da transição democrática nos anos 1980 e de como esta foi operada “pelo alto” na chave da tradição conciliatória; num segundo momento, nos remontamos aos anos 1990, à inserção das políticas neoliberais no Brasil e a como, a partir do desmonte do Estado, cria-se fortes resultados na dinâmica de se operar a política brasileira, aprofundando o quadro de ampla dominação econômica e esvaziamento da política baseada nos conflitos de classe e suas interlocuções na institucionalidade, inferindo um horizonte de regressão social. Desloca-se a categoria gramsciniana de “revolução passiva” para a de “contrarreforma”, como reflexão de melhor compreensão do significado da hegemonia neoliberal no Brasil e suas singularidades no espaço da política conciliatória. Finalizamos parcialmente os trabalhos com uma tentativa de síntese do tempo atual à luz das manifestações de junho de 2013 e da permanência da tradição conciliatória na política brasileira, trazendo as contribuições das categorias de “hegemonia às avessas” e “hegemonia da pequena política”, bem como uma tentativa interpretativa das manifestações de junho de 2013, enquanto negação da estrutura política brasileira e da sua tradição conciliatória.

The study proposed to analyze the Social Service in Social Security in Sergipe, from 1998 to 2003, when a redesign in the organizational structure occurs due to measures foreseen in the social security reform, which include, among them, the extinction of Social Service of the institutional framework. The intention was to analyze social security policy, initially presenting aspects about the capitalist system, social rights, social policy and how the implantation of neoliberal politics in Brazil, even if late, when compared to the central capitalist countries, directly interfere in Brazilian social security, affecting the rights of the workers and of his family, including the servants of the institution itself, in the case of the Social Workers. The research is inspired by dialectical historical materialism, based on a critical theoretical analysis on Brazilian social security policy, making brief contextualizations about its origin and evolution until inserted as a policy integral to the Brazilian Social Security and undergo deep reforms that changed the conception protection. The intention was also to reflect on the trajectory of the Social Welfare Service and the refutations of the counterreform of the Brazilian State through the social security reforms that occurred in the 1990s and 2000s. These had as a consequence the flexibilization and the precariousness of working conditions, allied to reduction of the State's role in relation to social policies, undermining labor and social security rights, as well as modifying the institutional structure. In Sergipe, the social security reform caused the drastic loss of team members of Social Service, greatly affecting the professional doing as well as the visibility of this professional that had its importance questioned and seriously threatened after institutional restructuring resulting from this counterreformation. It was intended to adopt a critical stance that sought to break with the superficial analysis and to overcome the immediacy of the real. This is an exploratory, qualitative approach. For data collection, primary and secondary documentary sources, official documents and documents were used as well as a semi-structured interview with Social Service professionals belonging to the National Social Security Institute in Sergipe, respecting the ethical aspects of this type of research. / O estudo se propôs a analisar o Serviço Social na Previdência Social em Sergipe, no período de 1998 a 2003, quando ocorre um redesenho na estrutura organizacional decorrentes de medidas previstas na reforma previdenciária que incluíram entre elas, a extinção do Serviço Social do quadro institucional. Intencionou-se analisar a política previdenciária, apresentando inicialmente aspectos sobre o sistema capitalista, direitos sociais, política social e como a implantação da política neoliberal no Brasil, mesmo que tardiamente, quando comparada aos países capitalistas centrais, interfere diretamente na previdência social brasileira, afetando sobremaneira os direitos dos trabalhadores e de sua família, inclusive os servidores da própria instituição, no caso em tela os/as Assistentes Sociais. A pesquisa inspirou-se no materialismo histórico dialético, baseando-se em uma análise teórica crítica sobre a política previdenciária brasileira, fazendo breves contextualizações sobre sua origem e evolução até ser inserida como política integrante da Seguridade Social Brasileira e sofrer profundas reformas que alteraram a concepção de proteção social. Pretendeu-se ainda, refletir sobre a trajetória do Serviço Social na Previdência e os rebatimentos da contrarreforma do Estado brasileiro através das reformas previdenciárias ocorridas nas décadas de 1990 e 2000. Estas tiveram como consequência a flexibilização e a precarização das condições de trabalho, aliadas a redução do papel do Estado em relação às políticas sociais, prejudicando os direitos trabalhistas e previdenciários, bem como modificaram a estrutura institucional. Em Sergipe a reforma previdenciária ocasionou a perda drástica de componentes da equipe do Serviço Social, afetando sobremaneira o fazer profissional bem como a visibilidade desse profissional que teve sua importância questionada e seriamente ameaçada após reestruturação institucional decorrente dessa contrarreforma. Intencionou-se adotar uma postura crítica que pretendesse romper com a análise superficial e de superação da imediaticidade do real. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizadas fontes documentais primárias e secundárias, legislações e documentos oficiais bem como entrevista semiestruturada com profissionais do Serviço Social pertencentes ao quadro do Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social em Sergipe, respeitando os aspectos éticos desse tipo de pesquisa. / São Cristóvão, SE

Esta tese analisa a política de crédito fundiário no Ceará, posta em prática pelos governos estadual e federal em parceria com o Banco Mundial a partir de 1996. A forma pela qual o Estado foi levado a dar início e desenvolver a “reforma agrária de mercado” no Ceará, recoloca problemas importantes: a questão da reforma agrária e o acesso à terra pelos sem terra, o problema da estrutura fundiária no Ceará, no Nordeste, e em outras regiões. Simultaneamente, repõe o problema da “adaptação” de moradores de condição, parceiros, rendeiros e migrantes temporários ao mercado capitalista. A reflexão sobre a contra-reforma agrária do Banco Mundial e os camponeses passa pela discussão acerca do desenvolvimento territorial contraditório, desigual e combinado, desenvolvido no interior da Geografia agrária. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de um estudo transversal realizado em oito assentamentos criados a partir dos projetos São José e Cédula da Terra, partes constitutivas da denominada “reforma agrária de mercado” no Ceará. A implementação da “reforma agrária de mercado” no Ceará, tem significado a reativação do mercado de terras contribuindo para a ampliação das relações, especificamente capitalistas no campo como a apropriação da renda capitalizada da terra por proprietários de terras rentistas. Os assentamentos como frações do território conquistadas se constituíram com base na propriedade familiar que é uma forma de propriedade diferente da propriedade privada capitalista. A apropriação familiar e o desenvolvimento de formas de trabalho como o individual (familiar), a prática de ajuda mútua, o uso comum da terra e o trabalho coletivo revelam a ocorrência de formas alternativas para a propriedade privada imposta pelo Estado. Existe, portanto, um sério conflito entre o regime de propriedade privada implementado sob a lógica de mercado do Estado e a concepção de propriedade familiar reproduzida pelos camponeses e legitimada com o apoio dos movimentos sociais e das entidades camponesas em luta pela reforma agrária no país. / This thesis analyzes the agrarian credit policy in Ceará, put into practice by the State and Federal Governments in partnership with the World Bank since 1996. The reason which led the State government begin and develop the “market agrarian reform” in Ceará, puts back important problems: the agrarian reform problem and the land access to the landless peasantry, the agrarian structural problem in Ceará, in the northeast and in other areas. Simultaneously, replaces the “adaptation” problem of the condition dwellers, partners, tenant farmers and temporary migrants to the capitalist market. The reflection on the agrarian counter-reformation of Wold Bank and the peasants passes by the discussion concerning the contradictory, unequal and combined territorial development, developed inside the agrarian Geography. The research was developed from a transversal study accomplished in eight settlements created from the São José and Cédula da Terra projects, constituent parts of the denominated “market agrarian reform” in Ceará. The implementation of the “market agrarian reform” in Ceará, has meant the land market reactivation contributing to the enlargement of the relationships, specifically capitalists in the countryside as the appropriation of the capitalized income of the land by landowners of the rentable land. The settlements as fractions of the conquered territory have been constituted based on the family property that is a property form different from the capitalist private property. The family appropriation and the development in labor ways as the individual (family), the practice of mutual help, the land common use and the collective labor reveals the occurrence of alternative ways for the private property imposed by the State Government. There is, therefore, a serious conflict between the private property regime implemented under the State market logic and the conception of family property reproduced by the peasants and legitimated by the social movements and from the peasant entities support that fight for the agrarian reform in the country.

Nous proposons une étude des genitalia masculines dans la production de Michel-Ange afin de saisir ce qu’un tel motif pouvait signifier dans différentes œuvres selon le sujet qu’elles représentent. En nous concentrant principalement sur quatre œuvres de l’artiste florentin nous désirons éclaircir l’impact visuel du dévoilement du sexe masculin et la perception que pouvait en avoir le public italien du XVe siècle et du XVIe siècle. Le Bacchus (1496-1497), Le David (1501-1504), Le Christ Rédempteur (1519-1520) et Le Jugement dernier (1536-1541) ont été choisis pour la diversité des thèmes qu’ils illustrent et pour leurs différents contextes de production et d’exposition. Nous comparons les œuvres religieuses aux œuvres profanes afin d’y relever les problématiques spécifiques qui résultent dans chacun des cas. Le choix de s’en tenir à la production de Michel-Ange implique aussi de se pencher sur un type de figure masculine bien précis, directement inspiré de l’Antiquité. Pour mieux comprendre ce qui résulte du dévoilement des genitalia, nous définissons des notions primordiales comme le nu, la nudité, la sexualité, la masculinité et la virilité dans l’art de la Renaissance. À partir d’une approche historiographique, dont La sexualité du Christ à la Renaissance et son refoulement moderne de Leo Steinberg constitue la référence principale, nous appuyons ses hypothèses quant aux représentations du sexe du Christ. Et selon une approche historique, nous suggérons des hypothèses quant à la nudité intégrale de figures emblématiques de la production de Michel-Ange. En nous concentrant principalement sur les œuvres nommées ci-haut et le détail des genitalia, nous remarquerons que les artistes, y compris Michel-Ange, ne représentent pas ce détail par hasard, mais bien parce que cette partie du corps riche en signification peut servir à exprimer et appuyer plusieurs concepts. / We propose a study on the male genitalia in Michelangelo’s production, in order to grasp the significance in different works of art depending on the subject that they represent. By focusing on four pieces of art of the Florentine artist, we would like to clarify the visual impact of the male genitals unveiled and the perception from the Italian audience of the fifteenth century and sixteenth century. The Bacchus (1496-1497), The David, (1501-1504), The Risen Christ (1519-1520) and The Last Judgment (1536-1541) have been chosen for the variety of the topics they illustrate and for the different contexts of production and exhibition. We compare religious pieces of art to profane pieces of art to identify specific issues that result in every case. The decision to stick to only Michelango’s artistic production also implies looking at a specific type of male figure, directly inspired by the Antiquity. For a better understanding of what results from the genitalia’s unveiling, we define essential notions like nude, nudity, sexuality, masculinity and virility in the Renaissance. With a historiographical approach based on The Sexuality of Christ in Renaissance Art and in Modern Oblivion, written by Leo Steinberg, we support his hypothesis about the representations of Christ’ genitals. And with a historical approach we suggest some hypotheses about the nudity of iconic figures realised by Michelangelo. By focusing mainly on the pieces of art mentioned above and the detail of genitalia, we notice that artists, such as Michelangelo, did not represent this detail by chance, but because this part of the body is rich of signification and can serve to express many concepts.

Cette thèse porte sur l’éloquence sacrée telle que le prédicateur franciscain Francesco Panigarola, l’une des figures majeures de l’art oratoire post-tridentin, la conçut en tant que rhéteur et la pratiqua du haut de la chaire. De son œuvre nous avons retenu les textes en italien : d’une part les écrits polémiques, les traités rhétoriques et pédagogiques, où s’exprime la réflexion de Panigarola sur le statut et les finalités de l’éloquence sacrée, d’autre part ceux qui attestent des procédés oratoires mis en œuvre dans l’exercice de la prédication. L’étude associe à la fois une approche chronologique, centrée sur le profil biographique, et une approche systématique concernant quelques grandes questions rhétoriques et stylistiques. L’objectif est de restituer l’orateur franciscain à la culture de son temps et de mettre en lumière certaines constantes de son style oratoire asian, notamment le statut privilégié accordé aux ressources de l’imagination visuelle. La première partie suit les étapes de la formation humaniste et religieuse de Panigarola ; la présentation de quelques documents inédits permet de jeter une lumière nouvelle sur ses activités de controversiste et de diplomate. La seconde partie analyse la théorie du discours oratoire sacré qu’il développe dans ses traités rhétoriques à l’usage des prédicateurs : Il Predicatore, les Regole per far la memoria locale et le Modo di comporre una predica. L’étude vise à mettre en évidence l’originalité des initiatives stylistiques et des procédés rythmiques, lexicaux et morphosyntaxiques de Panigarola, qui marquèrent l’entrée de la prédication dans le domaine de la littérature italienne. La dernière partie est consacrée à la définition de la doctrine panigarolienne de l’image ainsi qu’à la description des stratégies visuelles et auditives déployées dans ses sermons. Comment le franciscain réussissait-il à « faire voir », par les mots et à travers eux, les concepts qu’il voulait transmettre ? Quelles étaient les ressources du style qu’il déployait pour rendre son discours « visualisable » ? Ces questions ont été examinées du point de vue de l’enargeia « visuelle » et « sonore », et des procédés techniques dont elles sont le fruit. / Our theme in this thesis is sacred eloquence, such as that of the Franciscan preacher Francesco Panigarola, a major figure of post tridentine oratory art, envisaged it as a rhetor and practised it from his pulpit. We have selected texts in Italian from his works: on the one hand, controversial writings, rhetorical and pedagogical treatises, where Panigarola reflects upon the status and finalities of sacred eloquence, and on the other hand, those which bear witness of the oratorical procedures utilized for sermons. Our study links, at one and the same time, a chronological approach, focussing on the biographical profile and a systematic approach to a few major rhetorical and stylistic questions. Our objective is to replace the Franciscan orator within the culture of his times and throw light on certain recurrent themes in his asianic style, particularly the pre-eminent status granted to the resources of visual imagination. Our first part takes us through the stages of Panigarola’s humanistic and religious formation; the presentation of a few previously unpublished documents sheds new light on his activities as a controversialist and diplomat. The second part analyses the theory of sacred oratory art, which he developed in his rhetorical treatises for the use of preachers: Il Predicatore, the Regole per far la memoria locale and the Modo di comporre una predica. The aim of our study is to show the originality of his stylistic initiatives and the rhythmic lexical and morpho-syntaxic methods of Panigarola, which marked the arrival of preaching in the world of Italian literature. The last section is devoted to the definition of Panigarola’s doctrine of the image, together with the description of the visual and auditory strategies employed in his sermons. How did the Franciscan succeed in “bringing to sight”, by his words, and through them, the concepts he wished to transmit? What were the stylistic resources he used to make his speech “seeable”? These questions have been examined from the point of view of “visual” and “resounding” enargeia, and the technical procedures which gave it birth.

Le recensement des tableaux du XVIIe siècle conservés dans les églises sarthoises a permis de constater une forte activité des peintres manceaux à cette époque, jusque là encore très mal connue. Pourtant, elle a contribué à l’élaboration d’une manière propre aux milieux artistiques manceaux d’alors qui ont su prolonger loin dans le siècle la séduction du maniérisme, sans pour autant raidir celui-ci. La prédominance, puis la persistance du maniérisme s’expliquent par l’immense diffusion de la gravure anversoise à la charnière des XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Plus tard, l’autorité des maîtres parisiens, italiens et flamands reposa sur la reproduction de leurs oeuvres par l’intermédiaire des estampes. Éloignée des grands foyers artistiques, la peinture mancelle était en général conservatrice et répétitive, cherchant tout d’abord à vivement frapper le fidèle. Les tableaux religieux de l’époque post tridentine étaient surtout des oeuvres fonctionnelles, limitées à l’interprétation stricte des scènes, et pour lesquels pouvaient suffire des talents médiocres, et où le recours à la copie était très courant. Cette thèse permet de constater que le milieu des peintres manceaux, tout en gardant ses particularités provinciales, fût dynamique, ouvert aux apports nouveaux et riche en personnalités intéressantes. Leurs oeuvres ont constitué une sorte de tournant dans la production régionale dont l’évolution a suivi les mêmes directions que les grands courants parisiens, quoique avec un écart inévitable. Sont d’abord étudiés la Commande, les Peintres, la Création, les OEuvres et l’Évolution de la peinture mancelle (I). Vient ensuite le Dictionnaire des peintres manceaux (II), et enfin le Catalogue des oeuvres (III). / The inventory of 17th-century paintings in churches in the département of Sarthe reveals that painters in Le Mans, hitherto little known, were prolific at that time. This hive of activity gave rise to an artistic scene in the province of Maine, in and around the city of Le Mans, which prolonged the style of mannerism well into the century, until it was replaced by the authority of Parisian, Italian and Flemish masters. A far cry from main artistic centres, Maine painting was generally conservative and repetitive. Above all, it sought to strike religious believers. Religious works by Maine painters during the post-Tridentine era were functional works, content to merely portray a scene. They required little or no talent and copying was very widespread. This thesis shows that the painting scene in and around Le Mans, although doggedly provincial, was dynamic, open to new contributions and full of interesting characters. Their work marked a turning point in regional production and its evolution followed the same trends as the major Parisian currents, albeit with an evitable delay. We shall examine commissioning, the artists, creation, works and the evolution of painting in Le Mans (I). This will be followed by the dictionary of Maine painters (II) and the catalogue of works (III).

À l’aube de la Contre-Réforme, on exigea des prélats de vivre plus sobrement et de tempérer leur passion pour l’art et l’architecture. Malgré cela, de nombreux palais furent construits, rénovés et décorés avec faste. Le rôle des palais et de leurs décors dans la mise en scène du pouvoir a été bien démontré, mais peu d’attention a été portée à la fonction dévotionnelle de ces demeures, pourtant destinées aux plus hauts membres du clergé. Cette thèse de doctorat propose la première synthèse des pratiques de dévotion privée des cardinaux à Rome entre 1550 et 1610 à partir de l’étude du mécénat de leurs palais. L’analyse des chapelles domestiques et des studioli des palais Salviati alla Lungara, Altemps, Farnese à Caprarola, del Drago à Bolsena et de la villa d’Este à Tivoli montre l’importante préoccupation des cardinaux pour leur Salut et le rôle de l’art pour susciter, au sein de la demeure, une méditation sotériologique. Ces observations permettent de suggérer que ces exercices se déroulaient non seulement dans les chapelles, mais aussi dans des pièces traditionnellement identifiées comme des studioli. Nous proposons plutôt de les désigner comme des ermitages ou romitori et de les considérer comme des lieux tout aussi importants que les chapelles dans l’élaboration de la piété domestique des cardinaux post-tridentins. À travers les thèmes de la Passion du Christ, de la vie de la Vierge ou des vertus cardinales et théologales, les fresques qui ornent ces espaces furent utilisées comme des outils de contemplation spirituelle du mystère de la Rédemption. L’inclusion de copies d’images miraculeuses ou d’« objets de substitution », au sens qu’ont donné à cette expression Alexander Nagel et Christopher Wood (2010), garantissait en outre aux cardinaux la vie éternelle en échange des prières effectuées dans les pièces où les icônes étaient exposées. Cette admission au paradis était également mise en scène par le déplacement physique ou métaphorique du cardinal dans les logge peintes de verdure ou les jardins des palais. Plus qu’une simple analyse des œuvres et des pièces singulières, cette thèse établit des relations entre les différents espaces des palais, de manière à montrer que le comportement dévotionnel privé des cardinaux dans la Rome de la Contre-Réforme était envisagé comme un parcours spirituel, dans lequel l’art occupait un rôle fondamental. / At the dawn of Counter-Reformation, prelates of the Roman Church were required to live more simply and to moderate their enthusiasm for art and architecture. Nonetheless, many palaces were built, renovated and decorated with pomp by these same prelates. The role of art and architecture in staging the power has been well demonstrated, but less has been said about the devotional function of houses owned by important clergymen. This thesis proposes the first synthetic study of cardinals’ private devotional practices in Rome between 1550 and 1610 by looking at the patronage of their palaces. The analysis of the domestic chapels and studioli of the Salviati alla Lungara and Altemps palaces in Rome, the Farnese palace in Caprarola, the Del Drago palace in Bolsena, and the Villa d’Este in Tivoli demonstrates the important concern of the cardinals for their salvation and the role of art to arouse soteriological meditation within their domestic spaces. This careful examination allows us to propose that these devotional practices were carried out not only in the chapels, but also in rooms traditionally identified as studioli. Rather, we propose to designate them as hermitages or romitori, and to attach to them the same importance as the chapels in the daily piety of the post-Tridentine cardinals. The frescoes decorating these devotional spaces depicted the themes of the Passion of Christ, the life of the Virgin and other biblical figures, and of the cardinal and theological virtues, serving as tools for spiritual contemplation of the mystery of Redemption. The inclusion of copies of miraculous images or “substitute objects”, as proposed by Alexander Nagel and Christopher Wood (2010), further guaranteed the cardinals eternal life thanks to the prayers carried out in the spaces where the icons were exhibited. This admission to paradise was also occasionally staged by the physical or metaphorical movement of the cardinal towards the logge painted with greenery or the palace’s gardens. Thus, more than a simple analysis of singular works or rooms, this thesis establishes a relationship between the spaces of the palaces to show that the cardinal domestic devotional behavior was then viewed and organized as a spiritual journey, in which art played a fundamental role.