Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edineia Lopes da Cruz Souza.pdf: 2175510 bytes, checksum: 26f03a48398ae7ec6f8838b58bfb4eee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to analyze the access to rural security from the perspective of gender. The 1988 Constitution was a milestone in the history of women, for it has provided the women the right to rural retirement age, already granted to men. In the discipline of law, began to consider women aged 55 or older and men aged 60 years or older, able to benefit as special insured, provided that they would prove to have bond with the system of family economy. To meet the proposed goal it was used data from the National Survey by Household Sampling (PNAD) in 2001 and 2009. To do so, a proxy that could approximate the real number of insured rural special was created; from the proxy, descriptive statistics from the data collected was carried out. The results showed that during the analyzed period, the pensions paid by rural age had a positive increase of 26% for women, which was higher than men, who increased 21%.However, in terms of access, the data point to a disfavoring towards the women group in relation to the men group because in the group of women suitable to apply for the benefit, on average 74% were retired, in males the retirees average was higher, 84% during the period. In the ex-post evaluation of the rural pension policy results signaled a recurrent inequality between women and men in access to benefit more than two decades after the change in legislation. A positive aspect is that the proportion of the inequality of women relative to men in terms of amounts of pensions paid was reduced during the period. Among the regions, there was emphasis in terms of number of rural retired employees in the Northeast and South regions, due to the strong presence of family farmers. By targeting gender analysis from the perspective of transversality of pension policy, it was identified the influence of other variables, namely: color (or race) and education level, in retirement access of the rural population. Much of the rural population is composed of black people (brown and black), that is the result of historical legacy and that is configured most representative in the Northeast and to a lesser extent in the South. It is believed that factors with low education and color (or race), in addition to regional characteristics, influence on inequalities in access to the benefit. Finally, with respect to women, it is believed that their disfavoring in relation to men in this policy is due to lack of recognition of their work considering the sexual division of labor in the rural itself. Thus, it is suggested the articulation of various sectors as INSS, SPM, MDA, FUNAI, in the pursuit of greater efficiency and effectiveness of public policy. Moreover, power relations expressed in labor relations and which takes effect with the invisibility of female participation in rural labor has influence upon the access to public policies. In addition to changes in the operationalization of welfare policy, there should be inserted in the policy management other components such as region, race, ethnicity; it is also necessary changes in the informal intrafamily relationships, which in rural areas are settled in power relations between genders and strengthened especially in the gender division of labor. / RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o acesso à previdência social rural sob a perspectiva de gênero. A Constituição de 1988 foi um marco na história das mulheres, ao proporcionar o direito à aposentadoria por idade rural concedida aos homens há mais tempo. Na disciplina da lei, passou-se a considerar como segurados especiais, as mulheres com 55 anos ou mais e homens com 60 anos ou mais, desde que comprovassem vínculo com a agricultura familiar. Para cumprir o objetivo proposto, utilizou-se dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), nos anos de 2001 e 2009. Como metodologia, criou-se uma proxy que se aproximasse do número real de segurados especiais rurais. A partir da proxy,fez-se uma estatística descritiva com os dados coletados. Os resultados mostraram que no período analisado, as aposentadorias pagas aos segurados especiais tiveram um incremento positivo, para as mulheres, 26%, superior ao dos homens, com 21%. Todavia, em termos de distribuição, os dados apontaram um desfavorecimento do grupo feminino em detrimento do masculino. Das mulheres, em média 74% estavam aposentadas, para os homens, a média de aposentados foi superior, com 84% no período. Na avaliação ex-post da política previdenciária rural, os resultados sinalizaram uma desigualdade recorrente entre mulheres e homens expressa na distribuição dos benefícios, mais de duas décadas depois da mudança na legislação. Um aspecto positivo é que a proporção da desigualdade entre mulheres e homens, ao analisar o montante de aposentadorias pagas, teve redução no período. Dentre as regiões, a maioria dos segurados pertencia às regiões Nordeste e Sul, devido à forte presença de agricultores familiares. Ao direcionar a análise de gênero sob perspectiva da transversalidade da política pública previdenciária, identificou-se a influência de outras variáveis, quais sejam: a cor (ou raça) e escolaridade, no acesso a aposentadoria da população rural. Boa parte do meio rural é composta pela população negra (parda e preta), resultado do legado histórico e que, se configura com maior representatividade na região Nordeste e em menor proporção na região Sul. Acredita-se que fatores como a baixa instrução e cor (ou raça), além das características regionais, influenciaram nas desigualdades no acesso à aposentadoria. Por fim, em relação à mulher, o desfavorecimento nessa política pode estar relacionado à falta de reconhecimento de seu trabalho, a partir da divisão sexual do trabalho no rural. Sugere-se com isso, a articulação de diversos setores, quais sejam: INSS, SPM, MDA, FUNAI, na busca de maior eficácia e eficiência da política pública. Ademais, acredita-se que as relações de poder expressas nas relações de trabalho e que se concretizam na invisibilidade do trabalho feminino, tem influência no acesso as políticas públicas dessas trabalhadoras. Para além das mudanças na operacionalização da política previdenciária, que insiram na gestão da política outros componentes, como região, raça, etnia; é também preciso mudanças nas relações informais intrafamiliares, que no meio rural seguem assentadas nas relações de poder entre os sexos.

Orientador: Jefferson Cano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T17:51:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mancilha_VirginiaMariaNetto_M.pdf: 12816314 bytes, checksum: 4ca34523cf1e8fb391877c84d57ace75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Na primeira metade do século XX, proliferou no Brasil uma série de periódicos, folhetins e jornais que se dedicaram a refletir sobre o papel da mulher na sociedade. A Revista Feminina era uma das mais publicações mais representativas da imprensa feminina durante as primeiras décadas republicanas, particularmente entre 1920 e 1930. Durante esse período, a revista teve um importante papel na formação de um espaço público e literário relacionado às demandas sociais das mulheres, em curso desde meados do século XIX. O foco principal deste estudo consiste em analisar como a revista se articulou e abordou a luta pelo direito ao voto, ao trabalho e à instrução, temas que ocupavam um lugar significativo em suas páginas, ao contrário do que pressupunham muitos trabalhos sobre o tema / Abstract: In the first half of the twentieth century, a whole series of newspapers, journals and daily literary essays, mainly dedicated to discuss women?s role in society, appeared in Brazil. The Revista Feminina was one of the most representative women?s press publications during the first republican decades, particularly between the 1920?s and 1930?s. During this period, the magazine had an important role in the making of a public and literary room related to women?s social demands that have been ongoing since the mid of the nineteenth century. The main focus of this study consists in analyse how the magazine dealt and related itself with franchise, labour and schooling struggles, themes that, unlike many specialized researches presupposed before, did occupy a significant space in its pages / Mestrado

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The study outlines five areas of intervention in the development of women studies and politics on the continent. Firstly, it examines the problematic construction and the inclusion of women in the narratives of the liberation struggle in South Africa. Secondly, the study identifies the sphere of intellectual debates as one of the crucial sites in the production of historical knowledge about the legacies of liberation struggles on the continent. Thirdly, it traces the intellectual trajectory of Charlotte Maxeke as an embodiment of the intellectual contributions of women in the struggle for liberation in South Africa. In this regard, the study traces Charlotte Maxeke as she deliberated and engaged on matters pertaining to the welfare of the Africans alongside the prominent intellectuals of the twentieth century. Fourthly, the study inaugurates a theoretical departure from the documentary trends that define contemporary studies on women and liberation movements on the continent. Fifthly, the study examines the incorporation of Maxeke's legacy of active intellectual engagement as an integral part of gender politics in the activities of the Women's Section of the African National Congress. In the areas identified, the study engages with the significance of the intellectual inputs of Charlotte Maxeke in South African history. / South Africa

L'avortement provoqué sans indication médicale ou juridique dans les pays où il estinterdit comme au Burkina Faso pose à la fois un problème de santé publique et unproblème social. C'est cette double problématique que cette thèse a exploré pourexpliquer les difficultés que rencontre le pays à lutter contre les avortements à risque, etcomprendre les facteurs de l'accroissement de la pratique parmi les jeunes. Uneimmersion dans l'univers de l'avortement (structures sanitaires et vie de femmes etd'hommes ayant fait l'expérience de l'avortement) ainsi que des entretiens avecdifférents acteurs, ont permis de montrer que la manière dont l'avortement est pensé ettraité dans l'espace public burkinabè concourt à créer des obstacles rédhibitoires à saconstitution en problème réel de santé publique et à sa gestion efficiente. Il est conçusocialement comme une déviance et est fortement reprouvé. Les stigmates consécutifs àcette déviance et ses enjeux moraux et symboliques marquent alors de leur sceau leprocessus conduisant à la reconnaissance sociale et politique du problème. Parconséquent, l'avortement est partiellement inscrit à l'agenda des politiques publiques desanté, et les recours et les modalités d'accès aux services d'avortement dans lesstructures sanitaires s'en trouvent fortement influencés. Quant à l'occurrence del'avortement parmi les jeunes, elle a trait aux pratiques des jeunes urbains dans uncontexte marqué par une mutation des modes d'accès au statut d'adulte et une précaritééconomique et statutaire. Ce travail montre que les grossesses qui aboutissent auxavortements sont la conjugaison d'une hétéronomie des jeunes femmes et dedynamiques d'individuation dans leurs « débrouilles » pour devenir adulte et pourréussir dans la ville de Ouagadougou. À ce titre, cette recherche apporte unecontribution aux réflexions dans les champs de l'anthropologie des jeunes et del'anthropologie de la santé. / Induced abortion without medical or legal request in countries where it is prohibitedsuch as Burkina Faso poses both a public health and social problems. It is this doubleproblematic that this thesis explored in order to understand the causes of the difficultiesfacing the country to fight against unsafe abortions, and the factors that increased thispractice among young people. Immersion in abortion universe (health facilities andlives of women and men who have experienced abortion) and interviews with variousactors, have shown that the way abortion is thought and treated in public space combineto create insurmountable obstacles to its constitution as a real public health problem andits efficient management. It is designed as a deviance and it is highly reprobated.Consecutive stigmata due to this deviance and its moral and symbolic issues mark theirseals to the process leading to social and political recognition of the problem. Therefore,abortion is partially on the public health policies agenda, and access to abortion servicesin health structures are accordingly influenced. The occurrence of abortion among youthrefers to practices among “young people” in a context marked by a mutation of the wayof accessing social adulthood status, as well as economic and statutory precariousness.This work shows that pregnancies that lead to abortions are the combination of aheteronomy and individuation impulses within young women in their resourcefulness tobecome adult and succeed socially and economically in the city of Ouagadougou. Thisresearch therefore contributes to studies in the fields of anthropology of the subject andthe anthropology of health.

O seguinte estudo etnográfico versa sobre as relações nas performances musicais de chirimía, conjunto musical instrumental representativo das comunidades negras da cidade de Quibdó- Chocó (Colômbia). No processo de produção cultural onde se configura a chirimía evidenciam-se relações de gênero tensas que se expressam como um elemento transversal das performances musicais deste conjunto musical. Dita produção cultural desenvolve-se principalmente através de dois âmbitos, o público e o doméstico, que dão lugar a uma dualidade constitutiva própria das práticas musicais e sonoridades negras de Quibdó. Nesse processo as sonoridades femininas se cristalizam nos espaços domésticos enquanto que as sonoridades masculinas no público, materializado nos conjunto musicais de chirimía. Essa situação nos leva a propor como pergunta de investigação de quê modo opera essa tensão de gênero na performatividade e a prática musical da chirimía em Quibdó? Do mesmo modo este estúdio nos convida a refletir a partir das trajetórias pessoais e musicais de três mulheres instrumentistas as possíveis reconfigurações da produção cultural da cidade. / This ethnographic study is about gender relations in chirimía musical performances, an instrumental music group representative of black communities in Quibdó- Chocó (Colombia). Inside the process of cultural production, where the chirimía takes place, emerge tense gender relations as a transversal element of the musical performances. This cultural production is developed mainly through domestic and public spaces that generate the constitutive duality of musical practices and black sonorities in Quibdó. In this process, female sonorities are crystalized in domestic spaces, while male sonorities emerge in public spaces, materialized in chirimia music group scenarios. This situation take us to the next research question: how does this gender tension operate during the musical performances and practices of chirimía in Quibdó? Additionally, this study invite us to think about the musical and personal trajectories of three women instrumentalists, about possible reconfigurations of cultural production in the city. / Este estudio etnográfico versa sobre las relaciones de género en las performances musicales de chirimía, conjunto musical instrumental representativo de las comunidades negras de Quibdó-Chocó (Colombia). En el proceso de producción cultural donde se configura la chirimía, se evidencian relaciones de género tensas que se expresan como un elemento transversal de las performances musicales de este conjunto musical. Dicha producción cultural se desarrolla principalmente a través de dos ámbitos, el público y el domestico, que dan lugar a una dualidad constitutiva propia de las prácticas musicales y sonoridades negras de Quibdó. En ese proceso, las sonoridades femeninas se cristalizan en los espacios domésticos, mientras que las sonoridades masculinas en lo público, materializado en los conjuntos musicales de chirimía. Esa situación nos lleva a plantear como pregunta de investigación ¿De qué modo opera esa tensión de género en la performatividad y la práctica musical de la chirimía en Quibdó? Igualmente, este estudio nos invita a reflexionar a partir de las trayectorias personales y musicales de tres mujeres instrumentistas, las posibles reconfiguraciones de la producción cultural de la ciudad.

Ce projet de mémoire a pris forme dans le but d’étudier comment l’effet du genre module la charge mentale au travail, en s’intéressant à l’impact des rapports de genre sur le sentiment de surcharge mentale et comment ils influent sur l’expression du mal-être individuel. L’analyse d’entretiens réalisés auprès de sept femmes et cinq hommes révèle divers facteurs contribuant à l’impression d’être mentalement surchargé au travail : les contraintes temporelles ; l’imprévisibilité ; la précarité au niveau économique et des conditions de travail ; le caractère exigeant des responsabilités professionnelles ; les contradictions du travail ; l’insuffisance du soutien organisationnel ; le manque de reconnaissance au travail ; le faible soutien social ; ainsi que la difficulté à concilier travail et famille. Ces multiples éléments colorent le discours des participants à la fois selon leur genre individuel et selon le type de métier qu’ils occupent : ceux-ci s’inscrivent dans une division relativement bien définie entre métiers majoritairement féminins et métiers majoritairement masculins. Suite à l’analyse des entretiens, il a été possible de cerner des tendances spécifiques à chaque type de métier, qui s’observent dans la relation entre demande psychologique et latitude décisionnelle. Appliqués au modèle de Karasek (1979), les résultats indiquent une conjoncture surchargeante pour les participants occupant un métier à prédominance féminine, où apparaît un cadre organisationnel oppressant. Enfin, de par les effets pernicieux de la non-valorisation du travail traditionnellement féminin et du travail reproductif associé à la gestion familiale, les résultats de cette présente recherche suggèrent que les femmes sont particulièrement à risque d’être surchargées mentalement et de vivre un profond mal-être. / This thesis was developed with the aim of studying how the effect of gender modulates mental burden at work, focusing on the impact of gender relations on the feeling of mental overload and how they influence the expression of individual malaise. The analysis of interviews with seven women and five men reveals various factors contributing to the impression of being mentally overloaded at work: time constraints; unpredictability; economic precariousness and working conditions; the demanding nature of professional responsibilities; the contradictions of work; inadequate organizational support; lack of recognition at work; weak social support; as well as the difficulty of reconciling work and family. These multiple elements colour the participants' discourse both according to their individual gender and according to their type of occupation : they are part of a relatively well-defined division between predominantly female occupations and predominantly male occupations. Following the analysis of the interviews, it was possible to identify trends specific to each type of occupation, which are observed in the relationship between psychological demand and decision latitude. Applied to the model of Karasek (1979), the results indicate an overburdening situation for participants in a predominantly female occupation, where an oppressive organizational framework emerges. Finally, because of the pernicious effects of the non-valorization of the traditionally female work and of the reproductive work associated with family management, the results of this research suggest that women are particularly at risk of being mentally overloaded and experiencing a profound malaise.

À Lombok, île rurale indonésienne, la communauté sasak a longtemps pratiqué un islam syncrétique et tolérant. Depuis le 20e siècle cependant, les différents revirements politiques qui ont animé l’île ont eu l’effet d’encourager un islam plus orthodoxe et de réaffirmer les valeurs traditionnelles sasaks. Aujourd’hui, cette dynamique avive l’identité religieuse des Sasaks et réitère le rôle des femmes en tant qu’épouses et mères de famille, responsables de la maisonnée. Parallèlement, le développement rapide du tourisme, encouragé par l’état indonésien, oblige une reconfiguration du travail des femmes. Ces dernières sont de plus en plus nombreuses à occuper des postes dans les infrastructures touristiques, emplois qui sont localement associés à la modernité, mais aussi aux inconduites des voyageurs. En confrontant leur rôle au sein de la maisonnée et les conventions de leur modestie, cette nouvelle économie place les femmes au centre d’un réseau de mouvance identitaire où s’affrontent des idéaux locaux et nationaux. Comment ces femmes arrivent-elles à coordonner ces rôles en apparence contradictoires ? Quel en est l’impact sur leur quotidien et leur identité, leur rôle genré ? L’objectif principal de cette recherche consiste à investiguer, au moyen d’un terrain ethnographique, la complexité des rapports qu’entretiennent les femmes sasaks avec les emplois du domaine touristique. En se concentrant sur les dynamiques de la parenté et des relations de genre sasaks, cette recherche éclaire à la fois les obstacles quotidiens et les enjeux identitaires que vivent les travailleuses sasaks lorsqu’elles contractent un emploi dans l’industrie touristique. Ultimement, ce mémoire réactualise la pertinence d’investiguer la parenté dans l’étude des changements sociaux et met en lumière la complexité des rapports identitaires que peuvent vivre les populations visées par le tourisme international. / In Lombok, a rural Indonesian island, the Sasak community has long practised a syncretic and tolerant Islam. However, since the 20th century, various political shifts affected the island which had the effect of encouraging a more orthodox Islam and reaffirming traditional sasak values. Nowadays, this dynamic reiterates the role of women as wives and mothers, household keepers, as a key element for their religious identity. In parallel, a fast-growing international tourism, encouraged by the Indonesian state, is forcing a reorganization of women’s work. Women mostly work as clerks in hotels and restaurants which locally are jobs associated with modernity, but also with the travellers’ misbehaviour. As they work outside the household, their purity and their performance as wives and mothers are compromised. Therefore, women are placed in an awkward position: as their jobs align with national ideals they are also confronting local values. How do these women manage to play these seemingly contradictory roles? What is the impact on their daily activities and their identity, their gender role? The main objective of this research is to investigate, through an ethnographic fieldwork, the reality of Sasak women who engage in the tourism industry. By focusing on kinship dynamics and gender relations, this research highlights both the day-to-day obstacles and identity issues that Sasak women workers experience as they work. Ultimately, this research updates the relevance of investigating kinship in the study of social changes and highlights the complexity of identity crisis that can experience a community targeted by international tourism.

Dekonstruktion bezeichnet ein durch den poststrukturalistischen Philosophen Jacques Derrida entwickeltes Lektüreverfahren, das sich gegen den tradierten hermeneutischen Ansatz richtet. Es stellt eine letztgültige, im Text enthaltene Bedeutung in Abrede, legt Brüche und Verwerfungen frei und postuliert die Unabschließbarkeit des Interpretationsvorgangs. Statt selbst einen Sinn zu behaupten, erfüllt sich der Zweck der Dekonstruktion in der Prozessualität, das heißt im Akt des Fragens selbst.

Sexismus bezeichnet verschiedene Formen der positiven und negativen Diskriminierung von Menschen aufgrund ihres zugeschriebenen Geschlechts sowie die diesem Phänomen zugrunde liegende Geschlechterrollen festschreibende und hierarchisierende Ideologie. Ursprünglich wurde der Begriff in den 1960er Jahren in der US-amerikanischen Frauenbewegung als Analogie zu Rassismus (racism) eingeführt. Sowohl Männer als auch Frauen können von Sexismus betroffen sein. Die Erscheinungsformen von Sexismus sind kulturell und historisch bedingt.

Social media analysis, in feminist critical military studies, is a highly underrepresented field. Although, the world is evolving faster than ever and, within the digitalised world, different methods of representation are used to (re-)produce ideologies, signify meanings, and interpellate individuals accordingly. Militaries are making use of social media accounts as representational tools to justify their informal and formal structures. Nonetheless, these organisations are challenged to become more inclusive, more democratic, and more diverse. The Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces) is considered a highly heteronormative, masculine connotated, white organisation and is in the midst of transformation, too. On social media, the Bundeswehr tends to represent itself as a more inclusive, tolerant, and diverse organisation. Nonetheless, the public eyes are watching and valuing the reaction of this highly symbolic organisation when their heteronormative settings are under pressure. Opinions are shared, communities are formed, voices are being raised and simultaneously silenced. Thus, questions emerge, such as how are glimpses of inclusivity regarding gender norms and gender relations (re-)presented on the Bundeswehr’s Facebook account? How does the public engage with the posts? Who is included? Who remains hidden? Therefore, I have developed a case study in which I shall employ a mix of the methods and apply an intersectional lens to analyse glimpses of inclusivity on the Bundeswehr’s Facebook account. I argue glimpses of inclusivity have to be analysed from two perspectives. The Bundeswehr’s perspective needs to be analysed in relation to how they represent glimpses of inclusivity and how they negotiate possible tensions of inclusivity. At the same time, engagements with the posts by users in relation to glimpses of inclusivity and tensions of inclusivity are crucial to analyse, too.