L’accès à la justice est un droit fondamental et général, conçu comme nécessaire à l’état de droit. Cette dette de justice repose sur l’État qui doit assurer l’accès effectif, et donc matériel, à la justice à tout justiciable. Dans cette perspective, l’arbitrage international, justice privée, fait naître un conflit de juridictions. Si la justice arbitrale doit être préservée, ce n’est qu’à la condition qu’elle soit effective. Or, l’aspect négatif du principe de compétence-compétence crée en droit français une situation de déni de justice économique dans l’hypothèse d’impécuniosité d’un litigant (i.e. partie faible). Cette partie ne peut recourir à l’arbitrage faute de moyens financiers suffisants et les juridictions étatiques refusent leur saisine. Dès lors, cet effet négatif doit être écarté. L’État français sera responsable du déni de justice lorsqu’il est internationalement compétent. En ce cas, le juge étatique est invité à constater l’inapplicabilité de la convention d’arbitrage et sa caducité. Néanmoins, afin de préserver la volonté contractuelle exprimée dans la convention d’arbitrage, il est possible de se fonder sur l’obligation de collaboration qui lie les litigants afin de mettre en oeuvre la responsabilité de la partie forte. Le recours à la responsabilité contractuelle permet ainsi d’assurer tant l’accès à la justice que le respect de la convention d’arbitrage d’une part, et d’autre part, de sanctionner une partie invoquant de manière abusive son impécuniosité. / The access to justice is fundamental and general. It is conceived as necessary for the rule of law. This debt of justice fall on the State that must ensure the effective and material access for all litigants. In this perspective, the international arbitration, a private justice, arise potential conflict of jurisdictions. If the arbitral justice must be preserved, it is only if it is effective. But the negative aspect of the principle of “compétence-compétence” in French law creates a situation of denial of economical justice in the case of an impecunious litigant (i.e. weaker part). The part can neather resorts to arbitration, for lack of sufficient funds, and to state courts, that refuse to jugde the litigation. Therefore, this negative effect must be rejected. The French jurisdiction will be responsible for the denial of justice when it is competent in judging international litigation. In this case, the contract can be void and can not be applied. However, in order to preserve the contractual intent expressed in the arbitration agreement, it is possible to rely on the duty of collaboration between the litigants in order to implement the responsibility of the stronger part. The use of contractual liability thus ensures, at one hand, the access to justice with respect to the arbitration agreement, and on the other hand, that the invoker’s part is sanctioned if it raised improperly the impecuniosity state.

Participant d'une nature mixte, contractuelle par sa source, juridictionnelle par son objet, la transaction permet ainsi aux parties de terminer une contestation née ou prévenir une contestation à naître. Elle présente une utilité remarquable pour la matière administrative. La transaction, notion de droit civil empruntée par le juge administratif, a donné lieu à des interprétations prétoriennes diverses. Le droit n'étant pas figé, le juge administratif, sous couvert d'une philosophie propre, a oeuvré pour la préservation de ses intérêts en se détachant progressivement des principes civils du contrat de transaction. L'expression de « transaction administrative » vise le fait que la transaction est conclue par ou au nom d'une personne publique. Celle-ci peut cependant être un contrat de droit privé ou un contrat administratif. Certes, l'expression « matière administrative » peut être entendue au sens large et au sens strict. Le contentieux de la transaction est en plein essor. Depuis longtemps déjà le droit public emprunte les règles civiles du contrat de transaction relevant de régimes juridiques différents. Des difficultés sérieuses subsistent cependant. Aussi, il convenait de démontrer pourquoi et comment le juge administratif a entrepris une clarification de l'état du droit de la transaction en matière administrative. L'étude a été l'occasion de distinguer la fonction d'adaptation et de systématisation du juge administratif, là où cette différenciation n'était que rarement envisagée. / Participant of a mixed nature, by its contractual source, legal in its object, the transaction and allows the parties to end a dispute arising or prevent future litigation. It has a remarkable usefulness for administrative matters. The transaction, civil law concept borrowed by the administrative judge, gave rise to various interpretations praetorian. The law is not static, the administrative judge, under cover of a personal philosophy, worked to preserve its interests gradually detaching civilians principles of contract transaction. The term "administrative transaction" refers to the fact that the transaction is entered into by or on behalf of a public entity. This can however be a private contract or an administrative contract. Admittedly, the term "administration" can be interpreted broadly and narrowly. Litigation of the transaction is booming. Has long been public law borrows the civil rules of contract transaction subject to different legal regimes. Serious difficulties remain. Also, it was necessary to demonstrate why and how the administrative judge undertook a clarification of the law of the transaction in administrative matters. The study was an opportunity to distinguish the function of adaptation and systematization of administrative courts, where this differentiation was rarely considered.

Selon une présentation classique, le droit du contentieux international est apprécié à travers les concepts de pouvoir de juger, de compétence et de recevabilité. Force est toutefois de constater qu’il est aujourd’hui souvent fait référence, dans les décisions des juridictions internationales comme dans la doctrine, à la faculté procédurale, notamment des personnes privées. Cet intérêt pour la situation du requérant et sa faculté d’obtenir une décision sur le fond de son différend interroge quant à une possible évolution des concepts juridiques régissant la matière. L’étude de ce « droit » d’action dans le cadre du contentieux des investissements permet de se rendre compte de l’utilité de la notion pour le droit du contentieux international. D’une part, une fois déployé, le concept réalise un ordonnancement efficace des règles déterminant la possibilité d’une décision sur le fond. La pratique arbitrale fait preuve à cet égard d’une certaine confusion entre ces règles et celles encadrant l’existence de l’obligation alléguée que l’étude permet de dissiper. D’autre part, le droit d’agir en justice permet plus généralement d’appréhender les effets juridiques du consentement de l’Etat à la juridiction. L’étude démontre en effet que la faculté procédurale procède de l’invocabilité de ce consentement : celui-ci reconnaît à l’entité visée par l’engagement le droit d’agir en justice. Or cet effet juridique ne peut être valablement saisi par le concept de pouvoir de juger, lequel procède de la réunion des consentements. Puisque le contentieux des investissements s’intéresse à plusieurs égards à cette invocabilité, soit pour la préserver soit pour la remettre en cause, on comprend que le droit d’agir soit devenu un concept incontournable en la matière. Mais la nécessité d’y recourir peut s’exporter au-delà du contentieux des investissements, n’importe quelle branche du contentieux international pouvant être intéressée à régir les effets juridiques du consentement du seul Etat défendeur. / The settlement of international disputes is classically studied thought the concepts of judicial power, jurisdiction and admissibility. However it is now common to find references to the notion of « right of action » or « right of claim » in decisions of international tribunals especially when individuals are involved. One might wonder whether this observation reveals an evolution in the concepts governing disputes settlement in international law. The study of the right of action in international investment law demonstrates the usefulness of the concept in explaining the applicable rules. First, as a key concept, it can be used to identify the rules that determine the possibility to obtain a decision of the tribunal as opposed to the rules governing the State’s responsibility. In practice, it appears that the tribunals do not always respect this distinction. Secondly, the right of action allows taking into account the legal consequences of the State’s consent to arbitration. In this case, the concept of judicial power is partly irrelevant as it is usually based on a consent agreement between the parties. It follows that the concept of right of action is relevant when the applicable rules deal with the possibility to invoke and to rely on the consent to jurisdiction expressed by the respondent State. The fact that it is the case in the settlement of disputes between a State and an investor does not mean that it can not be so in the context of a interstate dispute.

The topic of preliminary injunctions (injunctive relief) in civil proceedings has not been monographically processed and published in the Czech Republic for more than one hundred years. That is in spite of the practical relevance and topical debates pertaining to the topic. A whole array of problematic questions connected to preliminary injunctions is controversial and also legal opinions in Czech commentary literature considerably diverge in respect to particular issues. The thesis offers a systematic approach to preliminary injunctions and proceedings governed by the Czech Civil Proceedings Code and the Statute on Special Court Proceedings ("OSŘ" and "ZŘS"). Attention is paid to historic developments and comparable jurisdictions (especially Germany and Austria), which are used as a reference in cases where Czech sources are insufficient. The aim of the work is to pose and answer fundamental questions of the "law of preliminary injunctions". The work deals with function, typology, relation to the proceedings based on merits, interlocutory character, limits, means, effects, particularities (such as demonstration, justification), requirements for granting and possibilities of enforcement of preliminary measures, further with relation to relative legal creatures (i.e. preliminary enforceability) and...

The PhD thesis "Current Issues in International Insolvency Law" aims to describe and draw attention to the moments that, in the opinion of its author, have had the strongest impact on international insolvency law so far. As such it is chiefly devoted to the analysis of existing regulation in the area of European insolvency law (which is principally based on Council Regulation (EC) No 1346/2000 of 29 May 2000 on insolvency proceedings - the "Old Insolvency Regulation" - and Regulation (EU) 2015/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on insolvency proceedings - the "New Insolvency Regulation"), and also provides a selection of the relevant case law which has over time significantly changed the way in which specific issues and instruments related to this area are viewed. To do justice to the complexity of the subject matter, the thesis also discusses the determination of jurisdiction in cross-border insolvency proceedings and recognition of the effects of foreign insolvency proceedings in relations between EU and non-EU countries. The main aim of the thesis is to answer the following questions: which legal documents have had the strongest impact on the current form of international insolvency law; whether and how the interpretation of the concept of centre of a debtor's main...

Les Etats d’Afrique de l’Ouest, après une expérience non réussie à travers la CEAO, sesont engagés dans un processus d’intégration, à l’image de l’Union européenne, avec lasignature du traité de l’UEMOA le 1er janvier 1994.Ce processus qui a pour objectif d’harmoniser les règles fiscales implique que désormaisdes compétences fiscales soient dévolues aux organes communautaires et remettent encause les compétences exclusives des Etats membres prônées par les constitutionsnationales en la matière. Ainsi donc, pour accompagner la politique monétaire commune etcelle commerciale, l’UEMOA s’est évertuée à encadrer les compétences fiscales des Etatsmembres en légiférant dans le domaine fiscal, tantôt en encadrant les pouvoirs des Etats,tantôt en confisquant entièrement ces pouvoirs.Cette étude se donne pour objectif de faire le bilan de l’intégration en Afrique de l’Ouesten faisant ressortir les forces et les faiblesses après une vingtaine d’années d’expérience del’intégration. / West African states, after an unsuccessful experience through ECWA, engaged in aprocess of integration in the image of the European Union with the signing of the UEMOATreaty on 1st January 1994. This process, which aims to harmonize tax rules mean thatnow powers of taxation are assigned to Community institutions and challenge the exclusivecompetence of the Member States advocated by national constitutions in the matter.Therefore, to accompany the common monetary policy and the commercial, UEMOA hasstrived to frame the fiscal powers of the Member States through legislation in the tax area,sometimes bordering the powers of States, now fully taking these powers. After twentyyears of experience, the study's objective is to take stock of integration in West Africa,highlighting the strengths and weaknesses.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Marchetti.pdf: 735018 bytes, checksum: 3ae38acc6676c0d92a27e036bba4e5e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-09 / This present work has the purpose of developing a study on the immunity of jurisdiction and of enforcement of foreign public entity that hires Brazilian workers. Its analysis passes through the perception of a new international dynamic that places the state sovereignty, previously seen as unlimited, as something relative, which ends up propitiating the understanding that the immunity of jurisdiction is a value that may suffer limitations. The facts that triggered the relativization of this immunity serve to understand the gradual adaptation of its regulation to the characteristics of the international public law, upon the division of the acts practiced by the States into acts of government and acts of management. Having relativized the immunity in the procedure s instruction phase, thesis already appeased both in Brazil and in the majority of the countries of the international community, the challenge is to mitigate the immunity in the enforcement of the judgment decision phase, which continues generating polemics, maintaining almost absolute. This situation shows to be inefficient for solution of the majority of labor-related conflicts between domestic employees and foreign entities governed by public law, whether due to the difficulty in finding goods from the foreign State possible of being expatriated, whether due to the lack of execution of this procedure through the diplomatic means. We will thus seek to propose new guidelines to make effective the final verdict in labor lawsuits filed by national persons against foreign entities governed by public law, based on the fact that work is a constitutionally ensured human value in our country, to be observed inclusively by a foreign State, without this harming its sovereignty / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um estudo sobre a imunidade de jurisdição e de execução do ente público externo que contrata trabalhadores brasileiros. Sua análise passa pela percepção de uma nova dinâmica internacional que coloca a soberania estatal, antes tida como ilimitada, como algo relativo, o que acaba por propiciar o entendimento de que a imunidade de jurisdição é um valor passível de sofrer limitações. Os fatos que desencadearam a relativização dessa imunidade servem para entender a gradual adequação de sua regulação às características do direito internacional público, mediante a divisão dos atos praticados pelos Estados em atos de império e atos de gestão. Relativizada a imunidade na fase de conhecimento do processo, tese já pacificada tanto no Brasil como na maioria dos países da comunidade internacional, o desafio é abrandar a imunidade na fase de execução de sentença, que continua gerando polêmicas, mantendo-se quase absoluta. Essa situação mostrase ineficiente para a solução da maioria dos conflitos de natureza trabalhista entre empregados nacionais e entes de direito público externo, quer pela dificuldade de se encontrar bens do Estado estrangeiro passíveis de serem expropriados, quer pela falta de efetivação desse processo pela via da diplomacia. Buscaremos, dessa forma, propor novas diretrizes para tornar efetiva a sentença condenatória em ações trabalhistas movidas por nacionais contra os entes de direito público externo, com fundamento de que o trabalho é valor humano constitucionalmente assegurado no nosso país, a ser respeitado inclusive pelo Estado estrangeiro, sem que com isso seja ferida a sua soberania

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monica Pimenta Judice.pdf: 3010315 bytes, checksum: 2990cdfd0c34964278a49dc8e8c964ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-25 / Despite the length limitation of an abstract, it is considered appropriate to define and clarify the object of this work. In times of intense legislative activity, the debate concerning to the nature of the decision given by the Maritime Court strengthened when the art. 529, item X of the Brazilian New Procedural Code (enacted on House of Representatives version) gave force to the maritime court as an enforceable judgment. In this study, within the limits of a master thesis, our purpose is to research the possibility of exercising judicial activity outside the boundaries of the Judiciary Power - here called "shared jurisdiction , where we will be able to highlight a focus on the activity performed by the Maritime Court. On the ground of this delimitation of the subject, we shall briefly input our research outline. Initially, it was analyzed the maritime law as an autonomous science with emphasis in its codification, its concept, its sources and its spatial boundaries. Then, it was examined the special maritime procedures listed in the Codes CPC/39, CPC/73 and NCPC. For a deep investigation of the maritime special due process, it was consider absolutely necessary, yet concisely, to track the historical evolution of the concept of jurisdiction in order to be able to enter the second part of the work with regards to judicial review of decisions of the Maritime Court - linking, thus, to the so-called shared jurisdiction by having the Maritime Court performing judicial activity / Ainda que por intermédio de poucas palavras, julga-se conveniente delimitar e aclarar o objeto deste trabalho. Em época de intensa atividade legislativa, acirrou-se o debate acerca da natureza da decisão proferida pelo Tribunal Marítimo Brasileiro quando o art. 529, inciso X do NCPC (versão aprovada pela Câmara dos Deputados) atribuiu força de título executivo judicial ao acórdão marítimo. Neste trabalho, e nos limites de uma dissertação de mestrado, o propósito é estudar a possibilidade de exercício de atividade jurisdicional fora do âmbito exercido pelo Poder Judiciário em uma espécie do que aqui se denominou jurisdição compartilhada do enfoque da atividade judicante desempenhada pelo Tribunal Marítimo, na Lei n. 2.180/54 (Lei Orgânica do Tribunal Marítimo LOTM). Fixada, em linhas essenciais, a delimitação do tema, convém enunciar resumidamente o programa de nossa investigação. De inicio, discorreu-se sobre o direito marítimo como ciência autônoma, com destaque para sua codificação, seu conceito, suas fontes e seus limites espaciais. Em seguida, abordaram-se os procedimentos marítimos especiais que constam expressamente nos CPC/39, CPC/73 e NCPC. Para uma análise do processo marítimo, pareceu-nos absolutamente necessário, ainda que de forma concisa, acompanhar a evolução do conceito de jurisdição, adentrando-se, enfim, na segunda parte do trabalho, no tocante à revisão judicial das decisões do Tribunal Marítimo revolvendo a hipótese do exercício da atividade jurisdicional fora da estrutura judiciária

La « responsabilité de protéger », concept politique adopté en 2005 pour prévenir et mettre fin aux atrocités criminelles, repose sur un premier pilier —l'obligation de l'Etat de protéger ses populations— dont le consensus apparent a conduit à un manque d’analyse institutionnelle dans sa double dimension constitutionnelle comparée et internationale. Or, l’obligation de l’Etat incombe enparticulier au chef d'Etat. Son obligation de protéger est un élément commun de définition de sa fonction, mais aussi un critère essentiel de différenciation —selon que le chef d’Etat relève d’un modèle étatiste, privilégiant la protection de l’Etat quitte à suspendre le droit, ou d’un modèle libéral, privilégiant la protection de la Constitution et la soumission permanente de l’action politique au droit. La thèse analyse d'abord les sources de l'obligation de protéger du chef d’Etat,successivement théorisée, constitutionnalisée et internationalisée, puis l'exécution de cette obligation résultant de prérogatives, d'immunités et de contrôles de la protection. Les sources de l’obligation révèlent que le chef d’Etat, à l’interface des ordres juridiques interne et international, aune obligation spécifique, non réductible à celle de l’Etat ou de l’individu, qui comporte à la fois une dimension négative (ne pas commettre de crimes contre la population) et une dimension positive(empêcher la commission de tels crimes) et dont l’internationalisation permet de combler les lacunes des Constitutions. Si l’exécution par le chef d’Etat de son obligation de protéger, par la mise en oeuvre de ses prérogatives de protection, est soumise à un contrôle croissant, tant politique que juridictionnel, ce processus reste néanmoins inachevé, faute d'une responsabilité politique internationale, systématique et institutionnalisée. La thèse conclut à l’utilité d'une individualisation de la « responsabilité de protéger » et à l’enrichissement de ce concept par le contrôle de l’obligation de protéger du chef d’Etat. / The political concept of the “responsibility to protect” was adopted in 2005 to prevent and p ut anend to criminal atrocities. The apparent consensus over its first pillar, the State’s obligation to protect its populations, has resulted in a lack of institutional analyses regarding its combined comparative constitutional and international aspects. Importantly, the State’s obligation rests in particular with the Head of State. The obligation to protect is common to all heads of state, but it also differentiates among them, depending on whether their obligation is State-oriented (with the aim to protect the State, even if that requires the suspension of the rule of law) or Rule-of-law oriented (with the aim to protect a liberal constitutional order while always subjecting political actionto the rule of law). The thesis begins with an analysis of the sources of law relating to the Head of State’s obligation to protect, as it was successively theorised, constitutionalised and internationalised. It then turns to the execution of this obligation, which derives from the Head of State’s prerogatives, the relevant immunities involved and available institutional review over his orher activities. The study of the sources reveals that the Head of State (at the interface between the domestic and the international legal orders) is bound by a specific obligation, which exceeds the confines of the obligations of either the State or the individual. This obligation is both negative and positive as it requires both not to commit crimes against the population, and to prevent and put an end to such crimes. Its international dimension supplements the missing parts in the Constitutions.The execution of this obligation, by the implementation of the Head of State’s prerogatives, is subject to an increasing political and judicial control. However, this control remains under construction due to a lack of systematic and institutionalized international political responsibility. The thesis concludes that the “responsibility to protect” could be usefully “individualized” and enriched by institutional supervision and judicial review of the Head of State’s obligation to protect.

Le droit international classique volontaire basé sur la notion absolue de la souveraineté étatique est remis en cause par l’émergence des règles impératives (jus cogens). A cet égard, la cristallisation des droits humains impératifs est le résultat du processus d’humanisation du droit international moderne où les règles impératives des droits humains de rangs supérieurs se situent au sommet. On peut estimer que l’acceptation des droits humains impératifs créée des obligations erga omnes de protection pour les États membres de la communauté internationale. Dans ce cadre, dans le cas de violations des droits humains impératifs, tous les États sont directement affectés, touchés et lésés par les violations en question et ont le droit d’agir. A cet effet, il nous semble que tous les États peuvent adopter des contre-mesures individuelles à l’encontre de l’État fautif, violateur des droits humains impératifs. Dans le cas de violations des droits humains impératifs, il nous paraît aussi que, sous certaines conditions, les États peuvent recourir à une intervention militaire à but humanitaire, même sans l’avis favorable du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies. Aussi, selon certaines conditions, les États peuvent fournir une aide humanitaire aux victimes des violations des droits humains impératifs survenues à l’extérieur de leur territoire, même sans le consentement de l’État territorial. Les États sont aussi tenus de réprimer les crimes de jus cogens commis à l’extérieur de leur territoire. Dans ce contexte, il nous semble que les États en appliquant la règle aut dedere aut judicare, peuvent poursuivre les étrangers suspectés d’avoir commis des crimes de jus cogens. Dans ce cadre, les États doivent appliquer la règle aut dedere aut judicare en respectant l’obligation de non refoulement afin de prévenir les violations des droits humains impératifs à l’étranger. Il nous paraît aussi que les États en appliquant la règle aut dedere aut judicare, doivent prévoir la compétence universelle des juridictions internes. A cet égard, les États peuvent exercer la compétence universelle à l’encontre des crimes de jus cogens commis à l’étranger par l’étranger et sur l’étranger. Dans ce cadre, il nous semble que les États peuvent exercer la compétence universelle absolue. A cet effet, un État peut déclencher une poursuite pénale à l’encontre de l’étranger suspecté d’avoir commis des crimes de jus cogens, même si ce dernier n’est pas présent et/ou en détention sur le territoire de l’État du for. Il nous semble aussi que, l’immunité des hauts représentants d’État, ainsi que les lois d’amnistie étrangères, ne peuvent pas empêcher l’État du for d’exercer la compétence universelle afin de protéger les intérêts généraux de la communauté internationale dans son ensemble. / Traditional international law based on absolute notion of state sovereignty, is challenged by theemergence of peremptory norms Çus cogens). In this respect, the crystallization of peremptory humanrights norms is the result of the process of humanization of modern international law where theperemptory human rights norms of superior ranks place at the summit. We could believe that theacceptance of peremptory human rights norms creates erga omnes obligations of protection for States,members of the international community. In this context, in the case of violations of peremptoryhuman rights norms, all States are directly affected and injured by the violations in question and have the right to react. To this end, we believe that all States can adopt individual countermeasures against the wrongdoer state, violator of peremptory human rights norms. In the case of violations ofperemptory human rights norms, under certain conditions, States may resort to military interventionfor humanitarian purposes, even without the autholization of the United Nations Security Council.Also, under certain conditions, States can provide humanitarian aid to victims of violations ofperemptory human rights norms occurred outside their territory, even without the consent of theterritorial state. States are also required to suppress jus cogens crimes committed outside their territory. In this context, we believe that States can apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare and prosecute aliens suspected of jus cogens crimes. In this context, States that apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare, must respect the obligation of non-refoulement to prevent violations of peremptory human rights norms abroad. It seems to us that States that apply the principle of aut dedere aut judicare must also apply the principle of universal jurisdiction before their internal courts. In this regard, States can exercise universal jurisdiction againsl jus cogens crimes committed abroad, by foreigners and against foreigners. In this context, we believe that States may exercise the absolute universal jurisdiction. To this end, a State may initiate criminal proceedings against alien suspected of jus cogens crimes, even if helshe is not present and/or in custody in the territory ofthe forum State. It also seems to us that the immunity of senior state representatives and foreign amnesty laws, cannot prevent the forum State to exercise universal jurisdiction in order to protect the general interests of the international community as a whole.