Syskonrelationen är den längsta relationen i livet. Därtill utgör syskonrelationen en viktig arena för barns utveckling. Trots detta finns det få studier där syskonrelationen undersöks i relation till barnmisshandel. I följande studie undersöktes skillnader i den självskattade stöd- och konfliktnivån i syskonrelationen, mellan barn som rapporterade svår barnmisshandel och barn i en kontrollgrupp, samt om kön förändrade dessa skillnader. Vidare undersöktes om stöd- och konfliktnivån påverkade den upplevda nivån av psykosomatiska problem hos barn som rapporterade svår barnmisshandel. Studien genomfördes på ett urval av 1 392 pojkar och flickor mellan 15-16 år, med data från projektet Longitudinal Research on Development in Adolescence (LoRDIA). Barn som rapporterade svår barnmisshandel upplevde signifikant lägre stödnivå och signifikant högre konfliktnivå i sin syskonrelation, än barnen i kontrollgruppen. Skillnaderna var signifikanta både för pojkar och flickor, men pojkar upplevde ett signifikant lägre stöd i sin syskonrelation än flickor. Nivån av syskonstöd och syskonkonflikt påverkade emellertid inte nivån av psykosomatiska problem hos barn som rapporterade svår barnmisshandel. Effektstorlekarna var små i majoriteten av resultaten, vilket tyder på att syskonrelationer är komplexa fenomen som vid sidan av barnmisshandel och kön, även påverkas av en rad andra faktorer. Resultaten diskuteras i ljuset av tidigare forskning och i relation till anknytningsteori, kompensationshypotesen, kongruenshypotesen och könssocialisation. / The relation between siblings is one of the longest throughout the life span. Moreover, the sibling relationship constitutes an important context for children’s development. Nevertheless, in the context of child maltreatment, it remains largely understudied. In this study, we examined the differences in self-reported sibling support and sibling conflict, between children who reported severe child maltreatment and children in a control group, as well as if these differences were affected by gender. Furthermore, we examined whether the level of sibling support and sibling conflict affected the extent of psychosomatic problems experienced by children who reported severe child maltreatment. The study was conducted on a sample of 1 392 boys and girls between the ages of 15-16, using data from the research project Longitudinal Research on Development in Adolescence (LoRDIA). Children who reported severe child maltreatment experienced significantly less sibling support and significantly higher sibling conflict than the control group. These differences were significant for both boys and girls, although boys experienced significantly less sibling support than girls. The level of sibling support and sibling conflict, however, did not affect the extent of psychosomatic problems in children who reported severe child maltreatment. Effect sizes were small in the majority of the results, suggesting that sibling relationships is a complex phenomenon that, besides child maltreatment and gender, may be affected by a number of other factors as well. The results are discussed in light of previous research, and in relation to attachment theory, the compensation hypothesis, the congruence hypothesis, and gender socialization.

Bakgrund: Barn har rätt att växa upp under trygga förhållanden utan utnyttjande eller våld. Tyvärr far barn illa på många sätt, vilka är en utmaning att identifiera. Distriktssköterskan har en skyldighet enligt lag att orosanmäla till socialtjänsten då ett barn misstänks fara illa, dock finns det försvårande faktorer som påverkar anmälningsbenägenheten. Det är svårt att identifiera riskfaktorer för barn i fara under korta vårdmöten på vårdcentral. Samtidigt åligger det distriktssköterskan att arbeta på ett familjecentrerat sätt och ta hela familjens mående i beaktande. Syfte: att beskriva distriktssköterskors erfarenheter av att få kännedom om eller misstänka att ett barn far illa. Metod: Kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats, som analyserades med konventionell innehållsanalys. Individuella intervjuer över telefon eller video hölls med 12 distriktssköterskor från varierande arbetsplatser inom primärvården, med erfarenhet från vårdcentral. Resultat: I resultatet framkom ett övegripande tema: barn i fara är ett komplext ämne för distriktssköterskan. Två kategorier framträdde i resultatet: distriktssköterskans samlade kompetens om barn som far illa samt faktorer som påverkar anmälningsbenägenheten negativt. Distriktssköterskorna såg orosanmälan som en plikt, ibland saknades dock rätt förutsättningar. Det gjorde att distriktssköterskorna kunde tvivla på bedömningen och undvika orosanmälningar. Ett familjecentrerat arbetssätt underlättade. Slutsats: Inför beslut om orosanmälan behöver distriktssköterskan kartlägga familjens situation och barnets utsatthet, eftersom det oftast inte är tydligt att barnet far illa. För att känna trygghet i professionen behöver distriktssköterskan rätt förutsättningar på arbetsplatsen. Arbetsmomentet underlättas om distriktssköterskan har färdigheter i kommunikationstekniker med barn och föräldrar. Ytterligare insatser i form av samverkan med socialtjänsten behövs för att stärka distriktssköterskans anmälningsbenägenhet.

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Studiens syfte var att undersöka förklaringar till varför äldre omsorgstagare blir utsatta för övergrepp och försummelse av omsorgspersonal. För att fånga omsorgspersonalens subjektiva och kontextuella uppfattningar delades en semistrukturerad kvalitativ enkät ut till valda omsorgsverksamheter i tre kommuner i Sverige. Materialet bearbetades med tematisk analys vilket resulterade i tre teman: organisationens ansvar, den äldre individen och den omsorgsgivande individen. Därefter analyserades resultatet utifrån två teoretiska ramverk och en teoretisk modell: makttekniker, våld- och maktlöshetsteori samt den ekologiska tolkningsmodellen och jämfördes med tidigare forskning. Resultatet visade att omsorgspersonal kan använda olika makttekniker för att hantera komplexa omsorgssituationer och att övergrepp och försummelse inom äldreomsorg i stor utsträckning verkar hänga samman med kvalitén på arbetsmiljön och omsorgspersonalens utbildningsnivå. Vidare visade resultaten att även individuella egenskaper hos omsorgstagaren påverkade förekomsten av övergrepp och försummelse, så som sjukdomsbild och stark integritet. Känsla av vanmakt utifrån egna tillkortakommanden och att inte veta hur man ska hanterar komplexa omsorgssituationer visades öka risken för övergrepp på och försummelse av de äldre. Slutligen diskuteras vikten av en god arbetsmiljö, aktivt ledarskap, vidareutbildning och handledning för omsorgspersonalen och förslag till framtida forskning inom ämnet. / This study explores possible explanations for physical and psychological abuse and neglect carried out by caregivers towards elderly care recipients within elderly care. A semi structured qualitative questionnaire aimed at caregivers within especially chosen domestic services and retirement homes in three municipalities in Sweden was handed out. To sort the material a thematic analysis was chosen which resulted in three themes: the organization's responsibility, the elderly individual, and the caregiving individual. The empirical analysis was made using two theoretical frameworks and a theoretical model: power techniques, the theory of violence- and powerlessness and the ecological interpreting model and was then compared to previous research related to the subject. The results showed that caregivers could make use of different power techniques to handle complex care situations and that abuse and neglect within elderly care could depend on the working environment and the caregivers’ level of education. Furthermore, the results showed that the elderly’s individual attributes could affect the prevalence of abuse and neglect, such as the elderly’s clinical picture and strong integrity. Also, frustration regarding one’s own shortcomings and not knowing how to handle complex care situations was shown to increase the risk of abuse and neglect for the elderly. Finally, we discuss the importance of a good working environment, active leadership, further education and professional guidance for caregivers and suggestions for future research regarding the subject.

博士(社会福祉学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Several organizations actively work for children's rights to a safe and secure upbringing (WHO, 2022b; UNICEF, 2021). Despite this, over 1 billion children were exposed to physical, sexual, or psychological/emotional harm in 2021 (WHO, 2022c). Children exposed to maltreatment, abuse, and neglect during childhood are affected in their attachment, self-esteem, and trust. They are also at risk for higher vulnerability to physical illness, mental illness, eating disorders, alcohol- or drug abuse, and developing criminal behavior. The current systematic literature review aims to provide further knowledge about how professionals identify child maltreatment and which influencing factors affect the professionals’ actions to the suspicions. The study reviews nine articles together with a literature background to identify patterns and shortcomings. The current study highlights that indications of maltreatment are recognizable, despite if the definition of maltreatment is occasionally viewed as non-specific. Recognized indications are, among other things, visible changes, damage to the body, and changes in behavior and actions. The study also shows that professionals often lack knowledge and awareness of child maltreatment. Factors that inhibit action include culture, values, fear of misjudging the situation, or negative impact on the relationship with the child's network. It could also be due to organizational deficiencies such as time and resources. / Barns rättigheter till en trygg och säker uppväxt, arbetar flera organisationer aktivt för (WHO, 2022b; UNICEF, 2021). Trots detta utsattes över 1000 miljarder barn för fysisk-, sexuellt-, eller psykiskt/känslomässigt skada, under 2021 (WHO, 2022c). Barn som exponeras för misshandel och försummelse under dess uppväxt, påverkas såväl i deras anknytning, självkänsla och tillit. De löper även högre risk för fysiska sjukdomar, psykisk ohälsa, ätstörning, alkohol- och drogmissbruk samt utveckla kriminellt beteende. Aktuell systematiska litteraturöversikt syftar till att tillgodose ytterligare kunskap om hur yrkesverksamma identifierar barnmisshandel samt vilka faktorer som påverkar dess agerande på misstankarna. Studien granskar nio forskningsartiklar, tillsammans med bakgrunds litteratur för att identifiera mönster och brister. Aktuell studie påvisar att indikationer på misshandel är igenkännbara, trots att definitionen utav misshandel ibland ses som ospecifik. Indikationerna är bland annat synliga förändringar och skador på kroppen samt förändringar i beteende och agerande. Studien påvisar också att yrkesverksamma saknar kunskap och medvetenhet om barnmisshandel. Faktorer som hämmar agerande var bland annat kultur, värderingar, rädsla att missbedöma situationen eller negativ påverkan på relation till barnets nätverk. Det kunde även vara utifrån organisatoriska brister så som tid och resurser.

Sexual violence perpetrated against women during armed conflicts represents a severe violation of their fundamental human rights. This heinous act not only inflicts significant harm on the women themselves but also results in the birth of children conceived due to wartime rape. Previous research has marked that children born of war encounter various forms of discrimination, stigma, neglect, abuse, and sometimes limited access to education and healthcare. As a vulnerable group, children born of war often have single mothers who have experienced sexual violence, resulting in potential lack of support from their family and communities. This paper investigates the circumstances and obstacles faced by children born of war but also what is necessary to properly support these children, according to the five organisations interviewed. It shines light on the need for comprehensive support systems to address their specific needs in the future, such as the urgent need for early interventions and psychological support, along with providing children born of war the opportunity to connect with their biological heritage to foster a sense of identity amongst others.

We hypothesized that the formation of malevolent introjects undermines the development of self-compassion, which in turn produces greater feelings of shame. We hypothesized that these feelings of shame account for concurrent depressive symptoms in adulthood. To test these hypotheses, we proposed a multiple mediator mediation model in which our independent variable was childhood maltreatment. We modeled child maltreatment as negatively predicting our first mediator, self-compassion, which in turn positively predicted internalized shame. We modeled internalized shame as positively predicting scores on our dependent variable, adult depressive symptoms. Participants were 158 adults fluent in English who were community members and college students living in a southwestern American metroplex. The model accounted for 61.8% of the variance in depressive symptoms in adulthood. A significant indirect effect from child maltreatment passed through both our mediators and ended in depressive symptoms in adulthood. We discuss limitations and theoretical and clinical implications, and future directions.

The phenomenon of social isolation among school children in most instances goes unnoticed by both teachers and parents and this oversight could have serious negative restraints on the socially isolated child's cognitive, affective, moral, personality and social development. Social isolation can be caused either through being rejected or neglected by the peer group. This study was carried out among primary and secondary school learners to detei:,mine the extent to which these children are socially isolated; and to identify factors contributing to learners' social isolation. The aim of the study is to provide teachers and parents with a foundation and rationale for effective intervention. A literature study was done to identify the factors influencing social isolation. Some of the factors identified were: social competence, self-esteem, psychological well-being, intelligence, academic achievement, moral values, physical disability, sports participation, self-perceived physical attractiveness, self-perceived physical disability, marital status of parents, parental supervision, parental acceptance, parental autonomy granting and parental conflict. All aspects of development (namely, physical, cognitive, affective, personality, moral and social) were studied in relation to the phenomenon of social isolation. By means of an empirical investigation, it was found after a regression analysis that self-esteem, obedience and social competence accounted for most of the variance in social isolation for primary school learners and in the case of secondary school learners, social competence, family supervision and self-esteem. The two most common factors were social competence and selfesteem. From the empirical findings it was also noted that learners' home language and grade were also associated with social isolation. The educational implications of the findings of the literature and the empirical study are discussed and guidelines given to assist teachers and parents to identify and eliminate the factors contributing to the development of isolation among school learners. If both parents and teachers take cognisance of these recommendations and try to implement them, it should help children in their self-actualisation and facilitate their attainment of adulthood with the least developmental restraints. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

The thesis Cooperation of governmental and non-governmental sector in the care of neglected children has theoretical and research nature and is divided into theoretical and practical parts. The first chapter of the theoretical part focuses on the child neglect in the family. In addition to defining the concept are given the educational implications of child neglect in the family, its risk factors and failure of family in relation to child neglect. The second chapter deals with governmental and non-governmental sector entities, intervening in the area of child neglect. Attention is focused on social work in the department of social and legal protection of children, NGOs working with endangered families and children and socio-educational work with children at risk of neglect in selected schools and school facilities. The third chapter deals with the cooperation of governmental and non-governmental entities in the area, factors that affect their cooperation and rehabilitation of the family as an effective intervention in the family of the endangered child. The practical part is aimed at qualitative data analysis of documents concerning activities and cooperation of Department of social and legal protection of children in Prachatice, local NGOs, which have been granted authority to exercise social and legal...