There are several typical ideas about the suburb. The suburb is often associated with criminality and other social problems such as segregation. The purpose of this essay is to study the picture of how the suburb is constructed in a media context. The method used to answer the purpose of this study is critical discourse analysis, based on the thoughts of Norman Fairclough. The central theoretical ideas for this study are representation, stereotypes and racialization. They are all in a way linked to power. Within the media suburb discourse I have distinguished two different discourses. The stereotyped discourse and the challenging alternative discourse have been found in both articles and interview. It is the alternative discourse that challenges the stereotyped one. You can say that the alternative discourse is created in an attempt to change the representations of the suburb. The stereotyped discourse is in spite of the changing attempts still the dominant one. The media treatment of the suburb has created several stereotypes and the negative and criminal picture has become a common frame of reference in a social consciousness. In my empirical material I have seen traces of a form of underlying ideology called racialization. Racialization is based on different simplifications and categorisations of gender, class and “race”. This ideology has an influence in every level of society, which means that the editorial office despite their purpose also, reproduce the stereotyped discourse. It shows the difficulties to change an established discourse like the stereotyped one. It is important to challenge these ideas to be able to make a difference in the way we speak, think and stigmatize the suburb.

A pesquisa se trata de um estudo de caso realizado em um templo da Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus no bairro de Piraporinha, periferia na zona sul de São Paulo. Por meio de um estudo etnográfico e uma série de entrevistas com os fiéis do templo, buscou-se avaliar o impacto da religião seja pela indicação da igreja, pela orientação moral, seja pela identidade evangélica no processo de decisão do voto nas eleições de 2014, particularmente para deputado federal e estadual e para presidente. Seguindo a tese do lulismo, de André Singer, os fiéis, que faziam parte da classe trabalhadora com 2 a 5 salários mínimos de renda familiar deveriam apoiar candidatos do PT; porém, a questão que surge é o quanto o fator religioso alteraria essa lógica. Assim, a pesquisa encontrou que a religião teve um peso significativamente maior na decisão do voto para o Legislativo no qual os fiéis, em quase sua totalidade, seguiram a indicação da igreja e apoiaram seus candidatos a deputado federal e estadual do que para o Executivo no qual os entrevistados se pautaram, primordialmente, por questões de renda na decisão do voto para presidente. / The research is a case study in a temple of the Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, in the Piraporinha neighborhood, in the southern suburbs of São Paulo. Through an ethnographic study and a series of interviews with the church-goers, we sought to assess the impact of religion whether through an indication of the church, through moral guidance, or through evangelical identity in the voting decision process in the 2014 elections, particularly for federal and state deputies and for president. Following the thesis of the Lulismo, from André Singer, the church-goers, who were part of the working class with 2 to 5 minimum wages of family income should support candidates of the Workers Party (PT); however, the question arises how the religious factor would alter this logic. Thus, the survey found that religion had a significantly greater weight in the voting decision for the Legislative branch in which the church-goers, in almost their entirety, followed the indication of the church and supported its candidates for federal and state deputies than to the Executive branch in which respondents were guided primarily by income issues in the voting decision for president.

No meio acadêmico internacional, há décadas, discussões vem sendo empreendidas, especialmente pela Sociologia e pela Antropologia, em defesa de uma outra ciência possível, que considere plenamente as crianças como protagonistas e participantes da vida em sua totalidade, e, como desdobramento disso, em suas pesquisas. Mais recentemente, pesquisadores da Geografia vem se colocando nesta arena de vozes, como sujeitos enunciativos da Geografia da Infância, defendendo que as crianças não apenas estão no espaço geográfico ou o ocupam, mas, se apropriam dele, bem como o produzem. Neste ínterim, nos embrenhamos pelas sendas da Geografia da Infância, campo de estudo que está se constituindo no Brasil desde o início do presente século e, ao mesmo tempo, nunca estará constituído, porque processo feito COM as crianças, seres humanos plenos, impassíveis de catalogação. A pesquisa de doutorado que ora apresentamos foi realizada junto com vinte crianças moradoras do Bairro Dom Bosco, em Juiz de Fora - MG. Bairro que, conforme o Plano Diretor do município, é uma Área de Especial Interesse Social (AEIS), apresentando condições precárias de habitabilidade. Contudo, o Dom Bosco tem sido impactado, sensivelmente, pelo que chamamos de reestruturação capitalista do espaço, de modo mais contundente a partir da década de 1990 - com a instalação e ampliação de equipamentos urbanos segregacionistas e o aumento da especulação imobiliária. Em 2008, a população do bairro Dom Bosco viu de muito perto a inauguração do primeiro shopping de padrão luxuoso de Juiz de Fora, o Independência Shopping, bem em frente de suas portas e janelas (aqueles que as tem). O aparente progresso não conferiu ao Dom Bosco sair do rol dos bairros mais empobrecidos da cidade, continuando a ser um bairro de ausências relativas a infra-estruturas mínimas de habitabilidade. E, pelo contrário, a chegada do Shopping removeu a maior área de lazer pública a que a população do bairro Dom Bosco tinha acesso, a Curva do Lacet. Nossa entrada no bairro e os primeiros contatos com as crianças, pouco a pouco, foram nos encaminhando a uma problemática central de pesquisa: O que é o bairro Dom Bosco para as crianças que nele moram? Com seus desenhos, impregnados de suas falas pulsantes de suas vidas, as crianças nos possibilitaram alcançar nosso objetivo pautado em apreender as lógicas utilizadas por elas para delimitar o Dom Bosco delas. As crianças participantes nos mostraram que suas definições de bairro não se alinhavam aos limites político-administrativos do poder público e aos ditames das iniciativas privadas e nos levaram à busca de uma teoria que pudesse dialogar com o que elas nos revelaram. Disso, surgiu nossa aproximação com a teoria histórico-cultural de Lev Semionovitch Vigotski, que, certamente, desvela-se também espacial. Para além do escopo construído a priori, as crianças do bairro Dom Bosco nos apresentaram suas geografias, nos instigaram a pensar num conceito de Bairro- Vivência e, assim, contribuíram para o estado da arte da Geografia da Infância. / In the international academic world, for decades, discussions are being undertaken, especially in Sociology and Anthropology in defense of another possible science, which considers the children as protagonists and participants of life in its entirety, and as a extension that, in their research. More recently, geography researchers has been putting in this arena of voices as enunciative subject of Geography of Childhood, arguing that children are not only in the geographic space or occupy it, but that they also take possession of it, as well as they produce it . Meanwhile, we engage in the paths of Geography of Childhood, field of study that is forming in Brazil since the beginning of this century and at the same time it will never be fully complete because the process is being done WITH the children: full human beings, impassive of cataloging. The doctoral research presented here was conducted with twenty children living in the suburb of Dom Bosco, in Juiz de Fora-MG. According to the urban planning of the city, is a Special Area of Social Interest (AEIS), with precarious living conditions. However, Dom Bosco has been impacted significantly by what we call capitalist restructuring of space, more forcefully from the 1990s - with the installation and expansion of segregationist urban infrastructure and increasing property speculation. In 2008, the population of the Dom Bosco saw very closely the opening of the first luxury pattern shopping mall of Juiz de Fora, \"Independência Shopping\", right in front of your doors and windows (for those who have it). The apparent progress not allowed Dom Bosco leaves the ranks of the poorest neighborhoods of the city, continuing to be a region of absences on minimum infrastructure habitability. Instead, the arrival of the mall removed the largest public recreation area that the Dom Bosco neighborhood population had access, the Lacet curve. Our entry in the neighborhood and the first contacts with children, little by little, were directing us to a central problem of the research: What is the Dom Bosco neighborhood for children who live in it? With their drawings, impregnated with pulsating lines of their lives, the children enabled us to achieve our goal guided to grasp the logic used by them to delimit what Dom Bosco is for them . The participating children showed us that their neighborhood definitions are not aligned to political and administrative boundaries of government and the dictates of private initiatives and led us to search for a theory that could dialogue with what they showed us. Hence, it arose our approach to the historical-cultural theory of Lev Semionovitch Vygotsky, that certainly is revealed also spacial. Beyond the extents built a priori, Dom Bosco\'s neighborhood children presented us their geographies, inspiring us to think of a Neighborhood-Experience concept and thus contributed to the state of the art of Geography of Childhood.

O presente trabalho procurou analisar a aplicação da Lei Federal de Crimes Ambientais no que concerne aos maus tratos a animais domésticos na cidade de São Paulo. Através da análise do arquivo de processos indeferidos do GECAP, Grupo Especial de Combate aos Crimes Ambientais e de Parcelamento Irregular do Solo Urbano, localizado no Ministério Público de São Paulo, foi lançada uma hipótese acerca da dinâmica estabelecida para averiguação das denúncias, considerando os atores sociais envolvidos nela. Partindo da ideia de que o sistema jurídico é, muitas vezes, uma forma de manutenção do status quo para controle de alguns grupos sociais considerados perigosos à ordem estabelecida na cidade, procurou-se averiguar, com o trabalho de campo organizado em gráficos e tabelas que relacionam renda, número de denúncias e ocupação do espaço nas Subprefeituras da cidade, como o direito ambiental poderia reproduzir uma lógica de criminalização da pobreza. Para isso, buscou-se identificar se existe relação entre espaços considerados periferias e maior número de denúncias. Além disso, por ser um crime que ocorre no espaço privado dos denunciados, a presente pesquisa investigou brevemente as dinâmicas entre privado e público na cidade de São Paulo e se o acesso ao espaço privado é mais facilitado em espaços horizontalizados e de periferia. Nos espaços centrais e verticalizados, o processo de gentrificação, que expulsa os mais pobres das regiões supervalorizadas, concentra espaços de periferia e investigou-se o direito ambiental atuou como forma de denunciar e de expulsar aqueles considerados inadequados à nova configuração estabelecida nesses locais. / The present work sought to analyze the application of the Federal Law on Environmental Crimes in relation to the mistreatment of domestic animals in the city of São Paulo. Through the analysis of the file of rejected cases of GECAP, a Special Group to Combat Environmental Crimes and Irregular Urban Land Installment, located in the Public Prosecutor\'s Office of São Paulo, a hypothesis was launched about the established dynamics to investigate complaints, considering the actors involved in the cases. Starting from the idea that the legal system is often a way of maintaining the status quo to control some social groups considered to be dangerous to the established order in the city, it was tried to ascertain, with the field work organized in graphs and tables that they relate income, number of denunciations and occupation of space in the subprefeituras of the city, as environmental law could reproduce a logic of criminalization of poverty. For this, we sought to identify if there is a relationship between spaces considered as peripheries and a greater number of denunciations. In addition, because this crime occurs in the private space of the denounced, this research briefly investigated the dynamics between private and public in the city of São Paulo and whether access to private space is more facilitated in horizontal and peripheral spaces. In central and vertical spaces, the gentrification process, which expels the poorest of the overvalued regions, concentrates peripheral spaces and investigated the environmental law acted as a way of denouncing and expelling those considered inadequate to the new configuration established in these places.

Les villes de la période moderne sont généralement définies comme un ensemble d’habitants bénéficiant de privilèges communs et vivant derrière des fortifications. Cette définition simple apparaît cependant restrictive. En effet, le territoire urbain ne se limitait pas à cette période aux limites symboliques matérialisées par les murailles. Tant morphologiquement que fiscalement ou économiquement, les faubourgs étaient les extensions naturelles de la cité en dehors du territoire primitif préalablement défini par le tracé des remparts. Cette thèse propose donc d’étudier précisément ces espaces longtemps oubliés de l’historiographie et par là même redéfinir la notion de ville moderne en France. / Modern towns are generally pictured like a group of inhabitants enjoying common privileges and living behind fortifications. This simple definition sounds limited and restrictive. Indeed, at that time the urban territory was not limited to the symbolical limits represented by the fortifications. Morphologically, fiscally as well as economically, the suburbs were the natural extensions of the city beyond the original territory initially defined by the the plans of the walls. This doctoral thesis indeed highlights the study of these spaces which have been ignored in the historiography and thereby redefines the notion of the modern city in France.

Dans le discours public sur les quartiers populaires, les familles sont régulièrement accusées d’être responsables des problèmes des enfants, tels que la délinquance et l’échec scolaire. Les familles issues de l’immigration maghrébine et africaine sont plus particulièrement la cible de ces accusations, en références à leurs structures familiales et cultures spécifiques supposées. L’objectif de cette thèse est de réfléchir à la question éducative dans les quartiers populaires à travers l’analyse des discours des parents, des jeunes et des acteurs scolaires et locaux. En s’appuyant sur des enquêtes dans deux quartiers de banlieue parisienne, cette thèse examine tout d’abord le processus de construction locale des « problèmes de familles » autour de l’éducation. Les habitants des quartiers reproduisent les stigmates donnés en les retournant envers les autres. Les acteurs locaux et scolaires mobilisent le contexte culturel des familles immigrées pour rendre compte des enjeux éducatifs auxquels ils font face. Ensuite, le regard se porte sur l’éducation au sein des familles et les expériences des jeunes. Les parents font preuve de passivité envers l’éducation scolaire et l’environnement social du quartier, mais ils essaient de prendre un rôle actif dans la transmission culturelle et religieuse. Les jeunes intériorisent ce contexte culturel et ont plusieurs identités, dont la centrale est d’être musulman. Les institutions solides et les groupes sociaux s’affaiblissent, et les identités et les repères de racine se bousculent avec les expériences des immigrations et des discriminations. La culture d’origine et la religion donnent aux parents et jeunes la dignité et l’identité. / In the debate concerning working-class neighborhoods, families are accused of a lack of responsibility with regard to their children’s educational problems, such as delinquency and school failure. In particular, Maghrebi and African immigrant parents are always at the heart of the discussion, given their family structures and cultural context. This study investigates educational questions in working-class neighborhoods by examining the discourses and experiences of parents, youth, and school and local actors. Based on empirical research conducted in two working-class neighborhoods in the Parisian suburbs, this study firstly shows the process of constructing “family problems” in education at the local level. Stigmas established by society are reproduced among inhabitants to differentiate themselves from others. Local and school actors understand educational issues through the cultural context of immigrant families. Secondly, we investigate the education conducted within families and through young people’s experiences. Parents show passive attitudes vis-à-vis school education and the social environment of their neighborhoods, but they try to play an active role in transmitting culture and religion. Youth internalize this cultural context and have several identities, the most central of which being their identity as a Muslim. Fundamental institutions and social groups are weakened, and identity and cultural roots have become unstable due to immigration and the discrimination. Cultural origin and religion provide parents and youth with dignity and identity.

The thesis deals comparison of house prices in Havlíčkův Brod in 2014 and 2015. The task is to find out and assess influence of lokality for the price of family house. This family house is located in suburb of the town and then for comparison will be moved to the center Havlíčkův Brod. House prices are determined by observed price and market value. The important element of thesis will determine factors, which affect these price.

Runt om i Sverige finns invandrade kvinnor som har organiserat sig genom att ingå i nätverk för att dags- och nattvandra i sitt bostadsområde. I samhället existerar stereotypa föreställningar att “invandrarkvinnor” är lågutbildade hemmafruar med många barn. Det finns även en föreställning att socioekonomiskt utsatta människor är passiva med ett obefintligt föreningsliv. Den svenska medierapporteringen från segregerade förorter handlar återkommande om en ökad kriminalitet, dödsskjutningar och andra oroligheter. Syftet med vår studie är att öka kunskapen kring de bakomliggande orsakerna till invandrade kvinnors organisering i nätverk för nattvandring i förorten. För att uppnå detta syfte har vi genomfört två fokusgruppsintervjuer samt två observationer med nattvandrande kvinnor i Stockholmsområdet. För att få ytterligare perspektiv kompletterade vi med två enskilda intervjuer dels i Stockholm och i Helsingborg vilka båda av dessa respondenter har anknytning till och insyn i nätverken. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av teoribegreppet socialt kapital. Vårt resultat visar att dessa kvinnogrupper är homogena när det kommer till ålder, etnicitet och hemspråk men att det även finns kvinnogrupper som organiserar sig över dessa gränser. Vi fann att den ursprungliga gemenskapen och det gemensamma hemspråket är av stor betydelse för kvinnorna. Dock tenderar detta att medföra att den homogena gruppen blir inåtblickande, isolerad och sluten för “andra”. Resultatet visar även att ur organiseringen skapas det ett “eget rum” där kvinnorna kan få vara sig själva. Organiseringen i nätverken för nattvandring stärker kvinnornas sociala kapital och främjar deras hälsa. Resultatet visar vidare att kvinnorna är en resurs inom det civila samhället vilka på eget bevåg driver ideellt socialt arbete. Vi menar att detta bör tas tillvara, särskilt av socialtjänsten som enligt lag ska främja jämlikhet i livsvillkor, öka deltagande i samhällslivet, frigöra och utveckla enskildas och gruppers egna resurser. / Around Sweden there are immigrant women who have organized themselves by joining networks to organize themselves in night walking in their neighbourhood. In society there exist stereotypies imaginations “the immigrant women” as low-educated housewives with many children.  At the same time they are viewed as socio-economically disadvantaged with a non-existent association life. At the same time Swedish media reports and expresses an increase in crime, death shooting and disturbance in Sweden's segregated / polarized suburbs. We have chosen to meet immigrant women who have organized themselves in networks for night walks in their suburb. The purpose is to increase knowledge about underlying causes behind their organization. To achieve this goal, we conducted two focus group interviews as well as two observations with night-walking women in Stockholm. To gain further perspectives, we complement the observations with two individual interviews with people (both Stockholm and Helsingborg), both of which have connections to and transparency in networks in the suburb. The material was analyzed using the concept of social capital. The results showed that there are women's groups that are homogeneous regarding age, ethnicity and mother tongue. But there also exist women's groups who organize across these boundaries. We found that the original community or affinity that women have within the homogeneous group is of great importance for them. This tends to make the group look inward, separated and isolated from "others". The result shows that organization creates an "A room of one's own" where the women can be themselves. Organizers in the night-walking networks strengthen women's social capital and promote well-being. The results of the study showed that women are a valuable resource within civil society, which, on their own initiative, drives non-profit social work. We see the importance of this being utilized, chosen by the social service, which by law should promote equality in living conditions, be active participation in social life and develop the resources of individuals and groups.

An elementary school in the Stockholm suburb Mariehäll, for children aged 6-11 as well as a daycare centre. The school will cater to approximately 700 students and a centre for art and culture, which will be available to the public. The school is located in the new residential area Annedal, adjacent to the local park and Bullerbytorget. This project explores the correlation between architecture and learning, with the purpose of creating an environment that meets the needs of students with difficulties in concentrating. This has influenced the orientation of the building and the classrooms, the organisation of the plan and the materials and colours used in the various rooms. The program is divided into two volumes – one which houses the actual school and daycare centre, and one which consists of administration and the centre for art and culture. These are connected by a souterrain storey which contains the school cafeteria, and entrances from the street and the square. The school grounds are located four meters above street level, which allows the roof of the lower volume to function as a part of the playground. / En grundskola i stadsdelen Mariehäll i Stockholm, för årskurs F-5, samt förskola. Skolan ska inhysa cirka 700 elever samt ett uthyrningsbart kulturcentrum. Skolan är placerad centralt i det nybyggda bostadsområdet Annedal, mellan Annedalsparken, Bullerbytorget och Tappvägen. Detta projekt utforskar samspelet mellan arkitekturen och inlärningsmiljön, och syftar till att skapa en skola som möter de behov som finns hos elever med koncentrationssvårigheter. Detta har påverkat orienteringen av byggnaden och lärosalarna, organisationen av planen, samt färgsättning och materialval i de olika rummen. Programmet är uppdelat i två volymer – en som inhyser själva skolan och förskolan, och en som utgörs av administration samt kulturcentrum. Dessa kopplas samman av ett suterrängplan, som innehåller skolrestaurang, samt entréer från torg och gata. Skolgården ligger fyra meter över gatunivån, och den låga volymens tak blir således en del av skolgården.

The starting point of the project was threat that commercial forces pose to the identity of today’s suburban centers. The value of a square or a non-commercial space to meet seems somehow forgotten since shopping malls and internet are our new meeting spaces. In the anonymous suburb Barkarby northwest of Stockholm the project aims to question the barrier often dividing commuter railway suburbs. The project realizes the urban values that the train inhabits and embraces the very artery that supplies the city with people. It is a first step towards a dense development enhancing the identity and status of the suburb, not trying to imitate the inner city core. Instead it competes with big scale commercial activities by suggesting qualities extracted from the suburb itself. An amphitheatre which questions the space between the highway and train, an activity path with more or less spontaneous activities and an multihall under the train tracks  altogether enriches each other and through visual guidance attracts people on a piece of ground otherwise difficult to exploit. / Utgångspunkten för projektet är det hot som kommersiella krafter utgör mot dagens förortscentrum. Vikten av ett torg eller annan icke kommersiell plats att mötas på glöms bort då gallerior och internet fungerar som våra nya mötesplatser. I den anonyma förorten Barkarby, belägen nordväst om Stockholm, strävar projektet efter att ifrågasätta den barriär som så ofta delar av området kring pendeltågsstationer. Projektet anammar de urbana kvaliteerna som tåget representerar och omfamnar själva anledningen till områdets befolkande. Det är ett första steg mot en tät stadsväv utanför stadskärnan, vilken också förstärker den lokala identiteten. Utan att härma innerstadens typlogi så förstärker projektet platsens status. Istället konkurrerar projektet med storskaliga kommersiella aktiviteter genom att erbjuda ett extract av förortens redan inneboende kvaliteter. En amfiteater som ifrågasätter utrymmet mellan motorvägen och tågspåren, ett aktivitetsstråk med mer eller mindre spontana aktiviteter och en multihall under tågspåren berikar varandra och genom visuell ledning attraherar folk på en plats som annars aldrig skulle utnyttjats.