Sommaire La situation actuelle des infections nosocomiales dans les établissements de santé est préoccupante. En ce qui concerne le Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), son émergence et son impact sur la morbidité et la mortalité sont bien connus. De plus, la population vieillissante est à risque élevé d’avoir des diarrhées associées au C. difficile et, de ce fait, de se retrouver en isolement de contact. Les personnes âgées sont déjà vulnérables au moment d’une hospitalisation, alors qu’en est-il lors d’un isolement de contact relié à une infection au C. difficile? Dans cette perspective, les connaissances sur l’expérience des personnes âgées lors d’un isolement étant peu développées, cette étude s’est intéressée au vécu des personnes âgées durant l’isolement de contact et aux effets de cet isolement sur leur vécu. Le but de cette étude phénoménologique, prenant appui sur la Théorie de l’humain en devenir de Parse (2003), était de décrire et comprendre l’expérience de personnes âgées de 75 ans et plus lors d’un isolement de contact en milieu hospitalier causé par une infection au C. difficile. Ainsi, des entrevues semi-structurées furent réalisées auprès de cinq personnes âgées qui ont accepté de participer à l’étude, puis la transcription de leurs propos fut analysée selon la méthode proposée par Giorgi (1997). De cette analyse sont ressortis trois thèmes : 1) Vivre les effets du Clostridium difficile; 2) Vivre de l’inquiétude et 3) Vivre de la déception dans la relation avec le personnel soignant. Poussant plus loin l’analyse des thèmes et sous-thèmes, il a été possible de proposer que l’essence de l’expérience de personnes âgées de 75 ans et plus lors d’un isolement de contact en milieu hospitalier causé par une infection au C. difficile était de « vivre à la fois en conjonction avec le besoin d’être isolé pour protéger son univers et en séparation avec le besoin de recevoir des soins qui respectent leur dignité, et ce, malgré la vulnérabilité induite par leur état de santé ». Ces résultats pourront sensibiliser les personnes soignantes qui accompagnent au quotidien les personnes âgées en isolement. La compréhension de leur vécu pourra favoriser la mise en place de soins davantage centrés sur la personne qui tiennent compte de leurs inquiétudes, de leurs craintes et de l’importance de préserver leur dignité. Mots clés : Effets psychologiques, expérience de l’isolement de contact, Clostridium difficile, personnes âgées, phénoménologie, théorie de l’humain en devenir. / Summary The current situation of nosocomial infections in health facilities is a concern. With regard to Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), its emergence and its impact on morbidity and mortality is well known. Moreover, the aging population is at high risk of having diarrhea associated with C. difficile and, therefore, of being in contact isolation. Seniors are already made vulnerable by a hospitalization, then what about when there is a contact isolation related to an infection with C. difficile? In this perspective, since knowledge about the experience of older people being isolated is not quite developed, this study examined the experiences of seniors during the isolation contact and the effects of this isolation on their experiences. The purpose of this phenomenological study, building on the Theory of human becoming of Parse (2003), was to describe and understand the experience of people aged 75 and over and hospitalized in a contact isolation, caused by infection with C. difficile. Thus, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five seniors who agreed to participate in the study, and the transcript of their remarks was analyzed by the method suggested by Giorgi (1997). From this analysis emerged three themes: 1) Living the effects of Clostridium difficile, 2) Living anxiety and 3) Living the disappointment in the relationship with the nursing staff. Pushing further the analysis of themes and sub-themes, it was possible to propose that the essence of the experience of people aged 75 and over hospitalized in a contact isolation caused by infection C. difficile, was “to live both in conjunction with the need to be isolated to protect their world and separation from the need to receive care which respects their dignity, despite the vulnerability induced by their state of health”. These results may sensitize caregivers who accompany elderly on a daily basis in isolation. Understanding their experience will encourage the development of care that takes into account their concerns, their fears and the importance of preserving their dignity. Keywords: Psychological impact, experience of isolation contact, Clostridium difficile, elderly, phenomenology, theory of human becoming.

The philosophy of early Deleuze is the main subject of this dissertation. Concretely, it will be treated with regard to distinctive and singular individuation of a man: this essay tries to present his relationship to the ultimate horizon of Being in Deleuze's work. The first chapter constitutes a starting point which can be determined in criticism of the image of thought, closely related with Deleuze's transcendental empiricism. The second chapter is devoted to its culmination, to the metaphysical description of the virtual field of Ideas, of transcendental conditions of our experience. The next chapter shows how Ideas condition, that Ideas actualise themselves insofar as something develops itself within its intensive field of individuation. The fourth chapter takes us back to our starting point: it concerns a phenomenon, this time sufficiently explained, and we are again obliged to confront us with the image of thought which covers this explanation. This is the reason why our interpretation has to continue. The description of distinctive and singular individuation of a man wants to explain the way by which the image of thought, based on common sense, is established. Even though our experience is constructed on this image, there are still some "small islands" of difference, places where the virtual...

Vi möter medietekniken genom förståelsen av en assemblage; att medie/a – teknik inte existerar utan relationen som binder dem samman. Medieteknik skapas på så sätt genom interaktioner och samverkan mellan de termer som utgör området och syftar alltid på en praktik. En assemblage är en kommunikation, en pågående process – aldrig statisk, alltid produktiv. Utgångspunkten och metoden blir således att ingå partnerskap, utifrån assemblages, med och genom den medietekniska praktiken – i syfte att befinna oss i mitten, i kopplingen, i mötet. Det första partnerskapet vi utgår ifrån är den i vår rubrik: TRANS–MISSION. Trans- står för det överskridande, det öppna, det osäkra medan mission- står för riktningen, avgränsningen, uppdraget. Vi utgår inte från vad ett medium är eller representerar utan vad ett medium gör och producerar. Vår undersökning syftar till att utmana dualistiska synsätt på medieteknik, såsom form och innehåll, designer och produkt, teori och praktik. Vi ifrågasätter antropocentriska förhållningssätt till teknik och material, samt tendensen att se mediet som en statisk överföringsprocess. Undersökningen tar sin utgångspunkt i Gilles Deleuzes och Félix Guattaris filosofi och begreppsapparat främst från det omfattande verket, Tusen Platåer (1980). Ett arbete i syfte att skapa en ontologi som inte utgår från en transcendental världsbild, utan istället en värld i konstant tillblivelse genom kopplingar och flöden. I fokus står relationerna snarare än punkter, identiteter eller hållplatser. / We approach media technology through the understanding of an assemblage; that media– technology cannot exist without one another. Consequently, media-technology are created through the interactions between and co-evolution of the terms that create the field. An assemblage is a communication, an ongoing process – never static always productive. The starting point and method are thus to enter into partnerships, based on assemblages, with and through media technology practice - in order to be in the middle, in the connection, in the nexus. The first partnership we use is in our title: TRANS-MISSION. Trans stands for the excess, the open, the uncertain, while mission is the direction, the demarcation, and the assignment. We do not depend on what a medium is or represents but what a medium does and produces. Our research aims to challenge dualistic approaches to media technology, such as form and content, designer and product, theory and practice. We question anthropocentric approaches to technology and materials, as well as the tendency to view the medium as a static transfer process. The study is based on Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's philosophy and conceptual apparatus, mainly derived from their seminal work, A Thousand Plateaus (1980); a work that strives to create an ontology that does not assume a transcendent worldview, but a world in constant becoming through connections and flows. Relations are in focus, rather than points, identities or stops.

L’écriture dramatique contemporaine est souvent tournée vers le mythe grec tragique comme source d’inspiration. Or, le concept de tragique est loin d’être évident, tantôt compris dans un sens existentiel, étroitement lié à la pensée philosophique allemande du XIXe siècle qui lui adonné naissance, tantôt dans un sens esthétique, produit de son rapport étroit au genre dramatique de la tragédie. La présente étude interroge la question du tragique dans des écritures dramatiques contemporaines d’origine différente : plus précisément, nous abordons douze oeuvres dramatiques, françaises et grecques, qui couvrent la seconde moitié du XXe siècle au sens large, et que caractérise l’usage du mythe tragique ou des motifs tragiques. Notre approche est structurée sur deux axes : d’une part est examinée la notion de personnage, élément principal de l’oeuvre dramatique, dans son devenir tragique. Ainsi, dans les deux phases de ce que nous appelons le« mouvement tragique », le personnage passe de l’identité à l’altérité de soi, pour se choisir ensuite en tant qu’être fini, ou autrement, en tant qu’être « inscrit dans la mort », pour arriver finalement à la transcendance de sa propre finitude. D’autre part est examinée la notion de personne tragique, à savoir la conception de l’homme « réel », telle qu’elle est configurée par le lecteur/spectateur à partir du personnage tragique. Le sens de la personne tragique consiste en le passage de celle-ci du monde quotidien à un « nouveau réel », où dominent le devenir et l’ouverture à l’Autre. Dans ce cadre, la catharsis qu’éprouve le spectateur est identifiée à la « joie tragique ». / Contemporary playwriting turns often towards the tragic Greek myth as source of inspiration.However, the concept of “the tragic” is far from being evident, sometimes understood in anexistential meaning, tightly attached to the German philosophical thought who has given it birth,sometimes in an esthetic meaning, as a result of its close relation to the genre of tragedy. Thepresent study examines the concept of tragic in contemporary plays of different origin: moreprecisely, we study twelve plays, French and Greek, that cover the second half of the twentiethcentury in the broadest sense, characterized by the use of the tragic myth or of tragic motifs. Ourapproach is based on two axes: on one hand we examine the notion of character, a fundamentalelement of a dramatic work, in his becoming tragic. In this way and according to the two phasesof what we call “the tragic movement”, the character, after passing from the identity to the alterityof self, he then “chooses” himself as a finite being, or, in other words, as a being “inscribed indeath”; finally, he arrives at the point of transcendence of his own finitude. On the other hand, weexamine the notion of the tragic person, namely the conception of the “real” human, as it isformulated on the basis of the tragic hero, by the reader/spectator. The meaning of the tragicperson lies in a passage from the ordinary world to a “new reality”, where the becoming of thehuman being and the openness to the Other dominates. In this context, the spectator experiencesthe catharsis that can be identified with the “tragic joy”.

大多數學者通常從後殖民的觀點閱讀佛斯特的《印度之旅》(A Passage to India, 1924)，因此，他們的批評大多聚焦在「對他者的再現」(the representation of the other)。然而，這些學者忽略了在《印度之旅》中，自我與他者的交會乃是旅行的結果。雖然探討《印度之旅》中種族間互動的評論不在少數，但旅行的概念卻常被視為理所當然。如同小說標題所示，《印度之旅》乃是一趟從英國至印度的旅行，因此，本論文擬以「旅行敘述」(travel narrative) 的觀點閱讀《印度之旅》。然而，「旅行」一詞的意義到底為何？根據《牛津英語大辭典》，「旅行」大致意味著空間上的移位。然而，本文企圖以「暴露於他者」(exposure to the other)、「自我的去疆域化」 (deterritorialization of the self) 與「變成他者」 (becoming-other) 重新定義旅行。 既然旅行涉及自我與他者之間的互動，本文先援引列維納斯 (Emmanuel Levinas) 的「他者的倫理」(ethics of the other) 來區分「激進他者」 (radical other) 與「抽象他者」(metaphysical other)。接著，本文引用德希達 (Jacques Derrida) 對列維納斯的閱讀與他對「悅納異己」(hospitality) 的討論，以進一步闡述他者的概念。為了探討自我在他者影響之下的轉變，本文亦運用德勒茲 (Gilles Deleuze) 與瓜達里 (Félix Guattari) 的「再疆域化」(reterritorialization)、「去疆域化」(deterritorialization)、與「變成」(becoming) 的概念。這些理論的整合導出了伊斯蘭 (Syed Manurul Islam) 所區分的兩種旅行──靜止旅行(sedentary travel) 與遊牧旅行 (nomadic travel)。 本文共分五章：〈第一章：導論〉、〈第二章：理論架構〉、〈第三章：靜止旅行〉、〈第四章：遊牧旅行〉與〈第五章：結論〉。〈第二章：理論架構〉主要闡述上面所提及的理論家。〈第三章：靜止旅行〉藉由費爾亭 (Cyril Fielding) 與何德蕾 (Adela Quested) 闡明靜止旅行的概念。相較於費爾亭，何德蕾的例子較為複雜，因為她經歷了兩次去疆域化的過程 (第一次在馬拉巴山洞裡，第二次在法庭上)。〈第四章：遊牧旅行〉則聚焦在摩爾夫人 (Mrs. Moore) 這個角色上。這章的編排不僅與小說劇情的時間性一致，也企圖呈現摩爾夫人所經歷的三個階段的轉變。 / Most critics tend to read E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India (1924) from the perspective of post-colonialism, and therefore, the focus of their criticism is often on the representation of the other. However, these critics neglect the fact that the encounter of the self with the other in A Passage to India is in fact a result of travel. Although there is much discussion on racial interaction in A Passage to India, the concept of travel is more than often taken for granted. As the title of the novel indicates, A Passage to India deals with a travel from England to India, and hence, this thesis examines the novel from the perspective of travel narrative. Yet, what does the term “travel” signify? According to Oxford English Dictionary, travel generally refers to a displacement in space. Nevertheless, this thesis tries to re-define “travel” in terms of exposure to the other, deterritorialization of the self, and becoming-other. Since travel narrative deals with the vacillation between the self and the other, this thesis begins with Emmanuel Levinas’s ethics of the other to distinguish the radical other from the metaphysical other. Next, this thesis includes Jacques Derrida’s theories of “hospitality” for further elaboration on the concept of the other. In order to probe into the transformation of the self under the influence of the other, this thesis also employs Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s ideas of “reterritorialization,” “deterritorialization” and “becoming.” The compilation of these theories, finally, amounts to Syed Manurul Islam’s division between two kinds of travel—sedentary travel (travel without traveling) and nomadic travel (traveling without return). This thesis is divided into five chapters: “Introduction” (Chapter One), “Theoretical Framework” (Chapter Two), “Sedentary Travel” (Chapter Three), “Nomadic Travel” (Chapter Four) and “Conclusion” (Chapter Five). Chapter Two, “Theoretical Framework,” is an elucidation of the above mentioned theories. Chapter Three, “Sedentary Travel,” illustrates the concept of sedentary travel by exploring Cyril Fielding and Adela Quested. Adela’s case is much more intricate when compared to Fielding’s, for she goes through two instances of deterritorialization: the first in the Marabar Caves and the second in the court. Chapter Four, “Nomadic Travel,” focuses on the character Mrs. Moore. The exploration of Mrs. Moore not only corresponds to the chronological sequence of the plot but also aims to explain the different stages of transformation Mrs. Moore undergoes.

This thesis, addresses the convergence between several strings of current research in the quest for a better understanding of the co-dependency and co-evolution of the human being and her ability to innovate, organize and provide products and services through competitive firms. The introduction and development of the concepts “Innovation Health” and “Systems of Innovation Health” aims at capturing emerging interdisciplinary understanding of early childhood developmental health and human life-spanning developmental conditions, to the extent that they are relevant for economic change, knowledge- and innovation related theory and research. An overview and analysis of global demographic changes, as they relate to Innovation Health is provided. Further, an extended view or possible emerging Theory of the Knowing and Innovating Firm is proposed and elaborated. Furthermore, Stein’s effort in the early 20th century to create a new philosophy of the humanities and a model of the human being is revisited. Her ontology of association, community and the human being is introduced in the context of organizational economics and knowledge-based theories. Her philosophy and “emergentis” ontology is applied as the theoretical framework of Innovation Health and the entire research effort.

The interpretation of unreason in Gilles Deleuze‘s philosophy Deleuze argues that all philosophy must originate itself from violence. The violence in thought is evoken by problems, which aren‘t given but constituted in mind. The fundamental problem of thought is incapacity to think itself, the malaise of mind, stupidity or madness. The dogmatical image of thought takes the common form of an 'Everybody knows . . .' , and in the following way disassociates itself from the problem - it merely dislodges madness from discourse of reason. Deleuze shows that the problem of madness should be included into image of thought, if transforming it simultaneously. The work points out, how Deleuze solves this properly transcendental qestion: how is unreason possibile? The thinker offers three perspectives, three points of view to reflect this problem. It can be seen from a point from highland or platonical tradicion, from a point of surface or virtual philosophy which Deleuze founds in the works of stoics, Leibniz, Nietzsche and Lewis Carrol and from a point of depths into which plunges Artaud. To each of these modes of mind thereby can be diagnosed distinct disease: maniac depresion or paranoia to idealism, active form of schizophrenia- to virtual philosophy and passive form of schizophrenia – to the thinking of depths. The research shows up how eventualy this triad turns to strict disjunction between traditional image of thought and the thought which is able to think of madness, becomings... [to full text]

Sommaire La situation actuelle des infections nosocomiales dans les établissements de santé est préoccupante. En ce qui concerne le Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), son émergence et son impact sur la morbidité et la mortalité sont bien connus. De plus, la population vieillissante est à risque élevé d’avoir des diarrhées associées au C. difficile et, de ce fait, de se retrouver en isolement de contact. Les personnes âgées sont déjà vulnérables au moment d’une hospitalisation, alors qu’en est-il lors d’un isolement de contact relié à une infection au C. difficile? Dans cette perspective, les connaissances sur l’expérience des personnes âgées lors d’un isolement étant peu développées, cette étude s’est intéressée au vécu des personnes âgées durant l’isolement de contact et aux effets de cet isolement sur leur vécu. Le but de cette étude phénoménologique, prenant appui sur la Théorie de l’humain en devenir de Parse (2003), était de décrire et comprendre l’expérience de personnes âgées de 75 ans et plus lors d’un isolement de contact en milieu hospitalier causé par une infection au C. difficile. Ainsi, des entrevues semi-structurées furent réalisées auprès de cinq personnes âgées qui ont accepté de participer à l’étude, puis la transcription de leurs propos fut analysée selon la méthode proposée par Giorgi (1997). De cette analyse sont ressortis trois thèmes : 1) Vivre les effets du Clostridium difficile; 2) Vivre de l’inquiétude et 3) Vivre de la déception dans la relation avec le personnel soignant. Poussant plus loin l’analyse des thèmes et sous-thèmes, il a été possible de proposer que l’essence de l’expérience de personnes âgées de 75 ans et plus lors d’un isolement de contact en milieu hospitalier causé par une infection au C. difficile était de « vivre à la fois en conjonction avec le besoin d’être isolé pour protéger son univers et en séparation avec le besoin de recevoir des soins qui respectent leur dignité, et ce, malgré la vulnérabilité induite par leur état de santé ». Ces résultats pourront sensibiliser les personnes soignantes qui accompagnent au quotidien les personnes âgées en isolement. La compréhension de leur vécu pourra favoriser la mise en place de soins davantage centrés sur la personne qui tiennent compte de leurs inquiétudes, de leurs craintes et de l’importance de préserver leur dignité. Mots clés : Effets psychologiques, expérience de l’isolement de contact, Clostridium difficile, personnes âgées, phénoménologie, théorie de l’humain en devenir. / Summary The current situation of nosocomial infections in health facilities is a concern. With regard to Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), its emergence and its impact on morbidity and mortality is well known. Moreover, the aging population is at high risk of having diarrhea associated with C. difficile and, therefore, of being in contact isolation. Seniors are already made vulnerable by a hospitalization, then what about when there is a contact isolation related to an infection with C. difficile? In this perspective, since knowledge about the experience of older people being isolated is not quite developed, this study examined the experiences of seniors during the isolation contact and the effects of this isolation on their experiences. The purpose of this phenomenological study, building on the Theory of human becoming of Parse (2003), was to describe and understand the experience of people aged 75 and over and hospitalized in a contact isolation, caused by infection with C. difficile. Thus, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five seniors who agreed to participate in the study, and the transcript of their remarks was analyzed by the method suggested by Giorgi (1997). From this analysis emerged three themes: 1) Living the effects of Clostridium difficile, 2) Living anxiety and 3) Living the disappointment in the relationship with the nursing staff. Pushing further the analysis of themes and sub-themes, it was possible to propose that the essence of the experience of people aged 75 and over hospitalized in a contact isolation caused by infection C. difficile, was “to live both in conjunction with the need to be isolated to protect their world and separation from the need to receive care which respects their dignity, despite the vulnerability induced by their state of health”. These results may sensitize caregivers who accompany elderly on a daily basis in isolation. Understanding their experience will encourage the development of care that takes into account their concerns, their fears and the importance of preserving their dignity. Keywords: Psychological impact, experience of isolation contact, Clostridium difficile, elderly, phenomenology, theory of human becoming.

Questionnant avec J.-C. Breton les situations anthropologiques nouvelles qui interpellent la vie spirituelle, cette étude en propose une approche sous l’angle de la symbolisation. Une lecture de la symbolisation à partir de la structure même du symbole précède l’analyse de son usage psychanalytique selon Winnicott, avec ses notions d’espace potentiel et de phénomènes transitionnels. Suit l’exposé de points clés du témoignage de Marcel Légaut sur la vie spirituelle. La partie synthèse détaille trois éléments clés de la symbolisation : la brisure-faille, la créativité-accueil et le passage à un autre niveau. Deux niveaux de symbolisation, primaire et secondaire, complètent la trame partagée par la lecture de la psychanalyse et de la vie spirituelle. L’étude démontre que la symbolisation permet un passage en l’humain vers son propre mystère et celui de Dieu en lui. L’humain se présente alors comme être de symbolisation en devenir. / Questioning with J.-C. Breton the new anthropological situations which call out to the spiritual life, this study proposes an approach under the angle of the symbolization. A reading of the symbolization from the structure of the symbol, precedes the analysis of its psychoanalytical use according to Donald W. Winnicott, with his notions of potential space and transitional phenomena. Follows the presentation of key points of Marcel Légaut's testimony on the spiritual life. The synthesis part details three key elements of the symbolization: the crack-fault ligne, the creativity-welcoming and the passage to another level. Two levels of symbolization, primary and secondary sector, complete the weft shared by the reading of the psychoanalysis and the spiritual life. The study demonstrates that the symbolization allows a passage into the human being towards his own mystery and that of the God in him. The human being appears then as a being of symbolization in the process of becoming.

The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse the process of professionalisation of newly commissioned second lieutenants and newly qualified school teachers. The professionalisation of these two occupational categories is examined from a comparative perspective and concentrates on the communicative conditions and institutional arenas that affect the professionalisation process. The theoretical framework of the thesis is comprised of communication theory and concepts of sense making found in institutional theory models. The empirical data was collected during the first year after second lieutenants received their officer’s commissions and teachers received their teaching credentials. Four second lieutenants and four teachers were interviewed three times during their first year of professional service. Some observations are also included in the thesis. The dissertation’s main conclusions are connected, in part, to issues of transparency in communicative conditions and, in part, to incentives connected to supervision, support and control. On the one hand, the commissioned officers’ and one of the teacher’s process of sensemaking appeared visible and collective in character, where the rules of conduct and meaning emerge clearly without ambiguity. On the other hand, the majority of the certified teachers’ process of sense making appeared private, concealed, inaccessible and diverse in character. It was observed that incentives for supervision, support and control are strong among commissioned officers because they are directly dependent on each other’s work. The same incentives are weaker among certified teachers because they are not as dependent on each other’s work. One conclusion to draw from this difference is that the professionalisation of commissioned officers is collective-oriented while the professionalisation of certified teachers is less so.