當管理策略的發展開始從既有的「純競爭策略」，逐漸轉變為一種陰陽相依、競合相倚的觀念時，這種「陰」與「陽」同時存在或交替出現的「競合策略」便成為管理學者爭相研究的焦點。然而，即使有關於競合的理論與研究不勝枚舉，但是能以知識為探討的立足點，來瞭解廠商間創新研發競合關係的研究並不多見。再者，過去有關區域創新或是產業聚落的研究，多半強調合作創新，顯少討論區域內的競爭。進一步而言，對於區域內廠商在創新研發方面同時「競合並存」的研究，特別是針對「競爭導向的合作」與「合作導向的競爭」兩種創新競合的情境下，廠商間的知識分享與知識保護的情形，更是付之闕如。因此，本研究的目的，即在回應這些文獻缺口，對於廠商在不同的創新研發「競合關係」情境下，其知識互動的實際作為，做一深入的探究。 本研究在研究方法上採用多重個案研究方法，以全球最著名的區域創新系統之一台灣中部地區的工具機群聚為主要的研究場域。在研究的過程中，以兩階段的深度訪談，針對中部地區的工具機暨零組件產業之競合關係進行瞭解，並找出兩個特殊的創新研發競合案例。進一步地，針對此兩案例中廠商的創新研發「競合關係」與知識互動的實際作為，做深入的比較與分析。 本研究經歸納彙整研究命題後，進一步得到以下結論： 一、第三方單位在區域內廠商之創新研發競合關係與知識互動中扮演重要的角色，包括中介協調、主動催生與管理計畫、技術移轉與檢測驗證等。 二、廠商在不同的「競合關係」情境下，會因營運範疇相似度的不同，而有不同的知識分享類型與交流管道。在營運範疇相似度高的情況下，會以基礎理論知識來進行分享，且以正式的討論會議為主要的知識交流管道；在營運範疇相似度度低的情況下，會以應用層面的技術知識進行分享，在知識交流的管道上不僅會有正式的討論會議，還會透過非正式的方式進行交流。 三、廠商在不同的創新研發「競合關係」情境下，會因未來競爭的可能性與營業秘密的考量，而採取不同的知識分享方式，包括選擇性分享、不願意分享以及主動進行分享等。 四、廠商在不同的創新研發「競合關係」情境下，儘管知識保護的緣由不同，都會以契約內的保密協議做為最主要的知識保護方式。 在學術研究方面，本研究不同於以往的文獻從「市場」或是「資源」的角度來探究「競合關係」，而是以創新研發中最根本的要素–「知識」，來探究創新研發的「競合關係」。其次，不僅瞭解到第三方單位是促成競爭廠商形成合作研發聯盟的重要推手，亦從廠商不同的競合情境下，其知識互動的作為，整理出「知識互動的影響因素」。因此，本研究在學術研究上做出以下的貢獻： 一、過往競合方面的研究，主要是以一般性的策略領域為主，本研究則特別針對廠商在「創新研發」上的「競合」行為來加以探討。 二、過往的競合理論對於市場與資源的定義不夠完整與明確，且認為市場與資源是分別影響競爭與合作的不同要素。本研究更細緻地以「知識」的層次來加以探討，發現「知識」對廠商間的競合行為有很大的影響；此外，知識層次的觀點亦會使市場與資源間的界限變得模糊。 三、過往的競合理論概括性地提出既競爭又合作的概念，本研究進一步地提供「競爭導向的合作」（競中帶合）與「合作導向的競爭」（合中帶競）兩種情境的實證研究結果。 四、過往的研究較少提出第三方單位在競合關係中扮演的角色，本研究藉由實證並提出區域內廠商在進行創新研發競合關係時，第三方單位的主要角色與重要性。 五、過往區域創新系統或產業群聚的研究以探討廠商間的合作為主，本研究再加入「競爭」的要素做為研究廠商創新研發「競合關係」的基礎。 整體而言，本研究將「競中帶合」與「合中帶競」做清楚的定義，進一步地以知識作為廠商進行創新研發競合的根本要素，並提出第三方單位的重要性。在實務上，提供知識互動的影響因素作為廠商進行競合與知識互動時的參考依據。 / Management strategy has gradually transformed from “pure competition” to the coexistence of competition and cooperation, also known as co-opetition, where “co-opetition strategy” has become a popular research focus for scholars who study management. Scholars, upon observing such trend where “peace” and “warfare”- or “yin” and “yang”- exists either at the same time or occurs alternatively, begin to add the “cooperative” element (yang) into the traditional concept of “competition” (yin). Although immense theories and researches on the concept of co-opetition exist, researches that attempt to reveal the co-opetition relationship in the realm of R&D and Innovation among firms from the standpoint of knowledge have been scarce. Regional Innovation Systems is a field full of cooperation and competition, yet past research mostly focused on cooperation and innovation instead of discussing the competition among firms in the region. That is, few researches focused on discussing the cooperation and competition coexisting at the same time in the realm of R&D and Innovation among firms. Moreover, researches that particularly discuss the situation of knowledge sharing and knowledge protection among firms from two R&D and Innovation co-opetition types of “Competition-dominated cooperation” and “Cooperation-dominated competition” relegate said situations to the category of things unknown. Therefore, this research aims to fill the gap in such literature by conducting deep explorations into knowledge interaction among firms in one region, particularly from two R&D and Innovation co-opetition types. This research adopts a multi-case study method while the main field of research focuses on one of the most renowned global Regional Innovation Systems: the machinery cluster in central Taiwan. During the process of the research, a two-stage, in-depth interview was conducted to understand the co-opetition relationship among the machine tool and component firms in the central Taiwan, and has identified two special case studies of R&D and Innovation co-operation. Furthermore, this research focus on the R&D and Innovation co-opetition relationship among firms and their practices of knowledge interaction in these two cases, and conducts in-depth comparisons and analysis. By conducting two-stage in-depth interviews, this study summarizes the research propositions and further obtains the following conclusions: 1.Third party plays an important role in R&D and innovation co-opetition knowledge interaction among firms in the same region, including the roles of intermediary coordination, taking the initiative to spawn and manage projects, and transferring, testing and verification of technology. 2.In different “co-opetition” types, the types of knowledge sharing and exchange channels among firms are different according to how similar they are in operational scope. In the case of high similarity in operational scope, basic and theoretical knowledge is shared, and formal meetings are the main channel of knowledge exchange. In the case of low similarity in operational scope, technical and applied knowledge is shared, and the channels of knowledge exchange do not only have formal meetings, but also communicate informally. 3.In different “R&D and innovation co-opetition” types, firms will take different approaches in sharing knowledge (either being selective, not willing, or actively sharing) due to future competition possibilities and trade secrets. 4.Firms differ in their reasons for knowledge protection in different “R&D and innovation co-opetition” types, but will mostly rely on confidential agreements within their contracts as the main measure for knowledge protection. While past academic research mostly explores "co-opetition relationship" from the perspective of "market" or "resource", this research explores R&D and innovation co-opetition with the most essential element, “knowledge”. Not only is it understood that third-party units are important promoters of competitive firms in forming R&D alliances, "the influencing factors of knowledge interaction" from the perspective of their knowledge interaction under different co-opetition types is concluded. Therefore, this research aims to produce the following contributions in the academic field: 1.Past co-opetition researches mostly focus on generic and strategical fields, this research focuses particularly on bahviors of “co-opetition in R&D and innovation” among firms. 2.Past co-opetition theories’ definitions on markets and resources are insufficient and imprecise, for they describe markets and resources as different factors that affect competition and cooperation. This research offers a finer exploration from the aspect of “knowledge”. This research finds that “knowledge” has an immense impact on co-opetition behaviors. In addition, the knowledge-level viewpoint further blurs the boundary between markets and resources. 3.Past co-opetition theories offered the generic concept of simultaneous competition and cooperation This research further provides empirical research results of two scenarios: "competition-dominated cooperation" and "cooperation-dominated competition". 4.Past researches seldom discuss the role that third parties play in co-opetition. This research states the importance of third parties in the firms’ “co-opetition relationships” through empirical evidence when it comes to R&D and innovation in the region. 5.Past researches of regional innovation systems or clusters primarily focus on cooperation between firms, this research adds the factor of “competition” as a research basis for understanding firms’ co-opetition relationships in and R&D and innovation. Overall, this research clearly defines "competition-dominated cooperation" and "cooperation-dominated competition", and views “knowledge” as a fundamental element of R&D and innovation co-opetition, putting forward the importance of third-party units. In practice, provide the influential factors of knowledge interaction as a reference for firms to conduct co-opetition and knowledge interaction.

本篇論文目的在探討兒童在同儕對話中所使用的請求言語行為，研究問題如下：1.在同儕對話中，兒童採用哪些請求策略？、2.兒童使用哪些稱呼語(alerter)和修飾語(modification)來調整他們的請求言語行為?。研究語料來自兩人一組的兒童在玩耍時的對話，兒童的年紀在四歲三個月到五歲六個月之間(平均年齡為五歲三個月)。本研究主要採用Blum-Kulka等人的請求言語行為策略分類，包含中心行為策略(head act)、稱呼語(alerter）、修飾語(modification)三個部分。研究結果發現，在中心行為策略的三個策略中—直接請求、規約性間接請求、和非規約性間接請求，兒童使用較多的直接請求策略，特別是祈使語態句(mood derivable)，顯示出兒童在同儕互動中傾向使用直接且有效力的請求策略。研究結果也發現兒童會使用稱呼語和修飾語來調整請求言語行為；在稱呼語方面，兒童使用了呼喚語(vocative)和名字(name)這兩種表親密的稱呼語來吸引同儕的注意，顯示出兒童不只能判斷對話者的注意力，也知道他們與同儕之間的對等、親近關係；在修飾語方面，兒童使用較多的緩和修飾語(mitigating modifiers)，而在所有修飾語中，兒童最常使用的三種分別為語氣弱化詞(downtoner)、 原因解釋(grounder)、強化詞(intensifier)，另外，我們也發現到兒童有時會使用兩種以上的修飾語在單一個請求行為中，從兒童使用的各種修飾語結果顯示，兒童在做請求時，能考量不同情況和跟同儕間的關係來調整請求言語行為。本研究對於漢語兒童在同儕互動中的請求言語行為的使用，不僅顯示出他們的溝通技巧與語用能力，也反映出同儕互動的特性。 / The purpose of this study is to explore preschool children’s performance of requests in peer talk. We aim to investigate what request strategies children employ when interacting with peers and how children adjust their requests with alerters and modifications. The data analyzed were the natural conversations produced by dyads of children aged from 4;3 to 5;6 (mean age: 5;3). The analytical framework adopted in this study is mainly based on the categorization of Blum-Kulka et al. (1989), including the three components of head act, alerter, and modification. The results show that among direct request, conventionally indirect request and non-conventionally indirect request, children employed more direct request strategies, especially mood derivable. It reveals that children’s requests tend to be direct in interactions with peers as the use of direct requests is more effective to attain compliance. In addition, children were found to use alerters and modifications on some occasions to get attention and to lessen or aggravate the request force. There were two types of alerters used by the children, which were name and vocative, and vocative was used more frequently than name. The children’s use of the two intimate alerters indicates that not only can children assess the focus of their interlocutors’ attention, but also that they are aware of their equal and close relationships with their peers. Regarding the use of modifications, it was found that children used more mitigating modifiers than aggravating modifiers, and that the children used downtoner, grounder, and intensifier more frequently among the modifiers. Moreover, although the children commonly used one request with one modifier, there were some cases where the children used more than one modifier in one request. The diversity in the use of modified requests reveals the children’s sensitivity to the situations in which they and their peers are engaged, and their consideration for the maintenance of interpersonal relationships. It is concluded that Mandarin-speaking children’s use of requests not only demonstrates their communicative skills and pragmatic competence, but also reflects the nature of peer interactions.

本研究旨在了解大學生個人思考風格與團隊互動時的領導風格、組織氣氛與團隊策略之關係。本研究採混合研究法，研究工具包含量化的問卷資料及質性的學生週記與訪談資料兩部分，所使用的問卷為Sternberg的心智自我管理理論（theory of mental self-government）提出的思考風格量表（Thinking Styles Inventory，TSI），作為測量學生思考風格之工具。研究者於每週授課時段進入課堂觀察小組互動之情形，時間為一學期，期末施予問卷並另約訪談時間了解團隊互動之過程，自願參與本研究之受測者共計七名，願意受訪者共計五名。研究結果顯示： 壹、具有學習型目標的團隊，學習目標的達成比追求團隊效率更為重要。 貳、思考風格、領導風格及團隊策略相搭配，使得團隊互動更為順利。 參、不同思考風格之人在互動中可能帶來正面影響，也可能造成彼此的壓力。 / This study aims to understand the relationships between undergraduate student individual thinking styles and group interaction, with group interaction including leadership styles, organizational climate and group strategies. A mixed-method study was conducted by using the quantitative measure of a questionnaire and two qualitative measures of students’ weekly journals and interviews. Students’ thinking styles were evaluated by the Thinking Styles Inventory developed based on Sternberg’s theory of mental self-government. Student group interactions in a course lasting for one semester were observed every week. Semi-structured interviews were performed at the end of the semester to understand the process of group interaction. Results of both quantitative and qualitative data analyses revealed that: 1. A team with learning-centered goals would stress more on achieving those goals than on team efficiency. 2. Thinking styles, leadership styles and group strategies work together can make group interaction smooth. 3. People with different thinking styles can either bring positive effects or create stresses within group interaction.

本研究為研究者由實務工作所遭遇之問題出發，企圖了解社區發展協會之學理上社區功能與政策上社區功能為何？而該社區功能受哪些因素所影響（以社區類型、社區發展協會與里辦公處互動關係、社區發展協會與政府單位互動關係來檢視）？學理上社區功能與政策上社區功能有何落差？經由本研究之研究問題，擬訂出本研究假設： 研究假設一：學理上的社區功能與政策上的社區功能是有相關的。 研究假設二：不同的社區類型會影響學理上之社區功能。 研究假設三：不同的社區類型會影響政策上之社區功能。 研究假設四：社區發展協會與里辦公處之互動關係越好，其學理上社區功能發展越好。 研究假設五：社區發展協會與政府單位之互動關係越好，其學理上之社區功能發展越好。 研究假設六：社區發展協會與里辦公處之互動關係越好，其政策上之社區功能發展越好。 研究假設七：社區發展協會與政府單位之互動關係越好，其政策上之社區功能發展越好。 本研究採量化方式進行，針對臺北市331家社區發展協會（以98年11月統計數為母群體），利用臺北市政府社會局每年例行性辦理之補助說明會、臺北市社區發展工作評鑑輔導營及社區人才培訓活動發放問卷，本研究問卷共發放256份，其中回收187份，總計有效問卷161份，無效問卷26份，回收率為62％，惟本研究研究對象為社區發展協會，有效問卷中計有60份為重複填答，經剔除後本研究問卷共調查101家社區發展協會，其中理事長填答者共35份，總幹事填答者共38份，其他填答者28份（含理事、監事、會計、志工）。 經統計分析結果後發現未來在里辦公處與社區發展協會兩者組織發展情形，多數協會認為兩者仍應持續共存，且社區發展協會與里辦公處之互動關係良好的仍佔多數。而在與政府單位互動情形，整體而言，社區發展協會與政府單位之互動關係是良好的，另在整體滿意度與政府發展方向上，協會對於政府之施政、政策認為是滿意的、發展方向也與政府方向是一致的。本研究發現學理上社區功能與政策上社區功能兩者是無完全相關；而不同的社區類型是會影響社區發展協會學理上與政策上之社區功能；另外當協會與里辦公的互動關係越好時，其政策上社區功能會發展的越好。 / This thesis is started from the problem which the researcher met in practice work. The researcher would like to know what the community function in theory and policy is？And it is effected by what factors（Use the community type、the relationship in the community association and neighborhood office、the relationship in the community association and government to confer）？What is the difference between community function in theory and in policy？According to these questions，this thesis have seven assumptions： Assumption 1：The community function in theory is related to the community function in policy. Assumption 2：Different community type influence community function in theory. Assumption 3：Different community type influence community function in policy. Assumption 4：The better the relationship of the community association and neighborhood office is, the better the community function in theory is. Assumption 5：The better the relationship in the community association and the government is, the more is the community function in theory is. Assumption 6：The better the relationship in the community association and neighborhood office is, the better the community function in policy is. Assumption 7：The better the relationship in the community association and the government is, the better the community function in the policy is. This thesis is a quantification research, The population is 331 community associations（On a basis of September 2009）.The questionnaire survey delivered 256 pieces. There are 161 pieces is applicable，26pieces are not in 187 recycled questionnaires. A Recycled ratio is 62％. Anyhow, we survey 101 community associations，there are 35 pieces answered by the organization president ,38 pieces answered by the organization manager，the others answered 28 pieces. This survey find out the community association and neighborhood office will exit together in the future. And the relationship of the community association and the neighborhood office is good, and so is the community association and government. In conclusion，the community association is satisfied with the government policy，and the development direction is the same. This survey find that the community function in theory the community function in policy is not related. Different community type influence community function in theory and in policy. Besides the better the relationship of the community association and neighborhood office, the better the community function in theory.

一般研究兩岸經貿互動的論文，依其研究主題的不同，大致上可以歸納為幾個方式或 途徑，這些研究主題本身並不一定具備相斥的要件： 1.以「國家的整合模式」為主題的研究包括一些立於國際體系和國際關係理論範疇的 學派(Federalism)、溝通學派(The Communication Approach)、新功能學派 (Neo-functionalism) 等等為主體，研究台海兩岸在彼此交流的「整合」之過程，互 動的主體則集中於兩岸的政治菁英分子，並強調其扮演的角色和共識觀念的取得。 2.以「經貿交流的結構性分析」為主題的研究包括商品名目的、實質數量的、依賴程 度的計算和分析模式，以貿易理論和若干相關經濟基礎為前題，研究兩岸經貿發展的 內容和實質結構。 3.以「政策和策略分析為主體」為主題的研究包括政策的、戰略的、策略性的研究， 以政策的付諸實行，在實用上的功能、可行性、意義... 等等為主，研究一實際的、 可行的、適切的政策內容。 另外尚有部分係以國際政治經濟學、傳播理論為理論基礎的研究。惟研究之目標大致 亦不脫前述三項主題範圍。

本研究旨在提出多重目標決策理論之分析模式，并考慮實際管理者之使用，以作為管 理決策過程的有效工具。 不論個人的、組織的問題，不可避免存在不同且彼此衝突之目標。對於單一目標，傳 統作業研究理論已提供相當完整、審密的分析，然而，對於多重目標問題，則因涉及 層面遠較複雜，理論發展至近年才漸豐富，本文便研析至今之各種學說，并嘗試引入 實際決策情境討論。 全文乃以觀念性分析邏輯配合實際操作，其內容計有： 一、決策者的價值與偏好具體化－利用屬性分析及權的量度。 二、線型多目標規劃模型 三、目標規劃模型 四、互動規劃模型 五、實際操作的探討 為使其易於為管理者接受，筆者并建議在使用時宜採行的原則，以作選擇模型之參考 ，最後并提及今後的發展方向，以展望此學科邁向更嚴謹、系統化的整套理論體系。

本文之目的在於探討冷戰後時期「中俄戰略協作夥伴關係」（Sino-Russian Partnership of Strategic Coordination）對戰略三角政治互動的意涵及其對台海安全的可能影響與衝擊。本文將以「系統理論研究途徑」（System Theory Approach）作為中心分析概念架構（central organizing concept）進行研究分析。 冷戰結束後，隨著蘇聯解體，冷戰時期的兩極格局已不復存在，大國之間的關係實行了相對的調整。在新的國際格局中，中國與俄羅斯兩國基於遏制「北約東擴」和防止「美日安保」條約的圍堵（Containment），雙方除了極力倡導多極化國際體系外，並進一步建立「戰略協作夥伴關係」，冀由強化雙邊的多層面關係，來共同對抗「美國霸權」局面。 中俄戰略協作夥伴關係之建立為新世紀中、俄兩國關係的發展奠定了良好基礎。10年來，中俄關係發展相當順利。1992年-2001年，中俄關係的發展，連續上了四個台階，這就是:（一）92年「互視為友好國家關係」;（二）94年「建設性夥伴關係」;（三）96年「戰略協作夥伴關係」。在此以後，中俄戰略協作夥伴關係在實踐中不斷得到充實和發展。（四）2001年7月中俄雙方簽署了一份歷史性文件「中俄睦鄰友好合作條約」（China-Russia Good-neighborhood, Friendship and Cooperation Treaty），標誌雙方關係又進入一個新的發展階段。 在冷戰時期，中國、蘇聯與美國的戰略三角關係是影響國際政治變動的主要因素。蘇聯解體後，中俄關係發生重大變化，兩國已建立一個面向二十一世紀的戰略協作夥伴關係。作為冷戰後時期的世上唯一超強，美國非常關注中俄軍事合作面向之擴大。對美國而言，中國與俄羅斯為其全球戰略部署兩個最重要的國家，它們的重要性是因為它們的幅員、經濟潛力和軍事力量。其中最值得注意的是，中俄雙方在軍事和技術層面的合作，包括俄羅斯對中國的軍售。美國擔心中俄發展戰略協作夥伴關係，會導致中國軍力的增強，以及亞太區域「權力平衡」（Balance of Power）之改變。 本文認為，中俄戰略協作夥伴關係，就短程而言: 中俄「戰略匯合」（the Strategic Convergence between China and Russia）將使中俄在「政治」、「經濟」、「軍事」、「外交戰略」等合作面向獲得若干程度的「實質利益」（substantial interests）。同時中俄戰略協作夥伴關係之條約化將對美國在亞太區域戰略地位造成影響，從而衝擊到台海均勢與安全。然而，就長程而言: 未來中俄戰略協作夥伴關係發展，顯然仍有其「地緣政治」、「歷史上陰影」因素之侷限。 關鍵字: 中國、俄羅斯、系統理論分析途徑、現實主義、 國家利益、戰略三角互動、中俄戰略協作夥伴關係 / The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the“Sino-Russian Partnership of Strategic Coordination” in the Post Cold War Era, on the strategic triangle politics and its implication for the security and balance of power across the Taiwan Straits. In this thesis, the “System Theory Approach” will be the central organizing concept, applied to the analysis. After the Cold War, the bi-polar system has been broken since the collapse of the USSR. Relations among great powers were adjusted accordingly. PRC and Russia initiated multi-polar system and become“Partnership of Strategic Coordination ” to resist the “American hegemony” It has laid a solid foundation for the development of Sino-Russian relations in the new century. In the past ten years, Sino-Russian relations witnessed a smooth progress. From 1992-2001, the relations progressed from“Friendly neighbors” to “Constructive partnership” to“Partnership of strategic coordination”. Since then,“China-Russia Good-neighborhood, Friendship and Cooperation Treaty”signed by the PRC and the Russia Federation in July 2001, marked a new era in the development of bilateral relations. The Sino-Soviet-US triangular relations were the most dominant factor which affected the change of international politics in the Cold War period. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Sino-Russian relations have developed to a certain degree that the two countries have established a strategic partnership aimed at the 21st century. As the sole world super power, the United States is wary of Expanded Sino-Russian military cooperation. For the US, China and Russia are the two most important countries in the world. Their importance is derived from their size, their economic potential, and their military power. The US is much concerned about the development of Sino-Russian Strategic relations which may lead to a buildup of China’s military power and a change of Asia-pacific “Balance of Power”. It is believed in this study that,“Sino-Russian Partnership of Strategic Coordination,” in the short term: “The Strategic Convergence between China and Russia,” China and Russia will gain to some degree the substantial interests from the bilateral cooperation, such as “Political” ,“Economic ”,“Military”,“Foreign Policy Strategy.”At the same time, the stipulation of the mechanism of Chinese-Russo partnership in the treaty will create impact on the US strategic position in the Taiwan Straits and security of Taiwan. Nevertheless, in the long term: In the future, the development of” Chinese-Russo strategic partnership” still has its limits in the terms of “Geopolitical” and “ Historical Shadow” conditions. Key word: China, Russia, System Theory Approach, Realism, National Interest, Strategic Triangle Interaction, Sino-Russian Partnership of Strategic Coordination

本研究的目的在建構具備智慧型媒體特性之網路教學系統以增進網路學習的效果，特別是如何輔助學習者理解空間關係，以增進對空間幾何座標轉換的學習成效。電腦運算能力的增進使其成為極具潛力的教育媒體。基於教學及教育媒體的理論，本研究倡議在典型的網路教學中加入「智慧型媒體」的考量與設計以增進學習成效。智慧型媒體包括了兩個面向的考量，我們稱之為「媒體與方法」的考量 (Media and Method concern)。從媒體的角度來考量，電腦多媒體的使用應以能增進學習效果為原則，從「認知媒體」(Cognitive Media)的角度出發來設計網路教學的媒體呈現方式，媒體的目的在於清楚地傳達領域之知識給學習者。而從方法的角度來考量，應考慮如何運用電腦運算的特性以實現其他教育媒體裝置不能實現的教學策略及方法，例如互動式及適性化的教學。接續過去「智慧型教學系統」(Intelligent Tutoring System)及「適性化超媒體」(Adaptive Hypermedia) 的研究，本研究提出一套適性化的機制，將一般適性化系統中課程排序(adaptive course sequencing)的機制明確分離為「學習概念排序」及「教材選擇」兩個部分，達到更佳的抽象化及運用教學策略上的彈性。 本研究以「空間座標轉換」做為領域知識，基於「媒體與方法」的考量，設計了稱為CooTutor (Coordinate Tutor)的網路教學系統來輔助空間座標轉換的學習。運用了電腦動畫技術，這個系統使用互動式三維媒體(Interactive 3D Media)清楚有效地傳達領域知識。由於空間座標轉換的學習相信與學習者的空間能力(Spatial Ability)相關，本研究透過實驗來探討互動式三維媒體的使用與空間能力增進之間的關係。另外，我們也研究並評估如何將空間能力及學習風格(learning styles)等學習者個人特質作為適性化依據，以及如何設計相對應的適性化機制。 本研究的主要貢獻包括了 (1) 提出了使用智慧型媒體的概念，以「媒體與方法」的考量來討論網路教學的學習成效，及 (2) 提出一個創新及可行的架構將互動式三維媒體及適性化技術結合、運用於網路學習的學習模式上以輔助空間座標轉換的學習。 / The objective of this research is on developing a Web-based educational system with intelligent media to enhance learners’ learning effects, especially to facili-tate learners’ spatial reasoning on learning spatial geometry topics. The increas-ing computing power allows us to use computers as powerful educational media. Based on theories of pedagogy and educational media, we propose to integrate intelligent media into typical Web-based learning paradigm to improve learning. “Intelligent media” in this research refers to two aspects of considerations. They are media—cognitive media aspect and method—intelligent tutoring aspects. The consideration of cognitive media aims at offering learners the most ease-of-understand presentation of a particular domain. The consideration of in-telligent tutoring targets to offer learners personalized learning experience based on individuals’ learning needs. To achieve better abstraction and flexibility in the adaptive mechanism, we have chosen to separate the concept sequencing from the underlying task of selecting appropriate learning materials. By considering the characteristics of spatial geometry concepts, a Web-based learning environment called CooTutor (Coordinate Tutor) for learning spatial geometric transformation (SGT) is developed. Interactive 3D media is integrated into the system for delivering domain concepts effectively. Since the domain, spatial geometric transformation is evidently related to spatial ability (a group of human abilities about the use of space). This research attempts to address the relation between spatial ability and interactive 3D media via experimental evaluations. Moreover, learners’ latent traits, including spatial ability and learn-ing styles are considered to be used in adaptive material selection. The main contribution of this research would be (1) the conceptualization of in-telligent media and the M&M concern for effective Web-based learning, and (2) an innovative approach and tenable architecture of employing 3D computer graphics and adaptive technologies in Web-based learning context for SGT learning.

本論文以布里斯本澳籍台裔的族裔認同為研究對象，從符號互動論角度瞭解移民如何在傳播互動中建構認同並形成共同體，以此探討「認同」、「傳播」與「想像共同體」間之關係，在澳洲布里斯本台灣移民社區進行田野調查並深度訪談六十五位台灣移民，以實際的經驗研究和兩個本文欲互補或質疑的觀點展開對話：一為Anderson以媒介資本主義作為傳播構連想像共同體之核心角色，在傳播建構認同的過程中是否充分？二為離散理論當中的「母國導向」與「邊界維持」觀點，對澳籍台裔離散經驗的適用性為何？研究目的除了回饋符號互動論，重新思考該理論在探討當代跨國移民認同建構之不足，並增添一些在跨文化／國情境下影響移民認同建構之相關傳播因素，以符合跨國移民認同研究所需；而從符號互動論角度研究想像共同體之形成，其想像機制能夠與Anderson的鉅觀角度產生哪些互補？希望藉此提供思考「認同」、「傳播」與「想像共同體」三者關係新的想像視野。 本文在理論耙梳與田野來回交錯中，發現Mead符號互動論在互動中構連認同與想像共同體的關鍵傳播因素是「重要象徵符號」，不過，Mead似乎只考慮了一個共同體中個體「趨同」的重要象徵符號，但忽略和外部社群互動接觸的「區異」重要象徵符號也會形成自我所從出的共同體，這種由「區異」所形成的「重要象徵符號」，更具有以「想像」構成共同體之性質，雖然處在同一個共同體的成員並不相識，但是當我們和他群接觸有共同的差異感產生時，這種共同的「差異感」讓我們有同屬一個共同體的感覺。本論文於是結合Mead符號互動論與Barth族裔邊界理論，且不偏廢根基論的族裔認同，提出離散族裔的族裔認同來自族裔內根基（同一性）與邊界互動（差異性）所形成的重要象徵符號構成了族裔象徵邊界（symbolic boundary），正是這些被社群成員認為”重要”、”可區辨”不同族群的重要象徵符號，構成集體認同之基礎，提供族裔認同之來源。澳籍台裔離散認同是一個「混雜的想像共同體」，其中的族裔認同「想像共同體」是透過傳播互動中社群成員認為重要可區辨不同族裔的「重要象徵符號」實踐形成之邊界所構成，族裔邊界維持與變遷之機制，來自於對母國原生情感或宗主國情感的強弱、族裔評價之抉擇、家鄉情懷的強弱、宗主國溝通能力之具備與否以及在社會互動中自我與他者關係之多重匯聚。 台裔離散的族裔認同是由人際傳播與大眾傳播共同建構的，傳播科技連結了”根”與”路徑”，藉由個人對於母國強烈的原生情感和家鄉情懷作為觸媒，使得族裔媒介透過解鄉愁、更新家鄉記憶、增進母國和同族裔親友間交流而喚起族裔認同；對年幼移民後裔而言，由於自小離鄉或在澳洲出世，對於原鄉的記憶與感情變得遙遠模糊，族裔中重要他人的文化傳承以及對於媒介中母國風土民情的解釋互動，搭起了族裔媒介建構認同的橋。同樣的，宗主國的主流媒介建構跨界認同，是移民積極運用媒介內容作為和澳洲人建立友誼和相互交流的工具，在與宗主國人際互動中，跨界的認同在一來一往的認肯中逐漸形成。 本文認為，在應用Anderson「想像共同體」觀點解釋媒介內容建構或凝聚集體認同之推論應有所保留。形成族裔認同感的傳播機制，在Anderson那裡，是將現代時間觀念的改變與印刷資本主義和統一方言使用做了扣連，廣大的讀者同胞因而產生共時性的連結，形成想像共同體的胚胎（Anderson, 1991），在Mead這裡，形成共同體的語言過程，是一種「重要象徵符號」的溝通（Mead, 1934），個人即使沒有和共同體中的所有成員碰面，但認同也不可能在真空中產生，沒有社會互動，自我和共同體都不可能生成，是「重要象徵符號」構連了許許多多未曾謀面的共同體成員。象徵符號原本是具有多義性的，但「重要象徵符號」卻能在彼此之間形成共同的態度與反應，以致形成一個「想像共同體」。本研究發現族裔媒介引發族裔情感的方式其實還有「原生情感」、「濃烈鄉愁」、「同族裔同胞或母國親友交流」作為觸媒；主流媒介建構「澳洲人」認同也是透過人際傳播中介，受到互動中澳洲人的認肯，才引發「澳洲人」的認同感。因此，大眾媒介或許只是強化原有的族裔情感或是作為人際互動中促使認同更容易產生之內容來源，是和人際傳播互動共同建構了族裔認同，而非單一造就。 澳籍台裔的離散認同由三種族裔想像共同體組成：「Chinese共同體」、「台灣人共同體」與「澳洲人共同體」，源自三種共同體的自我認同有八種樣貌：「在澳洲的台灣人」、「也（不）是台灣人也（不）是澳洲人，或是不同比例的兩種組合」、「台裔澳洲人」、「華裔澳洲人」、「中國人 or Chinese from Taiwan」、「在哪裡就是哪裡人」、「國際人」與「亞澳居間人」。三個族裔想像共同體擁有各自分享的評價標準與重要象徵符號，形成族裔認同邊界：台灣人共同體主要是以「和來自中國大陸予人負面印象的Chinese不同」為核心評價；Chinese共同體多以策略性本質主義定義「Chinese」為「中華文化」、「華裔血緣」，作為提升己身認同以對抗環境中多數認為「Chinese=來自中國大陸」之意含；澳洲人共同體則多欣賞澳洲的價值觀和生活形態，如：平等、守法、輕鬆隨和、熱愛戶外運動、注重隱私、獨立自主、友善親切等。 台裔離散認同流動的大方向為：「中國人」的認同如同母國的流動方向一般，當面對真實而非課本上虛幻的中國人時，大部分會轉向「台灣人」；第一代移民大多停滯於「在澳洲的台灣人」；1.5世代認同以「半個澳洲人半個台灣人或也是澳洲人也是台灣人」居多，會逐漸流向「澳洲人」，但不會出現純粹的「澳洲人」認同；而中、英語流利且和多國人接觸的移民最終會流向「國際人」；在澳洲出生或三、四歲就移民澳洲的1.5代移民，其認同會從原本自以為是「澳洲人」回流為「台裔澳洲人」或「華裔澳洲人」。就台裔離散而言，「離散」有另一種新的詮釋，離散認同的邊界不盡然維持，也不盡然腐蝕，有的只是邊界的跨越、衝突、矛盾與協商。 過去離散研究強調離散族裔有共同鄉愁以及「母國導向」的論點並不適用於澳籍台裔離散。雖然對第一代台灣移民而言，台灣家鄉和原生情感以及族裔認同分不開，「出生地」、「成長地」、「父母家人都在台灣」、「台灣是我的國家」是其家鄉歸屬感之來源，但即使「家鄉」是台灣，由於這群移民當初選擇的是澳洲優質的生活環境，因此大多數仍會選擇在澳洲定居，回歸母國或落葉歸根的比例並不高，第一代僅18%表達會回台灣長住，後裔更僅有9%有此意願。雖然大部分1.5代高中以上年齡移民仍和第一代一樣，覺得「親情」、「家鄉」和「成長地」的構連形成強烈的台灣歸屬感，但傳播科技的發達以及大眾交通之便捷，打破了時空界線，使得「多重的家」、「跨國的家」逐漸取代單一「台灣是家鄉」的意義，「家鄉」象徵”多重的地方”，「台灣、澳洲都是家鄉」使得「家鄉」與「母國地域」的關係開始鬆動，「家鄉」成為一個連結母國和宗主國的空間；更年幼移民澳洲的1.5代，或是「澳洲人」認同感較多的移民後裔，大多會認為「家人在澳洲，澳洲就是我的家」，甚至直接稱澳洲是自己的家鄉，原本第一代「家鄉」、「母國親人」和「母國地域」三者構連的家鄉歸屬感開始解構，轉為「在澳洲親人」和「去母國地域」的家鄉。台裔離散的「家鄉」意義，已從第一代與「母國」、「出生地」、「成長地」、「國家」、「親人所在地」緊緊扣連，提供族裔認同重要來源，逐漸在後裔於澳洲久居生根之後，意義變遷為「多重的地方」、「跨國的家」，使得移民後裔的認同也有了多元的變貌，「從何處來」與「身在何處」兩者間的抉擇，在「台灣出生地」與「久居澳洲」、「家人在澳洲」兩方的牽引中，後裔逐漸選擇在澳洲的親情和經歷成長已習慣的澳洲生活作為「家鄉」意義之來源，「日久他鄉是故鄉」是離散後裔「澳洲人」認同漸多時家鄉意義的變貌，「台灣」對年幼移民後裔而言，漸漸只剩下「好吃、好玩、度假、買便宜東西的地方」。 / This dissertation aims to explore the relations among identity, communication and imagined community. Mead’s symbolic interactionism and Barth’s theory of ‘ethnic boundary’ have been employed as the main theoretical frames in this study. Furthermore, extended from Mead’s and Barth’s theory in assist with ethnographic observations and in-depth interviews with 65 Taiwanese immigrants in Brisbane, I argue that ethnic identity of diaspora is constructed by the symbolic ethnic boundary which is formed with identical ( primordialism ) and different ( boundary interactions ) significant symbols. The boundaries between ethnic groups are constructed through the internalized and externalized practice of these significant symbols. The results revealed from this research show that the Australian-Taiwanese diasporic identity is a ‘hybrid imagined community’ being constituted by Chinese, Taiwanese and Australian imagined communities. The transitional mechanism of ethnic boundary is driven by the convergence of attachments to homeland or host country, the choices of ethnic appraisals, the possession of the host communication competences, and the self-other relations within social interactions. The ethnic identities of Taiwanese diaspora are constructed by both interpersonal communication and mass media. This finding is complementary to Anderson’s stance that mass communication is central to the construction of the imagined communities in capitalism. Namely, only mass media isn’t sufficient enough for constructing the imagined community. Interpersonal communication is another concerned factor. Taiwanese diaspora cannot be simply viewed as a homeland-orientated ethnic group. The meaning of homeland has been changed among different generations. After staying longer in a place far away from home, gradually, young generations will identify this place as their homeland. For Taiwanese descendants who immigrated to Australia at their young age, when they grow up in Australia and become more Australian, they will feel Australia is their homeland.

近幾年，台灣雖然有線頻道的開放，新聞媒體如雨後春筍冒出，但並無走向自由主義所奉行的「獨佔產生一致、競爭造成多元」的局面，反而造就新聞內容高度同質化、貧乏化與劣質化，基層新聞從業人員聲譽也每況愈下，飽受雙重壓力，外有各界針貶責難、內臨組織管理階層的不公平待遇。 許多研究將上述現象，歸咎於媒體結構（前端）的畸形，或從產製結果（後端）-內容面，剖析新聞場域的種種亂象。而本研究立旨於解構一窩蜂新聞產製現象中的來龍去脈、運作過程與利弊得失，故採不同於以往的分析取徑，以「電視新聞產製過程」（中端）中的行動者為主角，透過田野觀察、深度訪談取得研究資料，瞭解電視新聞從業人員與同業、電視新聞組織主管的互動關係，最後將田野資料進行紮根演繹，具體化研究目標與研究主題，瞭解電視新聞生產結構，並建立「一窩蜂新聞產製流程模式」。 本研究以「一窩蜂新聞學」（Pack Journalism）為根基，並以以「記者一窩蜂動作」為經，「與同業（同事）、決策者的互動關係」為緯，並援引Bourdieu新聞場域理論與Giddens的結構行動論，解析造成一窩蜂新聞產製與新聞同質化的內（記者個人心理）、外（新聞結構）在因素。 研究發現將一窩蜂新聞產製的成因分為五點，包括傳播者個人層次、常規層次、跨新聞組織層次、媒體外層次與社會文化層次。而本研究也發現新聞場域形成一迴路機制，藉由互相鏡射下，產生出速度政權與收視率的禁錮，在在都成為記者一窩蜂產製新聞的生存心態，導致新聞內容趨向高度同質化。不過，為了在場域的鬥爭中取得優勢地位，記者會藉由「秀異展示」，凸顯自己，轉化為具體目標，就是追求「獨家新聞」與建立「領導品牌」，在不知不覺中增強「象徵暴力」的施展能量，使記者本身陷入更深的束縛。 那新聞從業人員有抵抗的可能性嗎？本研究也發現新聞結構必須經過整頓，才有抵抗的空間，但在空間來臨之前，記者可以先行累積迂迴抵抗的資源，等待結構重整後才能一舉衝破牢網。 / In recent years, although Taiwan’s Government has allowed cable television stations to open and news media have expanded quickly, the development of television media deviates from the Liberalists’ ideal: monopoly leads to consistence, competition forms diversity. On the contrary, not only does Taiwan’s news content tend toward homogeneity and mediocrity, but also the status of journalists has gone from bad to worse. Journalists face two sets of pressures: there have been acute criticisms from Taiwanese society, and working conditions have deteriorated badly. Many research papers have dissected the above phenomenon in the news field, from the abnormality of media structure to the content of news production. This study aims to analyze the development, the operation, the merits and demerits of pack journalism, and therefore adopts a different approach from past analysis. In order to study pack journalism, this study adopts Bourdieu’s journalistic field theory and Giddens’ structure / activities theory to analyze news production processes. It focuses on journalists themselves and attempts to understand the interactive relationship of TV news workers, colleagues and managers though field study and in-depth interviews. Finally, I use grounded theory to analyze field information, concretizing the research subject and goals, with discussions of the model of news production in pack journalism. This study claims that there are five aspects of news production processes when studying pack journalism: individual level, media routines level, cross-news organization level, extra-media level and social-cultural level. The news field gives rise to a system marked by operational closure, which contributes to speed-driven news production and response to television ratings. These become the primary motives for journalists’ news generation, and result in homogeneity of news content. However, in order to advance in their field, journalists will try to distinguish themselves by pursuing scoops and branding themselves as leaders. Unconsciously, they reinforce the power of symbolic violence and get themselves into more complicated positions. Can news workers resist these scrapes? Can news workers resist these scrapes? Journalist need to accumulate resources to resist in the first place. With the efforts, the media structure is going to reorganized and then the journalists will have more space to stand firm the pressures of being homogeneity. After these changes take place, journalists may just be able to break through the shackles of pack journalism.