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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
231

數位遊戲之行動載具使用者行為與開發分析─以智慧型手機為例 / Mobile device game player behaviors and games development analysis - using smartphone as an example

林姿旻, Tzu-Min Lin Unknown Date (has links)
數位遊戲已成為探討現代生活科技中一項重要的領域。智慧型手機,為近兩年興起的行動平台載具,根據資策會資料顯示,在手機進行娛樂活動應用程式的排行,第一為聽音樂,第二即為進行遊戲。觀察智慧型手機上的應用程式市集(如:android market、app store),使用者可以快速方便的利用網路下載遊戲,在眾多遊戲中,使用者選擇何種類型遊戲下載並進行遊戲,對遊戲開發商非常重要。在智慧型手機上結合許多科技技術(如:無線網路、各式感測器......等),皆有可能影響使用者進行遊戲和選擇遊戲的動機。因此,了解並且針對使用者需求與使用者行為設計遊戲,在數位內容領域進行數位遊戲研究與開發是重要的議題。 為了解使用者在智慧型手機上進行遊戲的動機,本研究使用科技接受模型和動機理論探討使用者的內在動機和外在動機,透過問卷分析初步了解使用者在智慧型手機上進行遊戲的原因,以及在智慧型手機上擷取使用者在手機上進行遊戲的行為和訪談使用者進行遊戲的因子,將兩資料進行比對驗證,找出使用者在智慧型手機上進行遊戲的模型,以及外在和內在動機之相互影響,作為未來規劃與策略發展方向的參考依據。 根據資料分析發現,使用者進行遊戲的動機會受到遊戲的操作性和在遊戲中得到的樂趣影響。並且使用者會因為他人推薦或看到他人進行遊戲,影響到使用者進行遊戲的意願,而使用者在進行遊戲時,遊戲中提供與他人互動的功能也能激發使用者進行遊戲。此外,在智慧型手機遊戲情境中,使用者會受到外在動機影響,改變本身對遊戲的觀點,影響到使用者的內在動機,進而改變使用者對遊戲的意願。 / Digital games have become an important domain of exploration the technology of modern life. The smartphone which is a mobile device rises due two years. Follow the MIC data of entertainment applications on mobile phone rank, the first is listening music and the second is playing games. User can easy download games quickly by wireless from application market like Android market or app store. It is important for game developers to know which game user chooses and downloads in large games. The smartphone combine different technology and sensors that may influence user’s motivations to choose games and play games. Therefore, to understand user’s need and user’s behavior for game design which is important discuss for digital game study and developer of digital content domain. To understand the motivations of user playing games on the smartphone, so this study uses technology acceptance model (TAM) to explore intrinsic motivations and extrinsic motivations of playing game. Through questionnaire to find the factors that user plays games on smartphone, and we also collect users’ behavior from smartphone and interview users. The study combines these data to find the model of user playing game on the smartphone, and the relationship between intrinsic motivations and extrinsic motivations. The study finds that perceived ease of use and the fun in games effect user’s motivation. The user intention influenced by people who around user and also affected in the game which provide user to interact with others. By the way, user’s extrinsic motivations affect intrinsic motivations on smartphone context, and change the mind of playing games.
232

應用商業智慧之研究:安裝企業管理儀表板之個案分析 / The critical success factors of instalment of a Business Intelligence system--A case study of the Optronics Device Industry

陳仁嘉, Chen,akagrant Unknown Date (has links)
商業智慧是近年來企業邁向成功重要的工具,在競爭劇烈的市場上採用商業智慧來作業其管理效果卓越。 企業除了提高產能、準時交貨率、服務品質、客戶滿意度等競爭優勢等;另外降低不良率、減少應收帳款周轉天數、減低庫存周轉率、重工率、報廢率、退貨率、客戶抱怨、成本….等。 本文就是利用商業智慧 (Business Intelligence)的企業管理儀表板 (EMD – Enterprise Management Dashboard)的一個成功的案例,例如:單一畫面全方位管理、多維度互動式 (Multi-Dimensional)、相關性快速分析、交叉分析 (Slice & Dice)、穿透鑽取 (Drill-Through)、上捲下鑽 (Drill-Down & Drill-Up)及線上分析 (OLAP – On Line Analytical Processing)引擎,提供各級主管即時的資訊作為管理工具,即時自動轉為視覺化資訊 (Visualizer Web) – 協助企業快速透視整體營運狀況,進而採取最佳行動方案快速超過對手,創造出良好的營運績效為企業帶來可觀的收益與利潤。
233

合作閱讀標註系統之遊戲化激勵機制對於提升同儕互動與閱讀理解成效的影響研究 / Enhancing peer interactions and reading comprehension performance by using a collaborative annotation system with gamification motivate mechanisms

陳姿君, Chen, Tze Chun Unknown Date (has links)
近年來數位閱讀逐漸受到重視,許多閱讀標註系統被發展出來輔助提升數位閱讀成效,然而至今卻尚未出現具遊戲化激勵機制的閱讀標註系統。過去許多研究指出,遊戲化學習不但有助於提升學生的學習動機,並且透過遊戲競爭有助於激勵學習。因此本研究在「雲端高互動合作式閱讀標註系統」上發展遊戲化激勵機制,以探討採用有無遊戲化激勵機制之「雲端高互動合作式閱讀標註系統」輔以合作閱讀學習下,對於標註行為、閱讀理解成效、社會網絡互動及沉浸經驗的影響差異。此外,也探討不同性別與學習風格的學習者在有無遊戲化激勵機制的「雲端高互動合作式閱讀標註系統」輔以合作閱讀學習下,其標註行為、閱讀理解成效、社會網絡互動及沉浸經驗彼此之間是否具有顯著差異。 研究結果發現:(1)採用具遊戲化激勵機制之「雲端高互動合作式閱讀標註系統」輔以合作閱讀的學習者,在標註總次數、基本標註次數、進階標註次數與標註能力上均顯著優於採用不具遊戲化激勵機制的學習者;(2)男性與女性學習者以及主動型、反思型與感覺型學習者採用具遊戲化激勵機制之「雲端高互動合作式閱讀標註系統」輔以合作閱讀,在標註總次數、基本標註次數、進階標註次數與標註能力上均顯著優於採用不具遊戲化激勵機制的系統;(3)直覺型學習者採用具遊戲化激勵機制的「雲端高互動合作式閱讀標註系統」輔以合作閱讀,在標註總次數、基本標註次數與標註能力上均顯著優於採用不具遊戲化激勵機制的系統;(4)感覺型學習者採用具遊戲化激勵機制的「雲端高互動合作式閱讀標註系統」輔以合作閱讀,在詮釋理解的表現上顯著優於採用不具遊戲化激勵機制的系統;(5)採用具遊戲化激勵機制的「雲端高互動合作式閱讀標註系統」輔以合作閱讀的學習者,在程度中心度、接近中心度與中介中心度上均顯著優於採用不具遊戲化激勵機制的學習者;(6)男性與女性以及主動型、反思型、感覺型與直覺型的學習者採用具遊戲化激勵機制的「雲端高互動合作式閱讀標註系統」輔以合作閱讀,在程度中心度與接近中心度上均顯著優於採用不具遊戲化激勵機制的系統;(7)採用具有遊戲化激勵機制的「雲端高互動合作式閱讀標註系統」輔以合作閱讀的學習者,在第一階段(投入)與整體沉浸經驗上均顯著優於採用不具有遊戲化激勵機制的學習者;(8)感覺型的學習者採用具有遊戲化激勵機制的「雲端高互動合作式閱讀標註系統」輔以合作閱讀,在第一階段(投入)的沉浸經驗上顯著優於採用不具有遊戲化激勵機制的系統;(9)學習者透過具遊戲化激勵機制的「雲端高互動合作式閱讀標註系統」輔以合作閱讀學習後,對於系統的滿意度極高。 最後,基於研究結果,本研究亦提出對教師、閱讀推廣單位的建議,也提出幾個未來的研究方向。 / The emphasis on digital reading has various reading annotation systems being developed for enhancing digital reading achievement. However, there has not been a reading annotation system with gamification motivate mechanism. Past research indicated that gamification learning could enhance students’ learning motivation and motivate learning willingness through game-based competition. Accordingly, the Cloud-based High-Interaction Cooperative Reading Annotation System with gamification motivate mechanism is developed in this study to compare its effects on annotation behavior, reading comprehension achievement, social network interaction, and immersion experience with those without gamification motivate mechanism. Under the Cloud-based High-Interaction Cooperative Reading Annotation System with/ without gamification motivate mechanism, the differences among learners with distinct gender and learning styles in the annotation behavior, reading comprehension achievement, social network interaction, and immersion experience are also investigated. The research findings are summarized as following. (1) Learners applying Cloud-based High-Interaction Cooperative Reading Annotation System with gamification motivate mechanism to assist cooperative reading significantly outperform those without gamification motivate mechanism on total number of annotation, number of basic annotation, number of advance annotation, and annotation ability. (2) Male, female, active, reflective, and sensing learners applying Cloud-based High-Interaction Cooperative Reading Annotation System with gamification motivate mechanism to assist cooperative reading remarkably outperform those without gamification motivate mechanism on total number of annotation, number of basic annotation, number of advance annotation, and annotation ability. (3) Intuitive learners applying Cloud-based High-Interaction Cooperative Reading Annotation System with gamification motivate mechanism to assist cooperative reading notably outperform those without gamification motivate mechanism on total number of annotation, number of basic annotation, and annotation ability. (4) Sensing learners applying Cloud-based High-Interaction Cooperative Reading Annotation System with gamification motivate mechanism to assist cooperative reading significantly outperform those without gamification motivate mechanism on reading achievement for interpreting, integrating, and evaluating processes.(5) Learners applying Cloud-based High-Interaction Cooperative Reading Annotation System with gamification motivate mechanism to assist cooperative reading remarkably outperform those without gamification motivate mechanism on degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality. (6) Male, female, active, reflective, sensing, and intuitive learners applying Cloud-based High-Interaction Cooperative Reading Annotation System with gamification motivate mechanism to assist cooperative reading outperform those without gamification motivate mechanism on degree centrality and closeness centrality. (7) Learners applying Cloud-based High-Interaction Cooperative Reading Annotation System with gamification motivate mechanism to assist cooperative reading notably outperform those without gamification motivate mechanism on the first stage (engagement) and overall immersion experience. (8) Sensing learners applying Cloud-based High-Interaction Cooperative Reading Annotation System with gamification motivate mechanism to assist cooperative reading significantly outperform those without gamification motivate mechanism on immersion experience at the first stage (engagement). (9) Learners applying Cloud-based High-Interaction Cooperative Reading Annotation System with gamification motivate mechanism to assist cooperative reading present extremely high system satisfaction. Based on the research results, suggestions for teachers and reading promotion units as well as for future research are proposed.
234

新北市高中生政治社會化之研究:從學校與家庭學習歷程分析 / Political socailization of senior high school students in New Taipei City: analyzing learning processes from schools and families

呂仁傑 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文研究以新北市公立高中生為研究樣本,探討政治社會化機構中「家庭背景」、「學校機制」與學生的「政黨認同」、「民主價值觀」、「政治信任感」等政治態度之關聯性。   本論文以集群抽樣,選取國立板橋高中、新北市立金山高中、新北市立樹林高中、新北市立清水高中等學校高一至高三學生為樣本,抽樣學生合計940人。調查方式採用問卷調查法,分別區分為「教師影響力」、「師生互動」、「學校效能感」、「民主價值觀」、「政治信任感」、「政黨認同」、「個人基本資料」等封閉式問題。經由抽樣學生填答完成後,分別使用描述性統計分析、卡方檢定、t檢定、變異數分析、Pearson積差相關係數、多元廻歸分析、信度分析等統計方法處理。   本研究有下列幾點重要的發現: 一、社會組學生的民主價值觀高於自然組學生。 二、省籍為「本省閩南人」的民主價值觀高於其它省籍。 三、師生互動與教師影響力與學生的民主價值觀呈現正相關。 四、師生互動、教師影響力與學校效能感,都與政治信任感呈現正相關。 五、民主價值觀與政治信任感為呈現顯著負相關。 關鍵字:高中生、學習歷程、政治社會化、政治態度、政黨認同、民主價值觀、政治信任感、師生互動、教師影響力、學校效能感。
235

社會網路與貨幣政策: 兼論「權衡」與「法則」 / Social network and monetary policy: rule versus discretion

溫明昌 Unknown Date (has links)
本文建構代理人基之社會網路新凱因動態隨機一般均衡模型(Social Network-Based DSGE model),並分別使用權衡性門檻型泰勒法則與一般線型泰勒法則作為代理人基之社會網路新凱因斯動態一般均衡模型中的貨幣政策方程式,模擬產出缺口、通貨膨脹、利率等總體經濟變數資料,接著利用模擬資料,探討不同網路結構對產出缺口、通貨膨脹等總體經濟變數的影響,同時比較權衡性貨幣政策與法則性貨幣政策穩定經濟的有效性。   透過產出缺口與通貨膨脹的波動性分析,本研究發現某些特定社會網路結構的影響力大於貨幣政策的影響力,決定了經濟變數的波動程度。在完全連結網路(Fully)的結構下,通貨膨脹與產出缺口的波動度明顯低於其他結構,而無標度網路(Scalefree)的結構會使產出與通膨的波動程度最大。經過驗證,本研究發現群聚度大、平均路徑短的網路結構內節點之間資訊流通速度較快,對穩定經濟有正面助益;相反的,由於無標度網路強大的中心性,使該網路內指標性節點對其餘節點具有龐大影響力,增加節點內決策的不確定性,連帶造成經濟的大幅波動。另外,在相同的網路結構下比較權衡與法則貨幣政策,研究結果指出權衡性政策會造成較大的產出缺口波動,但對抑制通貨膨脹波動的效果較佳;相對的,法則性政策對產出缺口的穩定效果較好,但卻無法兼顧通貨膨脹的波動性。 / We construct an agent-based New Keynesian DSGE model (Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium) with different social network structures to investigate the effects of the rule and discretion monetary policy. According to our simulation results, we find the economic stability depends on the specific social network structure rather than the monetary policy basis like rule and discretion. Generally speaking, the more average path length (the less average clustering coefficient) the network structure is, the more economic fluctuation would be. Also, the results show that scalefree network will lead the most dramatic economic fluctuations. These results are ascribed to scale -free’s high centrality. However, if the social network structure is too complicate to control, the central banker can only manipulate the monetary policy to stabilize the economy. With different policy basis, we find the rule monetary policy will lead less output gap volatility.
236

論刑法第313條妨害信用罪 / Crime Against Reputation and Credit

蔡沂彤 Unknown Date (has links)
本文寫作之目的,在於探討我國刑法第313條之妨害信用罪。本罪釋義上之重點在於如何定義「信用」,以及如何界定名譽和信用兩者之關係。個人如受名譽及信用之惡劣社會評價,甚難立足於社會,因人是群體的動物,人於社會上生活,便是帶著一個「符號」,與他人進行資訊的傳遞。而美國社會學界所提出之象徵互動論,便可用以解釋個人與群體間之互動關係。 追溯我國妨害信用罪之立法歷程,在1907年大清刑律草案內,妨害信用罪規定在第三十一章第三百四十一條,其立法理由指出:「夫信用之性質,不外名譽之一種。」這裡似乎認為信用乃屬名譽之一環,卻無詳細論證兩者間之關係。 又,我國繼受德國法制,分析與我國立法結構相近之德國妨害信用罪,於1909後,便移除信用損害與名譽侵害之關聯性,其後就名譽與信用兩者間之關係,亦多有探討。現今德國刑法上所要保護的名譽,是一種「尊重請求權」(der daraus folgende Anachtungsanspruch);而信用是一種信任,為債權人對債務人就履行財產法上義務的能力與意願之可信賴性。因此德國通說認為,妨害信用罪是一種對整體財產有所侵害的抽象危險犯,保護法益為財產法益,並提出「無詆辱性言論」予以佐證。 然而,我國刑法對名譽之保護,在2000年出現重大轉折。釋字第509號的出現,使得美國誹謗法對名譽保護的法學概念,開始影響我國法制。美國法概念的引入,將有助於釐清我國就「名譽」及「信用」在刑法上保護的相關爭議,藉以更清楚分析兩者間之關係。 相較之下,美國法並未明確區分兩者之概念,均納入誹謗法之規範範疇。美國法對商譽的保護,一為誹謗訴訟,一為商品貶低訴訟;前者為推定損害,後者須負舉證責任證明受有特殊損害。本文亦將就德國法與美國法之差異進行比較,並將其見解引入我國實務判決,指出其法律邏輯謬誤之處,希冀為我國實務判決提供更細膩之論證過程。 再者,就信用之保護,我國公平交易法亦有相關規範。其立法規範,多參考德國之不正當競爭防制法以及美國之不公平交易行為規範。本文亦有分析其與我國公平交易法之異同,作為我國法制之借鏡。
237

以服務設計發展社區社交平台App 促進鄰里人際互動與溝通之研究 / Service design for a social platform of community strengthens the interaction and communication between people and neighborhoods

李安婷, Lee, An Ting Unknown Date (has links)
自古鄰里相親敦親睦鄰,然而近年生活習慣與居住型態轉變,集合式公寓社區成為都市人們主要的住宅型態,人們與鄰里之間的互動日漸減少,以致於鄰里關係疏離。基此,本研究主旨在探討透過服務設計方法,改善都市集合式社區的住戶與鄰里之間的人際互動與溝通。 本研究以服務體驗工程方法論為研究方法,分三個階段進行研究。第一階段「服務體驗需求洞察研究」階段,透過深度訪談與參與觀察,挖掘社區住戶與鄰里主要有兩個接觸情境,即兩個不同的研究方向: (1)一為主動型住戶與鄰里往來而形成社區團購;(2)二為管委會與住戶的溝通與服務。比較兩個方向對社區的影響性後,擇第二個方向為本研究的研究方向。首先,採用人物誌分析出流程中三方使用者,包含住戶、管委會與總幹事,再以顧客旅程地圖發現三方溝通流程「管委會與住戶之間的溝通」及「住戶參與管委會的經驗」影響社區鄰里的互動關係,在流程的三部分中共發現16個問題與需求。 接著,第二階段進行「服務設計」,以普及至使用者中壯年齡層的智慧型手機為服務載具,設計社區社交平台「比鄰Belink App」,提供四項功能:「社區公告」、「提問求助」、「知識交流」與「委員會議」,改善住戶擔任委員參與管委會或是與管委會接觸的體驗。最後,第三階段「服務原型測試與評估」,邀請三方使用者以放聲思考法依照指定的情境使用「比鄰Belink App」,並填寫整體使用評估量表,再根據測試結果與意見回饋提出第二版設計,修改操作模式、介面按鈕的位置、顏色與形狀等等。 總結,研究成果為:(1)發現住戶與管委會在溝通流程三階段的16個問題與痛點;(2)了解中壯年齡層住戶的智慧型手機使用經驗;(3)提出符合使用需求的「比鄰Belink App」四大功能設計;(4)完成App使用性測試與可行性評估,使用者滿意提供的功能,三方使用者可更即時、公開與正向地進行溝通;但易用性方面雖具備可記憶性但易學性低,需修改設計。研究成果可作為日後相關研究參考。
238

中國大陸網路政治管控產業化模式之研究

李森永 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文以「中國大陸網路政治管控產業化模式」(以下簡稱「網路政治管控產業化模式」)為主要研究對象,探討其形成背景、演變過程、意涵與挑戰等相關問題。 所謂的網路政治管控產業化模式,其基本特徵是將網路的政治管控機制與網路產業的發展相互連接。這是從中國大陸政治經濟脈絡與網路科技互動下的觀察,也是從「中國大陸網路訊息如何被生產與傳送?」角度逐步推演而得來的問題意識。本文的思考脈絡,源自於對學術界既有研究的反省,同時也受到網路管制相關理論的指引。 伴隨中國大陸上網人數不斷地增加,中共能否有效地對網路進行政治管控?以及網路科技對中國大陸產生何種政治影響?一直是學術界關注的核心問題之一。但學術界目前的研究成果出現兩種限制:第一是研究的化約主義,僅從政治或經濟等單一因素進行分析,切割中共進行網路政治管控所可能涉及的複雜原因與過程,也導致既有研究文獻對於中共如何進行管控以及管控成效的解釋有所欠缺。第二、西方中心主義的研究取向。許多研究者不自覺以西方國家(特別是美國)發展網路科技的經驗為基礎,形成以西方為取向而對非西方世界社會的歷史發展展開詮釋,基本上忽略了網路科技在不同政經背景中,產生不同的發展與應用的可能性。基此,本論文將建立於「中國中心論」的基礎上,強調應將中共對網路進行政治控制相關問題置於網路科技與中國大陸政經脈絡之間的互動來思考。 就本文受網路管制相關理論的指引而言。相關理論顯示,有關網路管制基礎與原因,應從網路科技與政治、經濟權力的互動過程來觀察;網路管制的方式,若從網路傳輸的架構管制以及市場壟斷進行管制,兼具事前與低成本。基此,本論文將從「網路科技與中國大陸政治、經濟動態的互動如何影響與制約中共網路政治管制」,以及「中國大陸網路訊息如何被生產與傳送?」的角度,來分析中共網路政治管控的相關議題。 具體來說,本論文將藉由探討網路政治管控產業化模式的形成、演變及其意涵等相關問題,呈現中國大陸有關網路科技、政治權力、經濟利益三者之間動態的互動關係。並探討其意涵及面臨之挑戰。 本文觀點認為,中國大陸網路政治管控產業化模式的形成與演變過程源自中共官方、網路企業與網路科技三者間動態的互動過程。網路科技特性及其產業化發展,對中國大陸既有政治控制與產業結構產生衝擊,形成某一程度的政治權力與經濟利益重分配。中共對網路管制的幅度及其方式及深受此重分配過程的制約與影響。中共考量經濟展與政治穩定,對網路科技採取發展與控制並重策略,並將網路的政治管控機制與網路產業的發展相互連接。 中共藉由建立網路硬體的層級化管制架構,以及網路軟體的內容的源頭管制。也就是從網路訊息的生產與傳送過程中,傳播其設定的安全網路訊息,形塑組織化的網路虛擬空間,兼具事前且低成本的管制效果。 中國大陸國有電信與傳媒企業藉由執行中共網路政治管控的過程,將之轉換成市場競爭的政治優勢,以因應網路科技產業化發展及入世開放壓力。使得中國大陸網路政治管控產業化模式的運作與發展過程,隱含以政治權力換取經濟利益的行為。 網路政治管控產業化模式使中國大陸網路虛擬空間出現再組織化現象,利於中共掌握常態性網路運作的政治影響。其主要挑戰有二:一、是網路科技與突發性政治社會衝突的結合;二、是日益擴大數位差距與網路內容商業化。
239

自由心證之運作 —以間接證明模組建立作為自由心證運用合理化之基礎為核心 / Operations of Free Evaluation of Evidence Principle —On Building Models of Indirect Proof as Legitimized Ground

劉奕榔, Liu, Yi Lang Unknown Date (has links)
職司審判之法院,其職權係為「認定事實」與「適用法律」。就事實之認定,我國採取「自由心證原則」,亦即事實應如何透過證據證明、推論而得,授權由法官於個案中認定,然該原則中「自由」之意義,係具有其具體之內在內涵與外在限制,並非由法官恣意判斷。過去之實務與學說並未就此為深入之闡釋,迭生審級平行與垂直判決之歧異,及人民對法院判決之非議。從而根本之道,應係完整建構自由心證原則之實質意義,由運用之主體、客體、內在內涵、外在限制及其作用等面向,並提出其運用之模組,具體化此立法者規範之不確定法律概念,使運用該原則之法官,得以有依循及參考之路徑。 而自由心證原則內涵中,最常於訴訟中運用者,即為「間接證明」,因主要事實由直接證據直接證明乃少見之情狀,而由間接證據證明間接事實,進而依間接事實之推理作用,推論主要事實存否之情形,乃訴訟中之常態。然間接證明之內涵中,「間接事實之內容與數量」、「推理作用之內涵」、「間接事實間推理作用所得證明主要事實之射程」,皆係高度個案裁量運用之認定,然現今實務之運作,卻出現審級間運用內容及結果極為歧異之現象,從而應探究其內涵,並嘗試提出運用之模組,供運用之法官思考。 自由心證與間接證明作為具有高度實務操作性格之訴訟法原則,其運用之 良窳,已實際影響具體個案事實認定之問題。為改善及斧正目前實務運作上出現之認定歧異、迭經發回之問題,亟須透過以上之研究,提出訴訟中運用之方式,以及其於事實審間、事實審與法律審間運用之審查、互動關係,使該二抽象原則具有一定法安定性,而有一定運用之軌跡可循。 / The court, to act as trial institute, has its major authority to “determine the fact” as well as “apply the law”. As for the fact-finding, our country adopts “Free Evaluation of Evidence Principle”, which authorizes the judge to determine case by case how the fact is proved and inferred through the evidences. However, the meaning of “Free” in that principle is constructed with concrete inner connotation and outer restriction, and not decided by the willfulness of the judge. In the past, courts and scholars didn’t elaborate that principle in depth, which has given a rise to the discrepant verdicts between different courts and criticisms from the people. Consequently, the fundamental solution is to build the substantial connotation of free evaluation of evidence principle, by means of the observations of its operating subject, object, inner connotation, outer restriction and function as well as its operating model, and to reify this uncertain concept of law regulated by legislator, so as to find a way to follow and refer to by the judge. The most commonly-adopted content of free evaluation of evidence principle is “Indirect Proof ”. Owing to proving the direct fact through direct evidence is rarely seen in lawsuit, the application of proving indirect fact by indirect evidence, and then inferring the existence of direct fact through the inferring function of indirect fact, is much common in each case. Nevertheless, in the meaning of Indirect Proof, the “content and amount of indirect fact”, “content of inferring function” and “scope which the direct fact could be inferred from the direct fact” are determined by large-scale discretion of the judge case by case. As a result of the discretion, the circumstances of divergent operating contents and consequences are emerged. Therefore, the connotation of that principle should be analyzed and the operating models are tried to addressed, hoping to provide for the judge to take into account. “Free Evaluation of Evidence Principle” and “Indirect Proof”, which are conducted as civil procedural principle in a highly individually case-operating nature, substantially influence the fact-finding in specific lawsuit with its odds and ends of operation. In order to improve and correct the discrepant fact-finding and constantly-verdict-reversing problems appearing in the courts at present, it is necessary to bring up the ways to operate the two principles as well as the reviewing and interacting relationships between trial courts and trial court and trial of law, and to establish specific legal certainty, legal steability and operation standards.
240

國際競爭法的調和 / The Harmonization of International Competition Law

謝孟珊, Meng-Shan Hsieh Unknown Date (has links)
不論是反全球化或是支持全球化,我們都無法否認,全球化已經是一個現在進行式。另外一個與全球化一樣逐步成長的乃是市場經濟體制,市場經濟體制植基於開放競爭有助於資源合理分配的觀念,而全球化則擴大了資源分配的範圍。然而,全球化和市場經濟體制的發達,貿易壁壘的消除,也帶動跨國界限制競爭活動的發展,反托拉斯不再是單純的國內問題,而是國際問題。 國際反托拉斯所帶來的問題大致可分為下述兩種,一是阻礙國際貿易的發展,二是因為各國不同的反托拉斯標準造成國際緊張以及企業成本。第一類問題可以細分為下述幾種情況:1. 國際卡特爾破壞市場競爭機制以及消費者福祉; 2. 跨國公司在全球濫用獨占力,影響國際競爭秩序和消費者福祉;3. 競爭法的缺乏以及競爭法的不力執行構成市場進入障礙。第二類問題亦可以細分為下屬幾種情況:1. 國際合併的多國標準造成企業的額外成本,不利國際合併之進行,並造成國際緊張;2. 國與國間產業政策以及競爭政策的衝突。 面對上述這些跨國性的反托拉斯問題,各界紛紛提出競爭法調和的呼籲,此議題近來在各國際組織也漸獲重視。事實上為了處理國外限制競爭行為對國內所產生的影響,以保護本國利益,國內法方面已有所謂的「域外適用(extraterritorial application)」對策產生。但是競爭法的域外適用並無法全然解決現時國際限制競爭行為所帶來的問題,反而還帶來了新的問題,並造成國際緊張。為了在國際案件有效執行反托拉斯法,不論是在卡特爾案件或是獨占力濫用案件,各國競爭法主管機關互相合作與協調都是不可或缺的。至於將競爭法提升至國際法層次,避免國家以非關稅措施破壞自由貿易制度,似乎也有需要。 本文目的在於藉著對競爭法調和現況的瞭解和其成就之分析來尋求目前全球化時代,貿易自由化時代下跨國限制競爭問題的解決之道。 全文一共分為六章,第一章為緒論,為本論文做出開端,闡明全球化時代國際競爭秩序的問題,並提出研究範圍與目的。 第二章研究關於國際競爭秩序的雙邊條約,著眼於美國和歐盟,澳洲和紐西蘭,以及我國和世界各國所訂立的條約。討論範圍為該些雙邊關係所建立之合作內容,其具體成效,成功失敗之因素,以及可供世界各國借鏡之處。台灣部分則著眼於我國目前現狀之檢討,和未來走向之研究。 第三章為從事競爭法調和的區域性國際組織,研究範圍包括歐盟、APEC以及NAFTA。其中APEC所從事的活動較近於政策性的調和,屬於競爭政策的宣導;NAFTA則進一步具有競爭法的實體規範;歐盟不但具有實體規範,並具有一套全球獨步的競爭法執行架構。 第四章為國際組織,將討論UN, WTO和OECD在國際競爭法的發展。UN基本上雖為政治組織,但是對於競爭議題也相當重視;WTO部分則將討論目前競爭議題在WTO體系的進展,並進一步討論WTO進行國際競爭法調和工作的可行性和不可行性;OECD對於競爭議題也一直相當重視,本文將探討OECD在競爭議題方面的研究成果。 第五章為全球性的競爭法規範,討論的範圍有UNCTAD所提出的「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則(Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices)」以及DIAC。這兩套全球性的競爭法不但都具有實體規範也都提出一套制度性規範,雖然兩者都未能成為具有拘束力的國際競爭法,但是其所提出的實體規範內容和架構設計仍值得我們做進一步的研究。「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」本身是以聯大決議的形式呈現,因此在某一角度而言,「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」並未失敗,然而DIAC原本乃是預定成為WTO的附件之一,唯最後這樣的理想並未實現,因此我們有必要去問,DIAC的失敗因素為何?是基於其實體內容的設計問題,或是制度面的設計問題?或者是因為其他的外在因素? 最後,在第六章的結論,本文將試圖分析各種競爭法調和方式的利弊得失,並且提出建議。 / Some people oppose globalization, while others support globalization. However, it is undeniable that globalization is an on-going trend. Another on-going trend is market-oriented economy structure. The structure of market-oriented economy bases on the theory that competition contributes to reasonable allocation of resource. On the other hand, globalization expands the scope of the allocation of resources. However, the proliferation of globalization and the structure of market-oriented economy and the elimination of trade barriers also promote the development of transnational anticompetitive activities. Antitrust is no more a pure domestic issue, it is also an international issue nowadays. International antitrust problems could be divided into two parts. First, the international antitrust activities hinder the development of international trade. Second, different antitrust standards of each country cause international tense situation and increase enterprises’ cost. First situation contains following aspects: 1. International cartels ruin market competition system and welfare of consumers. 2. Transnational companies abuse their dominant power all globally and affect international competition order and consumers’ welfare. 3. Absence of competition law and unenforcement of it constitute market entrance obstacles. Second situation also contains following aspects: 1.Different standards of international mergers bring many results, such as increasing enterprises’ extra cost, hindering the proceedings of international mergers, and causing international tensions. 2. The conflict between industry policy and competition policy of countries. Facing those transnational antitrust problems, the issue of the harmonization of competition law has been raised. This issue is drawing more and more attention in several international organizations day by day. In fact, to deal with the domestic effect of abroad anticompetitive activities to protect national interest, the theory “extraterritorial application” of domestic law has been raised. However, the extraterritorial application of domestic law is unable to solve all the problems that the international anticompetitive activities have brought. Furthermore, it has also made new problems and caused international tensions. To enforce antitrust law effectively in international cases, cooperation and coordination between national competition agencies are unavoidable. In addition, bringing antitrust law up to international law level and avoiding nations ruin free trade system by non-tariff strategy seem also be needed. The main purpose of this essay is to understand and analysis the current situation of the harmonization of competition law and to find out the solution of transnational competition problems in the era of globalization and the era of free-trade. This essay has been divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which illustrates the international competition problems in the era of globalization and brings out the studying scope and purpose of this essay. The second chapter talks about international competition bilateral treaties between U.S. and E.U., Australia and New Zealand, Taiwan and other countries. The discussing scope contains the cooperation content which was set up by the bilateral treaty, its concrete result, and the reasons of its failure or success. As for Taiwan, this essay focuses on the review of its current situation and where its future is. The third chapter talks about regional international organizations which involve in the harmonization of competition law, such as E.U., APEC and NAFTA. APEC’s activities are more closer to the harmonization of policies, which promote competition activities. NAFTA has substantial competition regulations. E.U. not only has substantial regulations but also has the first set of enforcement system of international competition law in the world. The forth chapter is international organization, which talks about the development of international competition law in U.N., WTO and OECD. Although basically U.N. is a political organization, it also highly emphasizes competition issues. In addition, this chapter talks about the development of competition issues in the WTO system and the possibilities of promoting the harmonization of international competition law in WTO. Additionally, OECD also emphasizes competition issues very much. This chapter also talks about the study result of OECD in the competition issues. The fifth chapter is the global competition regulations, which contains “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” of UNCTAD and “ Draft International Antitrust Code”. Both of the global competition laws contain substantial regulations and the design of enforcement systems. Although both of them ended up in unrestrictive regulations, they also deserve further research. “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” was brought out with the form of UN General Assembly Resolution, but it is successful in some aspect. DIAC was meant to be an Annex of WTO originally. However this idea was not realized at the end. Why DIAC failed? Was it because of the design of its substantial content or the design of the enforcement structure or other outside factors? At last, this essay will analysis the shortages and advantages of all kinds of the harmonization of competition law and bring out recommendations in the conclusion of chapter 6.

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