行動通訊產業隨著日韓、西歐、亞太、北美和中國大陸陸續啟動B3G行動通訊的商業運轉，全球行動通訊服務和技術的發展進入嶄新的紀元，傳輸速度的大幅提昇，行動通訊服務商積極推動多媒體簡訊、行動音樂、行動影音、行動遊戲、行動訊息和企業數據應用等服務，寄望透過多元應用服務及創新經營模式提升顧客價值與獲利能力；另一方面，行動廣播、無線寬頻、網路電話等新興技術匯流至行動通訊領域，不僅催生行動通訊技術朝IMS和All-IP網路發展，並促使行動通訊服務商在行銷、服務、帳務和網路等層面朝向行動和固網雙網融合與數位匯流的願景佈局。在政府開放營運執照後，行動通訊服務業者皆投入巨額資金經營，期藉由傳輸速度快的優勢，可以發展出更多的行動加值服務內容，以期在語音營收成長飽和之下，創造另一營收來源；但是，行動通訊產業在大規模的投資下，未產生預期的效益，產業間渴望能讓產業創新的殺手級應用(Killer Application)，引導台灣行動通訊產業找到高獲利的藍海市場。本研究期望，透過分析行動通訊產業的價值供應鏈在營運發展過程中碰到的困境，及其面對創新的技術與商業模式如何評估與發展，在面對市場與技術的不確定性下，分析出產業價值鏈的廠商面對創新的競爭所必須思考的關鍵因素，提供台灣行動通訊業者經營業務的一些建議，以便協助台灣在行動通訊市場的產業創新能力，提昇業者對行動加值服務應用與行動通訊設備市場的創新決策正確性，以期推動台灣電信市場的蓬勃發展。 本研究以克雷頓‧克里斯汀生(Clayton M. Christensen)所提出的對突破性科技的看法，利用提出的破壞性創新及資源、流程與價值理論分析模式；以傑佛瑞‧墨爾(Geoffrey A. Moore)提出的技術採用生命周期(Technology Adoption Life Cycle)模式分析五種消費者,探討行動通訊產業如何分析電信業創新的鴻溝,如何邁向康莊大道。在訪談台灣行動通訊產業價值鏈的五家廠商中，就創新的驅動方式、創新的風險評估、如何管理創新與當前產業創新所面臨的問題與解決方案等議題，做充分意見交流，再經由文獻與理論探討、行動通訊產業市場的趨勢與分析、行動通訊產業技術的趨勢與分析，與台灣行動通訊產業個案分析後，最後作成結論與建議，並提出後續研究課題的建議。 經研究與分析台灣行動通訊產業的創新模式，了解行動通訊產業價值鏈創新發展過程中，所碰到過的困境及其後續改善之方案，並對台灣政府與行動通訊業者提出以下的結論與建議： 壹、結論: 一、技術驅動的創新重視程度通常是愈接近產業價值鏈的上游愈高；市場驅動的創新重視程度通常是愈接近產業價值鏈的下游愈高；突破性的創新可能發生於產業鏈中的每一環節。 二、突破性的創新需要同時處理產業鏈中的市場風險與技術風險，兩大天險必須要降低其中一項才容易創新成功；兩種風險都與財務因素息息相關。 三、創新常常來自邊陲，發展創新的組織需要不同於主流產品的績效目標與財務支援。 四、政府正確的產業監理政策常常是行動通訊產業的發展要件；產業生態系的活躍與否常取決於政府對產業的科技政策走向與合宜的法律。 貳、建議： 一、 政府方面: 1.基地台網路: 協調業者以共構的方式及加速整合寬頻接取技術以解決網路品質的問題。 2.技術平台與內容產業:制定適當的產業政策，以協助整合產業上中下游業者，以帶動產業研究與發展。 二、行動通訊營運商: 1.投入研究行動通訊的消費者行為: 行動通訊服務業者應投入資源研究本地消費者行為，以便洞悉創新的殺手級應用。 2.內容與服務平台:積極扮演內容服務開發與技術平台整合角色，以帶動內容產業的蓬勃發展創造「皆贏」的局面。 3.合宜費率: 根據消費者所獲得的行動通訊價值與成本動因計費。 / The mobile telecommunication industry along with Japan, Korea, Western Europe, Asia Pacific, North America and mainland China, it starts the B3G mobile telecommunications commercial subscriber service launch, the global mobile telecommunications service and the technology development enter a brand-new era. Following by the transmission speed of infrastructure network is improved rapidly, the mobile telecommunications service providers are positively to promote the multimedia services, mobile music, mobile video streaming, mobile gaming, mobile messaging and enterprise data service applications. We hope the penetration multi-dimensional applications to serve and innovate the business model to promote the customer value and profit ability. On the other hand, those emerging technologies, such as mobile broadcasting, wireless broadband, IP network telephony are converged to mobile telecommunications domain. Not only expedites the mobile telecommunications technology to IMS and the All-IP network development, but also urges the mobile telecommunications service provider in all aspects of marketing, service, billing and network infrastructures migrate to the wireless and wire-line network fusion and the vision of digital convergences. After the restriction of operation licenses released by government, the mobile telecommunications service providers invest a large amount of funds on new business development. Relying on the quick transmission speed superiority, may develop more mobile value-added service content. We expect to have more another revenue increasing objects while the voice-only service revenue mutuality. Nevertheless, the mobile telecommunications industry under the large-scale investment has not had the anticipated benefit, the industry hope we can let the industrial innovation to produce the “Killer Applications” that guides the Taiwan mobile telecommunications industry to find the high profitable blue sea market. The research expects that, by the penetration analysis mobile telecommunications industry value supply chain the difficult position which bumps into in transport business developing process, and how faces the innovative technology and the business model appraised and development, is facing the indefinite market and the technology, analyzes the industrial innovation the competitive strategy and the key success factors, provides Taiwan the mobile telecommunications entrepreneur to manage the business strategies and suggestions. In order to assist Taiwan in mobile telecommunications market industrial innovation ability, promotes the entrepreneur to the value-added service field and motivates the communication equipment market innovative decision-making accuracy, impels the Taiwan telecommunications market by the time the vigorous development. The research is based on the viewpoint of disruptive technology issued by Clayton M. Christensen to leverage the analysis model of disruptive innovations and resource, process and value theorem; analyzes the five types of consumers by Technology Adoption Life Cycle model issued by Geoffrey A. Moore to investigate how telecommunications industry analyzes the chasm of innovations and how to adopt the early majority of market. In the interview of 5 enterprises across Taiwan mobile telecommunications industrial value chain, we make good communications and share opinions about all the issues of the method of innovation driven, risk assessment on innovations, how to manage innovations, to face problems and resolutions on industrial innovation. By leveraging the entire reference thesis, issued papers and theorem, the trends of market, analysis of market, and technology issues in the mobile telecommunications industry, collaborate with case study of Taiwan mobile telecommunications industry to study and make comments and conclusions on this topic. Also, we provide the suggestions on governing policies, industry strategies, and further research direction. A.Conclusions: 1.Nearby the front end of industry value chain, technology driven innovations methodology is highly enhanced and focused; Nearby the rear end of industry value chain, market driven innovations methodology is highly enhanced and focused. Disruptive technology is possibly occurred in any section of industry value chain. 2.The two major risk factors, market and technology, need to be handled together while manage disruptive innovations. It would make success to assess at least one of two major risk factors and they are all related to financial variables. 3.Innovation is always occurred in the border of organizations which is supported by key performance indicator setting of different major products and necessary financial funding. 4.The mobile telecommunications industry grows by major inferences of correct governing policies and proper regulations issued by technology management department of government. B.Suggestions: 1.For government: a.Base Station System: Coordinate all operators to co-construct the system to speed the integration of broadband wireless access technology to resolve the network quality issues. b.Technology platform and content industry: Collaborate with the enterprises of industry chain to support the research and development by proper industry regulations. 2.For wireless operators: a.Research on wireless consumer behaviors: Coordinate all operators to invest subscriber behaviors and statistic analysis in local market to learn how to produce the killer applications. b.Content and service platform: Proactively involve the content service developing and technology platform integration to develop the content industry as win-win purpose. c.Proper subscriber fare: Charge wireless consumers by the value of requisition and cost driven factor.

本研究旨在瞭解幼稚園教師學校組織創新氣氛知覺、知識分享行為對創新教學行為之影響以及三者之關係。首先瞭解幼稚園教師學校組織創新氣氛知覺、知識分享行為與創新教學行為之現況；其次，探討幼稚園教師學校組織創新氣氛知覺、知識分享行為與創新教學行為之相關性；最後，以多元迴歸分析幼稚園教師學校組織創新氣氛知覺與知識分享行為對創新教學行為之預測力，以及探討學校組織創新氣氛是否透過知識分享行為此中介變項影響教師創新教學行為。 本研究以台北市公私立幼稚園教師為研究對象，以「校園創新氣氛量表」，以及修改之「知識分享行為量表」與「創意教學行為量表」為研究工具，有效樣本為272份，資料回收後分別以描述性統計、皮爾森積差相關分析，以及多元迴歸分析等統計方法進行資料處理。本研究獲致之結論如下： 1. 學校組織創新氣氛知覺與創新教學行為達顯著正相關。 2. 知識分享行為與創新教學行為達顯著正相關。 3. 學校組織創新氣氛知覺與知識分享行為達顯著正相關。 4. 學校組織創新氣氛的「工作條件」跟「學習成長」面向可以有效預測教師的 創新教學行為。 5. 知識分享行為的「行動示範」、「知識共構」可有效預測教師創新教學行為。 6. 就學校組織創新氣氛、知識分享行為對創新教學行為的整體模式而言，學校 組織創新氣氛中的「工作條件」可透過知識分享行為中的「行動示範」與「知識共構」此兩個中介變項預測幼稚園教師的創新教學行為。 最後，研究者根據研究結論針對幼稚園組織與幼稚園教師，以及未來研究提出具體建議，以期對未來幼稚園實行創新教學及相關後續研究有所助益。 / The main purposes of this study were as following: First of all, understand the teachers’ awareness of organizational innovative climate, teachers’ knowledge sharing behavior, and innovative teaching. Second, understand the relationships among these three variables. Third, explore the predictive power of the teachers’ awareness of organizational innovative climate, teachers’ knowledge sharing behavior, and innovative teaching. This study adopts the survey method by questionnaire. This study included 272 kindergarten teachers in Taipei city, Taiwan. The applied analysis methods were Descriptive Statistics, Factor analysis, Cronbach α coefficient analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and Regression through SPSS18.0. The main findings of this study were summarized as follows: 1. It showed positive correlation between teachers’ awareness of organizational innovative climate and creative teaching. 2. The relationships between teachers’ knowledge sharing behavior, and creative teaching were positive. 3. It showed positive correlation between teachers’ awareness of organizational innovative climate and teachers’ knowledge sharing behavior. 4. Job Conditions and Professional Learning can predict teachers’ innovative teaching. 5. Action Demonstration and Knowledge Building can predict teachers’ innovative teaching. 6. It appeared that knowledge sharing plays mediating roles among organizational innovative climate and innovative teaching.

隨著國內廠商生產線的外移，許多產業已發展至成熟的階段，各種企業經營都越來越倚重以服務為基礎的商業運作，服務業的生產與規模日益成長，大部分服務性質的工作已囊括在各類經濟活動中，根據主計處統計2013年台灣服務業占GDP比重約68.29%，顯見發展服務創新活動對於國家經濟成長而言之重要性，服務創新已成為當前相關服務業者重要投入的新興領域。 由於服務創新角色與地位重要性日趨提昇，相關的服務與創新活動不斷的推陳出新加上科技的進步，醫療水準的提高，使得人類的壽命能不斷地延長，人口老化已成為全球皆關注的現象。然面對於科技發達，高齡者越來越長壽，老年人口增加的情況下，卻少有人探討有關服務創新之議題，且又以銀髮族研究在服務創新上仍有待釐清。 當前各個國家都同時面臨了人口老化與服務業成長幅度快速的攀升，對於銀髮族服務廠商而言需要不斷的學習與調整以創造競爭力，其中服務創新「測試階段」雖然在服務業服務創新流程中扮演著重要的角色，但目前在服務業中服務測試階段的研究，不論是新產品開發流程亦或是新服務開發流程，對於測試階段的構面與內容都是相較於其他階段的研究較為缺乏。 鑑於此，本研究方法上採取個案研究法，並以中國銀髮族服務業者進行深入的個案研究，本研究採取「理論取樣」方法，選取中國人口老齡化程度最高的地區之一北京市銀髮族人口密集度最高作為主要的研究場域，針對銀髮族服務業者在服務創新測試階段之流程以及測試過程中的組織學習與調整為核心的敘事研究，並就服務創新測試階段、組織學習及銀髮族服務創新進行相關學理文獻的彙整及個案的訪談進行研究。 本研究得到的主要結論，包含：(1)銀髮族服務業者服務創新測試的過程依序分為四個階段，包含：形成期、風暴期、規範期、穩定期，並在服務創新測試不同的階段中展現不同的摸索特徵、內容與過程；(2)服務業者在服務創新測試階段的組織學習上，除了會考量服務本身的學習與調整之外，也會考量服務創新流程方面的學習與調整；(3)銀髮族服務業者在服務創新測試的不同階段中，不同的服務人力涉入程度之服務業者會採不同的學習方式，以提升測試中服務的績效；(4) 銀髮族服務業者在服務創新測試階段的過程中，會考量服務人力涉入需求的不同，而選擇不同專精程度的團隊組成與服務內容；(5)銀髮族服務業者在服務創新的測試過程中，會在不同的測試階段中設置不同的關卡類型；(6)銀髮族服務業者在服務創新測試的不同階段中，會透過不同的傳遞方式來提供服務，以提升測試服務過程中的組織學習效果；(7)在服務創新的測試過程中，銀髮族服務業者會就不同的服務內容與特性(顧客化程度與資訊化程度)，選擇不同的溝通方式，以提升測試服務過程中的組織學習效果；(8)在服務創新測試階段中，銀髮族服務業者會就不同的銀髮族群特性(社會化程度、互動化程度)，採取不同的溝通方式，以提升測試服務過程中的組織學習效果。 本研究在學術上的主要貢獻，包括：(1)本研究特別就服務創新的測試來探討，彌補了服務創新領域相關研究上的不足；(2)本研究特別針對銀髮族服務業者來探討，彌補了服務創新領域相關研究上的不足；(3)本研究特別從組織學習的理論切入，彌補了過往服務創新研究在此議題上的不足；(4)本研究提出組織學習機制的概念作為銀髮族服務創新的切入點。 本研究最後並提出服務創新測試階段的組織學習機制相關的實務意涵及後續研究建議，進一步地提出服務創新測試四階段模式、服務創新測試作為、組織學習機制，提供服務創新測試階段組織學習過程的影響因素做為服務業者進行服務創新測試管理與提升測試階段的學習成效時的參考依據。而對於未來有意願投入或開發銀髮族服務業相關服務的創新團隊，本研究亦提供銀髮族服務創新測試階段之組織學習機制的整體性架構的空間。 / With the continuous development of service industries, many industries have bundled with service roles to improve their business and economic activities. The industry for senior service has grown rapidly and has become a market target industry due to the increase in prolonged lives and a healthy aging population. This service industry has become a phenomenon worldwide, and Taiwan currently ranks second in aging populations among Asian countries. Taiwan’s senior service industry is an emerging industry, the majority of which is supported by smaller companies. Therefore, little researching has been done on the innovative services handling this quickly growing aging population. Furthermore, service innovation remains immature within senior sectors. This opportunity continues to be an interesting topic for all business sectors, but little research has scrutinized the relationship and meaning in service innovations for seniors. Currently, countries around the world are facing the rapid rise of aging populations and service industry growth, which requires constant learning and adjustment in order to create competitive power. While the “testing stage” of service innovation plays an important role in the service innovation process, the research on service testing stage, whether about the new product development process or the service development process, for the testing stage of the structure and content compared to other stages is scarce. Therefore, in this research, we adopt the case study method and recruit people from the Chinese elderly service industry to carry out a thorough case study. In particular, this study adopts the “theoretical sampling” method to determine one of the most aging areas in China, with the highest population density in Beijing being the main research field. In this study, we focus on the service innovation test stage’s process in the senior citizen industry, as well as the organization study and narrative research in the testing process, the core of which involves organizational learning and adjustment. Such organizational learning and service innovation for the elderly are both examined in this study through relevant academic literature and case interviews. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: 1. The process of service innovation testing of the senior citizen industry is divided into four stages: formation period, storm period, normative period, and stable period, all of which have different characteristics, content, and processes; 2. In the service innovation testing stage of organizational learning, in addition to considering the study and adjustment of the service itself, the study and adjustment of the service innovation process shall also be considered; 3. In the different stages of service innovation testing, the service providers adopt different ways of learning to improve the performance of the service being tested; 4. In the process of service innovation testing, the senior-citizen service providers will consider the manpower requirements involved in different service patterns and choose different team compositions and service contents accordingly; 5. In the process of service innovation testing, different types of tasks are established at different test stages; 6. In the different stages of service innovation testing, services are provided through different communication methods to enhance the organizational learning effect in the testing service process; 7. In the process of testing service innovation, the service provider acts according to the differences in the service content and characteristics (customizing degree and information level) and chooses different methods of communication to improve the effectiveness of organizational learning; 8. In the service innovation testing stage, senior citizen service providers adopt different communication methods to improve the organizational learning effect in the process of testing services for the different characteristics of the senior citizen group (socialization degree and interactivity degree). This study aims to make the following contributions in the academic field: 1. This study discusses specifically the testing of service innovation, which complements the lack of relevant research in the field of service innovation; 2. Focus on the service providers for senior citizens also makes up for deficiencies in the field of services innovation; 3. Use of organizational learning theory as the leverage point supplements the insufficient research on service innovation in the past; 4. This study proposes the concept of organizational learning mechanism as an entry point for senior-citizen service innovation. Based on this study’s results, we propose some practical implications of the organizational learning mechanism in the service innovation testing stage, as well as some follow-up research suggestions. Furthermore, we put forward the four-stage model of service innovation testing and the organizational learning mechanism and provide the influential factors of the organizational learning process as a reference for service providers to innovate test management and improve the learning effectiveness of the testing stage. In the future, the industry will have to invest in or develop services related to the service of the innovative team. This study also provides the family service innovation testing stage of the organizational learning mechanism for the overall framework of space.

中國經濟最近二、三十年一直保持高速增長的趨勢，尤其是2006至今中國股市的井噴式發展，為中國資本投資市場帶來巨大發展機遇的同時，也帶動了相關產業的發展，如家居零售業就存在著顯著的連動效應。一方面，持續的牛市給股民帶來了高收益，提高了潛在消費者的購買力；另一方面，投資市場的發展也為家居業融資提供了便利。但是，中國家居業市場現有的行銷通路策略，存在嚴重的趨同性，眾多廠家依靠幾乎雷同的通路策略進行著殘酷的零和博弈競爭。家俱工廠，都必須依靠幾家大規模的大型家具賣場通路為載體在裡面開店，方能順利行銷自己產品到客戶手上，家具工廠產品通常交由經銷商在各城市代理販售，或開自營店，若有家俱工廠和家具大賣場因為經銷商的資訊不對接，家俱工廠可能就會失去黃金店面，壓縮到自己生產的傢具品牌空間通路。近年中國火熱的零售通路家樂福、大潤發、沃爾馬，馬不停蹄的在中國展店分食上千億人民幣的量販銷售額，家居業能否藉由前述迥異的通路模式，並充分發揮工廠本身有的資源基礎與核心技術，進而探索出一種創新的行銷通路模式，為顧客創造更高的讓渡價值的同時，擺脫殘酷的紅海競爭，成為家居業競爭參與者面臨的一大挑戰。本文以傢俱工廠T公司為例，通過對其行銷通路策略的綜合系統分析，從傳統家居商場到零售通路的量販店中展店，探索出一套適合中國市場的行銷通路創新模式。 本文分六章，第一章是本文的緒論部分，介紹研究背景及意義，並對相關概念進行界定，提出本文的研究思路和方法，以及文章的結構安排和創新之處。在第二章中主要對資源基礎理論、藍海策略及創新理論等文獻進行了綜述，作為整篇文章的理論支柱。第三章介紹了中國零售業市場的發展概況，著重分析了中國市場量販店發展的情況，為後面提出行銷通路創新提供背景與動機。第四章分析了中國家居業市場現行的幾種主要的行銷通路模式，並綜合分析其特點。第五章以T公司為例提出為何開創新通路及其在中國市場行銷通路模式創新實務。第六章結論與建議。 / In last decade, China's economy kept growing at top speed. The booming stock market, while bringing the enormous opportunity for the Chinese capital market development, has driven the development of relevant industries too. The effect on furniture business is absolutely apparent. On one hand, the bullish stock market has brought high returns to stock holders, while raising the purchasing power of potential consumers. On the other hand, the development of capital market has offered the convenience to financing in furniture business too. However, the homogeneity and zero-sum game of marketing strategy in furniture business is serious enough to be a catastrophe to everyone concerned. In order to approach potential customers, the furniture factories must all rely on several sales channels of high market share to run their own shops inside. Furniture factories usually have their own distributors to promote their sales, or run their own shops. If there is information asymmetry between the furniture factories and sales channels, the furniture factories will encounter the possibility of the loss of shop presence and brand damage. In recent years, Carrefour, RT-Mart, and Wal-Mart develop their own sales channels in China at high speed in order to share the millions of dollars market. How to take advantage of the above-mentioned sales channels and leverage their own resources and core competence to create innovative sales channels, while offering higher value for the customers and getting rid of the cruel Red Sea competition is a challenge to the furniture factories and every participant concerned nowadays. This text takes furniture factory T Company as an example, through comprehensive and systematic marketing strategy analysis, and researches on T Company’s traditional sales channels and new sales channels within retailing chains, to explore a set of sales channels innovation model which is suitable for the Chinese market. This research consists of six chapters. Chapter one which is an introduction part mainly focuses on the basis of the selected title and related definition, introduces relevant concepts, ways of thinking and method studied, and last but not least recommends the thesis structure and its possible innovation. Chapter two is literature review and comment. Representative figures, relevant fields of the thesis and their research results are reviewed on a chronological basis, including several following respects: Resource-Base Theory, Blue Ocean Strategy, and Innovation Theory. Chapter three is the development overview of Chinese retailing business and also analyzes the development of hypermarkets in China emphatically in order to illustrate the background and motive for sales channels innovation. In Chapter four, this research analyzes existing models of sales channels and its characteristics of Chinese furniture business comprehensively. Chapter five takes T Company as an example and further elaborates its strategy and operation on the innovation of sales channels construction. Chapter six is the conclusion and follow-up study suggestion.

市區型公共自行車系統（YouBike）在台北市的發展如何可能？本研究採用行動者網絡理論（Actor-Network Theory）的分析取徑，透過追隨網絡裡人與非人行動者的實作軌跡，攤開YouBike自民國98年至今將近7年的網絡鋪陳，並重新檢視YouBike網絡發生轉變的三個關鍵時刻：技術移轉、重新組裝與創造市場。首先，地方政府作為早期關鍵行動者，藉由一連串的轉譯（translate）工作將全球性的問題化作台北市的問題，從而位移（displace）市場、政府與業界的力量，讓YouBike成為問題的唯一解方。而後信義區試營運時期，捷安特重新配置他方（台北市早期河濱與他國）的公共自行車技術要件，展現出技術自由連結（free association）的特性。最後本文主張，民國101年擴大營運後YouBike所經歷的劇烈轉折，乃因其以專業／業餘市場區分，取代了自行車市場既有的通勤／休閒定位，甚至影響到一般販賣低階車款的自行車零售商。從移轉他方知識，到成為全球公共自行車系統典範之一，YouBike案例亦讓我們看見台灣以代工起家的技術能力創新之可能。 / How is it possible to set up an urban public system such as YouBike in Taipei? According to actor-network theory, I expose the extending passage of YouBike network since 2009, exploring the trajectories of human and non-human actors involved in the process. I highlight three significant moments of the YouBike development: technology transferring, elements reassembling, and market creating. First, by way of translating the global concern to a local debate and mobilizing triple forces of market, government, and industries, as an important translator, Taipei city government advocated the YouBike as the only solution. Second, the Giant Bicycle applied the experience of public bicycle system learning from the abroad and the operation of riverside bike rental system in Taipei to the trial run of YouBike in Xinyi district. It shows a “free association” of technology. Finally, this study argues a dramatic transition of YouBike happened when the system expanded after 2012. YouBike network creates a new market based on professional and amateur bikers that change a traditional idea assuming the YouBiker’s motivation are only for commuting and recreation. Furthermore, this change even decreases sales of low-end bikes. In the making of YouBike, we see how Giant Bicycle is able to transfer abroad knowledge and becomes a paradigm in the global public bicycle business. It has been forecasted the potential of technological innovation in Taiwan (a country starts from OEM).

創新能力是近年產業發展的趨勢，過去文獻常只單用專利數量來衡量研發效率，方法直觀卻無法真實反應專利價值。本研究嘗試利用專利數量及專利價值指數一起衡量廠商研發投入與產出間的效率，研究對象為2005年至2007年間中國規模水準以上廠商，利用其專利總價值指數與該公司所投入的資本要素與勞動要素探討該公司資源錯置的現象。有鑑於中國積極引進外資企業進駐中國，本研究依公司註冊登記類型將公司分為國有企業、民營企業及外資企業三大類，藉以研究中國經濟發展政策對此三類企業研發效率發展的影響。結果顯示，國有企業的研發效率優於民營企業與外資企業。因為政府積極實施產業政策以促進國內研發創新能力，給予國有企業相當多的政策優惠，故國有企業擁有較高的研發生產力；而民營企業因核心技術的不足，多以替國外大廠代工為主要經營模式，研發創新能力較低。中國改革開放後，積極引進外資企業進駐中國，而當時外資企業看中的是中國低廉的勞動成本與廣大的潛在市場，核心研發技術並未引進中國，導致外資企業研發能力在資料區間內呈現最為低落的情形。 / Innovation has become the trend for the industrial development nowadays. In the past, little research can measure the industrial outcome due to inadequate knowledge on patent value index. In this paper, I compute the patent value index based on the surveyed data of the manufacturing firms in China from 2005 to 2007. The misallocation between research output and input is computed as the major result. Based on firm registration data, I divided firms into three categories, state-owned firms, private firms and foreign firms. Our result shows that state-owned firms have higher innovation efficiency than others. The high research efficiency belonging to state-owned firms benefited from many industrial policies and preferential policy implemented by government. Due to the lack of innovation technology characterized by OEM (Original equipment manufacturer) model, private firms record lower research performance. Other than domestic firms, foreign firms simply utilize cheap production inputs and the larger market size as a base for process trade. Innovation activities are only conducted by parent companies. That is why foreign firms’ record lower innovation efficiency in this research.

新藥研發為一高風險、高報酬的產業，股票或債券投資人通常不願承擔那麼高的風險。本研究利用類似Mortgage Backed Securities的概念，發行RBO（Research Backed Obligation），募集50億美金的Megafunds，投資在200個藥物上。RBO包含了Senior bond、Junior bond，以及Equity三個tranche。Senior與Junior的利率分別為5%與8%，在4年與6年後到期，Equity不發利息或股利，而是於投資期間結束後，領回基金總額扣除Bond後的價值。 本研究使用2003-2011年共5820個新藥臨床實驗結果，依照藥物型式、對應疾病分為59類，將各種藥物於各階段臨床實驗的成功機率帶入模型。每種藥物模擬5000次。最後得到投資各種藥物時，Senior bond與Junior bond的違約機率與違約時的期望損失，以及Equity報酬率的期望值與標準差。 分析模擬的結果，可得到除了其中三種藥物之外，Senior與Junior bond的違約機率皆分別在5 bp與2.5 %以下。至於Equity的部分，除了其中四種藥物的報酬率較低外，多數藥物年化報酬率的期望值在8-16%間、標準差在14-15.5%間。各藥物的風險並不會差太多，然而各種藥物報酬率的期望值彼此間有所差距。故以RBO投資新藥產業時，仍需注意投資的藥物種類。 / Biomedical innovation has become riskier and more difficult to finance with traditional sources such as private and public equity. Here we propose a financial structure called RBO (Research Backed Obligations) which is similar to Mortgage Backed Securities. In RBO structure, a $5 billion ‘Megafunds’ is financed by issuing Senior bonds, Junior bonds, and Equity. Senior bond and Junior bond tranches yield 5% and 8% annually, due within 4 and 6 years, respectively. Equity tranche does not pay any interest and obtain the residual asset after all debt obligations have been satisfied. ‘Megafunds’ will be invested on the 200 biomedical programs at various development stage to reduce the portfolio’s risk. We use the historical clinical trail data of 5820 new drug programs from 2003 to 2011. These drugs are classified into 59 groups by molecular type and disease area. Success rates of each development stage are imported into our simulation model, 5000 simulations for each drug group. The simulation result included the default rate of the Senior bonds and Junior bonds, loss of the bonds when the bonds default, and the expected value and standard deviation of the Equity return. We show that except for 3 drug groups, the default rate of Senior bond and Junior bond are less than 5 bp and 2.5% respectively for all the drugs. The expected return of Equity are between 8-16% of almost all the drug, although 4 drug groups show poorer performance. The standard deviations are between 14-15.5% for all drug groups. Consequently, almost all the drug groups have similar risks, but the expected return of the Equity tranche of these drug groups are quite different.

本研究探討以知識為基礎的產業如何形成與發展而達成產業創新。更特定言，本研究探討基於知識技術以及組織制度結構所產生之權力關係，如何透過行動者與情境條件之互動，以社群型態之集體行動使其發生轉變，進而影響產業創新之結果。 為了凸顯不同的知識特性與情境條件，本研究選擇以台灣的晶圓代工與法國的卡介苗及B型肝炎疫苗為個案，以透過其歷程的描述來瞭解知識社群與創新社群之於產業創新的關係。個案的主要觀察內容包括創新活動權力關係的源由與類型、不同階段集體行動的特性、以及與產業創新效果的關連。 本研究發現創新活動中之存在兩類權力關係，第一類是基於行動者對知識或技術本身之控制或掌握能力，是屬於知識性的權力關係；第二類是基於行動者對該項知識技術得以運用情境之影響能力，為結構性的權力關係。而行動者產生的集體行動，即分別以「知識社群」之共同語言機制轉變基於知識技術的權力關係，以「創新社群」的價值共識過程轉變基於制度結構的權力關係，而促成產業創新。 本研究亦發現社群的形成與既有的權力關係結構有關。而隨著所欲動員於產業創新的資源條件愈龐大，即待轉變的表面權力關係愈為複雜，以社群實現產業創新愈為重要。而知識與創新社群間的互動，特別是反餽的現象，特別有助於產業創新的實現。另知識和創新社群的行動者有重疊之可能，尤其特定的關鍵行動者將同時扮演知識社群與創新社群中的重要角色。 / The dissertation studies the formation and development of communities in industrial innovations of emerging technology. A community is defined as a group of actors that, strongly influenced by their contexts, voluntarily contribute to enforcement of the capability that aims at realizing their common interests. As a specific form of collective actions, the communities are critical in coordinating various actors by gradually shaping the power relations between them, thus smoothing the potential conflicts during the relatively radical innovation. In the study, two cases are chosen for observing the communitarian processes. The first case is the semiconductor foundry in Taiwan. The second one is the vaccine industry in France. The later further comprises two subcases. One is BCG innovations. The other is the vaccine anti-hepatitis B. Based on a prior case study and literature reviews, two types of communities are proposed to examine the two case studies. The first type of communities is a “knowledge community” in which innovative actors contribute voluntarily in creation and diffusion of knowledge centered at the specific technological innovation. The second type is an “innovation community” in which innovative actors from different sectors contribute together to the application of the specific technology. The study found that a technological power relation that is from the incapability of controlling an emerging technology or of controlling those who own the technology is a barrier to industrial innovation. the knowledge community is capable of transforming a technological power relation, via the formation and diffusion of a common language, for realizing the industrial innovation. It reveals that a structural power relation that is from the actors’ ignorance or resistance to the application of an emerging technology is a barrier to industrial innovation. The innovation community is capable of transforming a structural power relation, via the formation and diffusion of a common value, for realizing the industrial innovation. Moreover, the larger the distance that a surface power relation is from its realistic power relation, that is, the more the disequilibrium of a power relation has, the more efforts are required for a community to contribute in industrial innovation. On the other hand, the more the positive feedbacks between a knowledge community and an innovation community, that is, the more the outcomes of the knowledge community that enhance a common value of the innovation community, and the more the outcomes of the innovation community that enhance the diffusion and deepening of a common language of the knowledge community, the easier the realization of an industrial innovation. Finally, a key actor as a community member has a strategic meaning that the key actor reacts to deepen a common language or to increase a common value so as to facilitate the formation and development of a knowledge community or an innovation community, thus realizing the industrial innovation.

國立政治大學九十學年度第二學期碩士論文摘要 院系所組別：教育學系研究所教育心理與輔導組 論文題目：研究生玩興、幽默、創意態度，所知覺系所創造氛圍與創造力的關係 指導教授：吳靜吉博士 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 研究生：曾敬梅 【論文摘要】 創造力與創新是人類行為表現中非常重要的一環。從個人問題解決的能力、科技的更新發展到社會文化與組織的改革與創新，無不與人類的創造力息息相關。創造力的研究是未來的趨勢，創造力受到哪些因素影響?哪些對台灣而言是特別重要卻受到忽視的? 台灣近年來由教育部與國科會所支持的研究案中，有許多與創造力相關，範圍涵括了內涵、課程教學及教材研發等。2002年元月公布之「創造力政策白皮書」，願景「打造一個創造力的國度」，培養終身學習、勇於創造的生活態度，累積豊碩厚實，鼓勵創新的學習環境，形成活潑多樣，積極分享的文化氛圍。同時為因應知識經濟時代的來臨，社會趨勢產生的劇變宣示了人類知識需不斷創新與發展，創造力的提倡同時配合當前教育政策，例如：九年一貫課程綱要中以「創造力」為一能力指標，教育強調單向灌輸傳統角色必須改變，實施創造力教育，培養學生創造及實踐的能力，促使學習者在動態的環境中仍能主動學習，在學習中得到快樂，在求知中成長。 影響創造力的因素很多，就台灣的環境而言，不論在工作或學習的場合，總是過份認真，不重視玩興，也缺乏幽默感，學習及工作之外所有具玩興表現的行為都被視為不務正業。這樣的態度為扼殺創造力的主因， 玩興與幽默是一種對創意的積極態度，擁有這種人格特質的人較能接受新的觀念產生，正面的創意態度將有助於擴散性思考能力及創造性問題解決。創造力並非有或無(all or none)，只是程度的問題，同時受到遺傳及環境之影響，了解影響環境及組織中創造力表現的因素，增加助力，減少阻力是必要且重要的。依Csikzenmihyli的觀點，守門人如何看待創造力會影響創造氛圍，整個社會是否注重創造氛圍決定了創意表現。玩興、幽默; 創意態度與大學生、研究生所知覺到的系所創造氛圍如何影響其創造力表現?本研究所得結果如下： 根據本研究的結果與討論提出以下幾點結論： 一、研究生的玩興感受： 台灣研究生大都認為自已「還算有」玩興的感受。最常出現的是「熱情分享，帶動氣氛」、「內在動機，樂在工作」、「冒險嚐新，多元體驗」。 研究生的「玩興感受」幾乎都與創造力表現有顯著相關。「創意生活經驗」總量表與「態度輕鬆 充滿樂趣」、「天真浪漫 無拘無束」、「幽默風趣 自娛娛人」相關最高，創新行為與「內在動機，樂在工作」相關最高。 二、研究生表現玩興強的活動 研究生較少從事表現玩興的活動，無論男女、碩博士班或各系所都最常從事「閱讀研究，靜態參與」一項。整體而言，研究生較少從事「親自體驗、創作展演」的活動。 三、研究生的幽默感 研究生不常表現「幽默創造」，幽默創造表現在一般生活創造及社交場合創造的情況差不多；若以「幽默因應」及「幽默感」兩向度，則大致上同意自已是有幽默感的，且較常表現在「困境因應」，「一般生活因應」的幽默顯著地少。幽默感則是「後設訊息」優於「喜歡」。 研究生「幽默」幾乎都與創造力有顯著相關，「創意生活經驗」與「創新行為」總量表都與「社交場合創造」、「後設認知」相關最高。 四、研究生的創意態度 研究生幾乎是「非常同意」自已「重視新觀念」, 且不同意他們對觀念產生態度是消極的。 研究生的「創意態度」幾乎都與創造力表現有顯著相關。「創意生活經驗」與「創新行為」總量表都與「重視新觀念」相關最高。 五、研究生所知覺的系所創造氛圍 研究生大致上同意系所具有良好的創造氛圍，特別是「思考時間」、「想法支持」、「挑戰」。 研究生所知覺的系所創造氛圍幾乎都與創造力表現有顯著相關。「創意生活經驗」總量表與「信任 開放」、「思考時間」、「自由」相關最高，創新行為與「自由」、「玩興 幽默」、「挑戰 動機」相關最高。 六、研究生的創意生活經驗 本研究的結果發現，台灣地區研究生的「創意生活經驗」不太多，只有「運用新知精益求精」的經驗偏向「有時有」。女生比男生更多「表演藝術創新」「製造驚喜意外」、「開放心胸」、「生活風格的變化」、「視覺生活的設計」的經驗；男生則較具有「科學的創新的問題解決」、「電腦程式設計」的經驗。理、工、醫、農系所的研究生較文、法商、教育系所研究生有較多「運用新知精益求精」、「科學的創新的問題解決」、「電腦程式設計」的經驗；藝術、傳播系所「生活風格的變化」、「視覺生活的設計」、「表演藝術的創新」的經驗。 七、研究生的創新行為 研究生的「創新行為」平均數頗高（M=3.11），大部份人覺得自已「還算符合」具有「創新行為」的陳述。碩士班比博士班認為自已具有創新行為。理、工、醫、農系所的研究生較文、法商、教育系所研究生認為自已具有創新行為。 八、以性別而言： (1) 玩興：在六個因素上差異都達顯著；女生比男生更認為自已具有「熱情分享，帶動氣氛」、「態度輕鬆，充滿樂趣」、「幽默風趣，自娛娛人」、「天真浪漫，無拘無束」的特質，男生則認為自已具有「內在動機，樂在工作」、「冒險嚐新，多元體驗」。 (2) 表現玩興的活動：不論男女、碩博士班或各系所都最常從事「閱讀研究，靜態參與」一項，(包括：「閱讀」、「解決問題」、「學術研究討論或相關活動」及「觀賞展演」)；整體而言，研究生較少從事「親自體驗，創作展演」的活動，(包括：「創作」與「表演」)，女生較男生認為自已更常從事這樣的活動。 (3) 幽默：女生比男生更認為自已具有幽默感。在「一般因應」、「困境因應」、 「一般生活創造」、「社交場合創造」和「喜歡」上都差異都顯著高於男生 (4) 創意態度：性別在「重視新觀念」上達顯著；男生比女生更認為自已「重視新觀念」。 (5) 創意生活經驗：女生比男生更多「表演藝術創新」「製造驚喜意外」、「開放心胸」、「生活風格的變化」、「視覺生活的設計」的經驗；男生則較具有「科學的創新的問題解決」、「電腦程式設計」的經驗。 (6) 男生比女生認為自已具有創新行為。 九、以就學層級而言： (1)玩興：「內在動機，樂在工作」上有顯著差異，博士班研究生比碩士班研究生更認為自已有「內在動機，樂在工作」的特質。 (2)創造氛圍：博士班研究生比碩士班研究生更認為系所的創造氛圍是「挑戰」及「辯論」的，碩士班則傾向同意「思考時間」及「想法支持」。 (3)創新行為：碩士班比博士班認為自已具有創新行為。 十、以系所而言： (1) 玩興：理、工、醫、農系所的研究生相較文、法商、教育系所研究生認為自已「冒險嚐新，多元體驗」；法商系所研究生較其他系所認為自已「熱情分享，帶動氣氛」、「內在動機，樂在工作」；藝術、傳播系所則是「態度輕鬆，充滿樂趣」、「天真浪漫、無拘無束」。 (2) 幽默：藝術、傳播系所比其他系所在社交場合上更具幽默感，法商學院學生較認同自已的幽默感表現在後設認知上。 (3) 創意態度：在「觀念產生的消極態度」與「團隊創意」上有顯著差異，理、工、醫、農系所的研究生較文、法商、教育系所研究生更重視「團隊創意」。藝術類別的人對創意有較少的消極態度。 (4) 創造氛圍：理、工、醫、農系所的研究生較文、法商、教育系所研究生認為系所有「思考時間」且能有「風險承擔」；法商系所研究生知覺系所「信任/ 開放」、「辨論」及「挑戰」；藝術、傳播系所則是「玩興、幽默」、「生動活潑」。 (5) 創意生活經驗：理、工、醫、農系所的研究生較文、法商、教育系所研究生有較多「運用新知精益求精」、「科學的創新的問題解決」、「電腦程式設計」的經驗；藝術、傳播系所「生活風格的變化」、「視覺生活的設計」、「表演藝術的創新」的經驗。 (6) 創新行為：理、工、醫、農系所的研究生較文、法商、教育系所研究生認為自已具有創新行為。 十一、研究生玩興、幽默、創意態度、所知覺系所氛圍與創意生活經驗、創新行為之典型相關分析 認同自已常有「態度輕鬆，充滿樂趣」、「幽默風趣，自娛娛人」、「天真浪漫，無拘無束」的玩興感受，把幽默表現在「困境因應」、「一般生活因應」、「一般生活創造」，知覺到系所氛圍是「玩興幽默」、「生動活潑」的人，有較多「運用新知，精益求精」、「表演藝術的創新」、「開放心胸」、「製造意外的驚喜」的創意生活經驗及「創新行為」。 認同自已有「內在動機，樂在工作」的玩興感受，常從事「閱讀研究，靜態參與」、「親自體驗，創作展演」等活動，使用「後設訊息」處理幽默，重視新觀念，且知覺系所具有「風險承擔」、「信任/開放」、「思考時間」、「想法支持」、「挑戰」、且較少「衝突」的研究生有較多「科學的問題解決」、「運用新知，精益求精」、「舊瓶新裝」、「電腦程式設計」的經驗。 較覺得自已有「熱情分享，帶動氣氛」、「冒險嚐新，多元體驗」的玩興感受，常從事「人際互動」、「旅行戶外活動」活動，將幽默表現在「社交場合創造」，較不具「創意產生的消極態度」重視「團隊創意」及知覺到系所的「衝突」較少的人常有「運用新知，精益求精」、「視覺生活設計」、「生活風格的變化」、「開放心胸」、「製造驚喜意外」、「舊瓶新裝」的創意生活經驗及「創新行為」。 具有「創意產生的消極態度」且知覺到系所的「衝突」多的研究生具有較少的「科學的創新的問題解決」、「運用新知精益求精」、「電腦程式設計」經驗及「創新行為」。 十二、以研究生個人特質與環境因素預測創造力的假設 以個人特質為自變項，創意生活經驗為依變項進行逐步迴歸，以「玩興」的解釋力為最大；以個人特質為自變項，創新行為為依變項進行逐步迴歸，「玩興」、「創意態度」的解釋力較大。 以個人特質與環境的交互作用為自變項，創意生活經驗為依變項進行逐步迴歸，發現以台灣研究生而言，所知覺的系所創造氛圍可十分有效地預測創意生活經驗；在對創新行為的預測力上，「玩興」與「創造氛圍」有交互作用，玩興高的研究生會因為知覺到愈高的創造氛圍而表現愈多的創新行為。

近年來我國因發債數額增加及承接各項債務，致各年度債務還本數遽增且多寡不一，債務付息負擔亦隨之增加，除排擠一般政務支出外，亦造成世代負擔不公現象，亟需透過積極財務運作措施強化債務管理。另我國公債市場蓬勃發展，惟以往公債發行不規則，又未能定時、定額發行，產生交易籌碼供需失衡問題，且發行型式單一，無法因應資本市場發展需求，改革公債發行制度刻不容緩。 本研究發現，債務基金成立後，透過以「定率撥入法」由總預算撥入強制還本數，搭配「舉新還舊」運作方式，的確已發揮平滑政府債務還本，平衡代際負擔功能。惟目前強制還本編列方式較為不具彈性，如以法定最低額度編列，將使債務餘額降低速度減緩。而自九十一年度辦理舉借「舉低還高」業務後，截至九十三年三月底止，業舉借低率新債4,184億元償還高利率未到期借款，計節省債息111億元，成效卓著。惟對於高利率之公債，因發行時未訂有可贖回條款，且未編列收回溢價預算，故尚未辦理整理。另債務基金成立後，公債發行無須完全配合國庫調度需求，可依據規律化發行時程表定期適量發行並配合發行增額公債制度，已達到延長公債於市場活絡交易期間，成為市場利率指標之功能，對於建構我國市場殖利率曲線頗有助益。且於發行期程彈性化後，亦可研議發行分割公債、交換公債等新金融商品，將促進我國公債商品之多樣化。惟如財政狀況好轉，總預算發債需求減少，將影響定期適量制度推行。 對於如何強化債務基金運作效能，持續達成基金設置目標，本研究提出：積極與各界溝通俾利基金順利運作、總預算撥入強制還本彈性增加機制、編列溢價支出預算收回流通性不佳之高利率公債、研議發行可贖回公債、縮短借款年期及彈性規劃還本落點、合理調整公債規律發行時程計畫表、及持續研議公債發行種類創新等建議。