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李達思想中的中國共產革命(1919-1928)施純純 Unknown Date (has links)
本文試圖以一個在五四時期轉向馬克思主義的知識分子──李達(1890-1966)──的角度,觀察他自五四運動以來至1930年代以前,正值中國共產革命開始接受蘇聯直接指導並展開一連串政治活動時,如何理解、運用馬克思主義分析並解答在這段時間中的不同政治議題,析理出其思想與現實政治議題互動的情況,以及其思想本身的連續性和變化。另一方面,本文將李達對於馬克思主義的理解和對於中國共產革命的看法,與當時中共官方的主流解釋作一對照,呈現馬克思主義在中國共產革命過程中,被重新理解和運用的多樣性和複雜性。基於李達對於中國經濟發展的關注,「以政治革命掃除經濟障礙並發展生產力」成為李達思想不變的主軸;而李達思想在1919-1928年之間的轉變,從強調「階級自覺」,轉變為強調服從客觀歷史規律以制定革命目標――建立一個獨立、強大、能夠掌握經濟、改善人民生活的「民主國家」帶領中國和平地進入社會主義階段。基本上,李達在1919-1928年間的思想特色和轉變,不僅在不同議題上與中共官方主流說法呈現理論或策略方面不同程度的差異,並且在1920年代後期相當不同於中共官方越來越激進的策略和理論傾向,呈現在「以馬克思主義救中國」的同樣政治立場中,理論理解和策略設定的不同可能性。
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影響日本與台灣代間財務交換類型的因素: 居住型態、生命循環和性別 / The factors of intergenerational financial exchanges in Japan and Taiwan :living arrangement,life cycle and gender黃瀞儀 Unknown Date (has links)
孝道文化是長久被視為理解東亞代間關係的特色,居住安排、生命歷程、性別皆是在孝道規範的脈絡下影響代間中的交換關係。在當代的東亞社會劇烈的社會結構和文化變遷下,三種因素在控制了孝道規範的社會文化因素後,仍然產生其對代間關係中的獨立影響。
另一方面,過去孝道研究是以子女為主的財務支持為依賴變項,忽略了父母方在代間交換關係中的行動。故本研究以2006年的東亞社會調查(East Asian Social Survey EASS)中,日本和台灣的樣本做為研究對象,並比較兩國受試者和父母之間的財務支持往來關係。我們依照比較的結果,將各種交換關係予以類型化,依據各種交換關係的特徵命名,並以多元邏輯斯迴歸 (multinomial logistic regression model)的方式,在控制孝道意識後,理解三種因素對代間關係的影響。
研究結果發現,日本的同住之下並未出現特定的交換關係,而台灣方面,同住讓代間關係呈現以父母為提供者受惠式代間關係;在生命歷程上,日本的未婚者和已婚有未成年後代的受試者皆會與父母保持受惠式代間關係,台灣未婚者和已婚有未成年後代則是與父母保持平衡代間關係;然而,我們亦發現,部分的台灣未婚者亦如同日本社會的未婚者般,接受父母的支持多過於自己的給予。在性別上,兩國的男性仍是主要的財務支持提供者,然而,兩國父母對於提供子女資源上仍有性別的差異。由於日本女性在勞動力市場的劣勢,故日本的父母傾向提供給日本女性,而台灣的父母則提供與男性。故台灣家庭對同住者的支持和給予男性支持的結果,反映台灣社會中,孝道的文化仍存有一定的影響。另一方面,本研究亦針對兩國各生命階段的女性進行研究,並發現日本女性仍在已婚無子的階段為原生家庭提供財務支持,而台灣女性在各生命階段,皆會提供原生家庭支持。故本文提供三種因素在受到在孝道文化以外,對代間關係的影響方式,並進一步以實證的方式指出近年來日台兩國的因家庭結構變遷而帶來的各種社會問題。
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辛亥革命期的日本對中外交政策─以政治體系干涉為中心─ / The Japanese diplomacy to China in the 1911 revolution : Around interference with Chinese political system陳冠甫 Unknown Date (has links)
辛亥革命是中國近代歷史上的一大轉折點,革命推翻清朝,終結中國數千年來的皇帝專制政治體系,並樹立民主共和制的中華民國。然而革命爆發之時,世界列強於中國各自領有勢力範圍,也因此列強態度與革命走向息息相關,其中尤以日本及英國為最。
日本於1895年甲午戰爭後便積極在中國擴展勢力,1905年日俄戰爭勝利後取得俄國在南滿洲利權,再透過1910年的「第二次日俄協約」確立日本在南滿洲的「特殊權益」。辛亥革命爆發後,日本即確立「解決滿洲問題」、「在中國建立優勢地位」兩個對中基本政策,並且在袁世凱掌控朝廷大權後,日本便積極拉攏他,企圖以援助袁氏為條件來說服他以「君主立憲體制」收拾革命局勢,延續清朝在中國的政治體系。於此同時,日本也透過外交途徑尋求其盟友英國對實現中國君主立憲體制的支持。
相較於日本對中國「君主立憲體制」的固執,英國更期盼的是一個完整而穩定的中國,以保護其貿易利益,另一方面,袁世凱則冀望藉由革命登上中國權力頂點。在袁‧英關係逐漸靠攏之下,始終執著於「君主立憲體制」的日本漸漸失去了對革命局勢的外交主導權,就結局來看,日本對中國的政治體系干涉政策,實為其在辛亥革命外交中失敗的主因。
本文以政體干涉為主要觀點,重新比較、分析日本、英國、袁世凱三者在辛亥革命期,針對中國政治體系所進行外交角力的過程,來探究日本固執於君主立憲體制的具體原因。
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辛亥革命期間中俄關係之研究 (1911~1912) / A Study of Sino-Russian Relations during the Xin-hai Revolution, 1911~1912陳奐宇, Chen, Huan Yu Unknown Date (has links)
本文旨在透過對外交檔案的整理及文獻之評析,探討1911年至1912年,以辛亥革命事件為核心,前後期間的中俄兩國關係。1911年十月十日在湖北武昌所爆發的新軍起事,以及其後的一系列局勢變化,最終造成了大清帝國的崩潰,與中華民國的成立,是二十世紀東亞史上的重要事件。俄羅斯帝國與大清帝國及其後的中華民國有著綿長的陸緣國界,兩國的政治、經濟、外交、與軍事互動也對十九世紀中葉後的當代中國有著深遠且持續的影響。研究方式主要利用中國、俄國兩國當時之外交文獻架構兩國關係之經緯,佐證關係第三國,如日本與英國之外交文獻以建立較多面向之觀點。
本文將所欲探討之兩國辛亥革命期間關係問題依照其性質分為幾個面向,其一是依照發生時間、二是依照所涉入之政治實體、最後則是依照兩國利害互動之場域,以簡單整理討論之體系次序。 / This thesis aims to sort through government diplomatic archives and historical literature, to analyze and discuss Sino-Russo relation centering the Hsin-hai Revolution period, from 1911 to 1912. The reformed army uprise that occurred in Wu-Chang, Hu-Pei on October, 10, 1911 and the following series of event it triggered eventually caused the collapse of the Ching dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China, making it an important event in 20th century East Asia history. Between the Russia Empire and the Ching Empire, along with the Republic of China, share a well extended border on land. The political, economic, diplomatic and military interaction between the two nations also has profound and lasting influence toward the becoming of modern China from the later part of the 19th century forward. The research was mainly done by organizing through diplomatic archives and memoir at the time to outline the framework of the two nations’ relationship, adding in documents from interest related nations such as Japan and the United Kingdoms to construct a more multi dimension perspective.
This thesis separates the study of Sino-Russo relation events during the Hsin-Hai revolution period into several different dimensions. The first is the time the event takes place, the second is by the political entity involved in the event, and the third is the area of interest or conflict of the indicated event, to make out a basic order of discussion.
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言語の起源 : 自分自身との対話としての思考 : 人工生命の観点からTONOIKE, Toshiyuki, 外池, 俊幸 11 October 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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台灣RU486的生命政治 / The Biopolitics of RU486 in Taiwan蔡佳蓉, Tsai, Chia Jung Unknown Date (has links)
本論文從傅柯(M. Foucault)的生命政治(biopolitics)觀點,指出口服墮胎藥物RU486之治理體系建構,如何延續了台灣近代從家庭計畫、《優生保健法》立法以來的生命政治(biopolitics)脈絡,卻又因台灣1990年代民主化政治的發展,而不以過去集權政治的方式,反而透過社會行動者之間的互動與角逐形塑而成。台灣近代的人口治理自家庭計畫至《優生保健法》立法時期,執政當局都是秉持著同樣的整體人口治理觀,傳播人口控制與經濟發展扣連的論述,使治理體系越加周延與激進徹底。到了RU486時期,集權的治理已不在,但在對人口進行整體調節,與對肉體進行個體規訓的生命權力(bio-power)論述,仍滲透在行動者的論述中,不斷地擴散與再製,並使得人民被形塑出治理性(governmentality)。RU486治理體系中的臨床規訓實作,即使仍有模糊、不合法的使用不斷地挑戰治理體系的界線,但又透過生命政治體系來回不斷的建構而逐漸被收編至體系內,成為體系的一環。在RU486合法化過程積極參與的女權團體,其興起與集權政治的退場密不可分,同樣積極參與的醫生團體則是透過不斷地與執政當局合作,而發展出其專業自主權,而成為產科領域的唯一專業代言人。RU486因此做為一種整體人口治理的人工流產技術物,其體系之形塑卻因不同社會行動者的積極介入,而在整體調節之餘也部份地彰顯了行動者的自主性,形成了與家庭計畫、《優生保健法》時期的節育與墮胎技術不同的屬性。 / From Michel Foucault’s perspectives on biopolitics, this article explains how the construction of governance system of abortion pill RU486 path-depends on the biopolitics contexts of the family planning and Genetic Health Act. Due to the political democratization during the 1990s in Taiwan, this construction is not shaped by the authority before, but through the interaction and competition of social actors. In Taiwan, the population governance from the family planning to Genetic Health Act in recent years keeps the same population control values, diffusing discourses about the connection of population control and economic developments, and then makes the whole governance system more integral and radical. To the period of RU486 legalization there is no more authority, but bio-power discourses upon overall regulation of population and individual disciplinary of body still infiltrate into the discourse of actors, shaping the governmentality of people. The clinical practices of RU486, though the fuzzy, illegal practices of RU486 still challenge the boundary of governance, are incorporated in a part of the system through the dynamic construction of biopolitics. The rise of feminist organizations that deeply participate in the process of RU486 legalization, is a result of disappearance of authority. Doctor groups, which also participate in the process of RU486 legalization, rise and develop their professional autonomy through the continuous cooperation with the government, becoming the only spokesperson of Obstetrics. We could say that RU486 is a kind of abortion artifact for population governance; apart from the overall regulation in the process of shaping RU486’s governance system, the actors’ autonomy is manifest. As a result, RU486 obtains a different property with the contraception and abortion technologies in the periods of the family planning and Genetic Health Act.
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非賓格不及物動詞在U型語言發展中受到非賓格及物動詞,被動語態,和主詞生命度的影響 / Interaction of Alternating Unaccusatives, Passives, and Animacy Effect in the U-shaped Development of Non-alternating Unaccusatives石惠中, Shih, Hui Jung Unknown Date (has links)
本論文是以Kellerman (1978) 的U型學習理論為基礎做擴大研究。本篇論文旨在探討英文程度不同的中文為母語之人士,在學習非賓格不及物動詞時是否也會出現U型曲線,除此之外,非賓格不及物動詞與非賓格及物動詞,被動態,主詞生命度之間的互動也將做討論。
在這個研究中,我們採用語法判斷(Grammaticality judgment)來測試受測者對於非賓格不及物動詞的理解和中英轉譯(Chinese to English translation)來測試受測者對於主詞生命度和主被動態之間的影響。此研究共有123位受測者,他們根據學習英文的長短被分為四個組別,分別是低、低中、中、與中高程度。
此研究可歸納為以下結論。(1) 不同英文程度的中文為母語之人士,在學習英文非賓格不及物動詞時也會出現U型曲線。此即意味著U型曲線不僅僅出現在母語為荷蘭語學習非賓格及物動詞Break的學習上,更可擴大到母語為中文學習非賓格不及物動詞上。(2) 中文為母語之人士無法正確使用非賓格及物動詞,並且會把非賓格及物動詞當作非賓格不及物動詞。(3) 在學習非賓格不及物動詞中,主詞生命度確實會影響學習者使用主被動態之不同。當主詞有生命時,句子傾向使用主動態,當主詞是無生命時,句子傾向使用被動態。 / The study is based on Kellerman’s (1978) U-shaped leaning on break to do further study. The study aims to examine if the learning of non-alternating unaccsatives for L2 Chinese learners of English with different proficiency presents a U-shaped curve. In addition, the interactions among alternating unaccusatives, non-alternating unaccusatives, passives and animacy effect are discussed as well.
In the study, we use grammaticality judgment task to test participants’ understanding of non-alternating unaccusatives, and adopt Chinese to English translation task to test animacy effect in non-alternating unaccusatives. 123 participants involve the experiment of the study. Among these participants, they are classified as four groups, low, low-intermediate, intermediate, and high-intermediate, according to how long they studied English.
The results of the study are summarized as follows. (1) There is a U-shaped curve in learning of non-alternating unaccusatives for L2 Chinese speakers learning English. It suggested that U-shaped learning is not only in alternating unaccusatives break in L1 Dutch but also in non-alternating unaccusatives in L1 Chinese. (2) For L2 learners, they are unable to use alternating unaccusatives correctly and tend to view alternating unaccusatives as non-alternating ones. (3) Animacy effect does influence the choices of voice forms. The study showed that participants tend to use active voice while the subject is animate and prefer to use passive voice while the subject is inanimate.
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各險種經驗死亡率之分析與期保費高低估之探討 / The analysis of empirical mortality rates for different insurance products and the estimations of insurance premiums呂政治 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著台灣經濟的大幅提升與保險的觀念在國內越來越盛行,許多的人都會選擇去投保,本研究採用的資料是從保險事業發展中心所獲得,其收集台灣各個保險公司所銷售的保單,包含定期險、生死合險和終身壽險的資料。我們藉由此資料來分析具有何種特質的人會去購買何種保單,哪些因素會造成死亡率之間的差異。近些年來,台灣的生活水準和醫療水平有顯著的進步,台灣人口的死亡率也因此大幅地下降,男女間的平均餘命也隨之增加,台灣逐步地邁向高齡化社會。但隨著死亡率的改善,保險公司之前所銷售的較長年期的保險商品,有可能會造成保險公司低估或高估其保費,使公司未來的現金流量不穩定。而且以前公司通常是使用生命表的死亡率為基礎,但這樣並不能真正反映有保險人口的死亡機率,因此,我們將使用實際投保的資料,透過Whittaker修勻和Gompertz法則,計算其死亡率,並利用Lee -Carter模型去對未來的死亡率做預測,探討死亡率的下降,會對保險公司造成何種衝擊與其影響到底會有多大。
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蘇俄來華使者推動中國革命之研究(1917-1923) / A study of Russian messengers' efforts on promoting China revolution movements between1917 and 1923張榕文, Chang, Jung Wen Unknown Date (has links)
列寧的世界革命轉向東方,是因為認定在歐洲產生的世界革命並沒有像預期一樣產生骨牌效應,失望之餘在鄰近中國的五四運動罷工風潮中發現希望的火苗,但礙於受到列強的干擾及封鎖,因此開始派遣使者來華「探路」,尋找推動中國革命運動的可能性。
俄共中央是推動革命運動的核心,共產國際則是執行機構,兩者缺一不可,透過蘇俄外交人民委員會的「官方」外交及共產國際的「革命」外交相互搭配,以推動中國革命。
在中國推動革命的步驟,首先要在中國建立一個共產黨,成為共產國際的支部,以執行推展世界革命的任務。推動中國革命的第二步,是在中國尋求適當的盟友,因為只有與資產階級民主派進行短暫結盟策略,才能解除蘇維埃遭受列強政經封鎖所產生的生存及孤立危機。由於中俄交通中斷,列寧只能透過指派使者前來中國探尋推動中國革命的方案以及結盟人選。
當時的孫中山在來華使者眼裡不論在權勢或軍勢上皆不夠「上道」,遠遠比不上南方陳炯明與北方吳佩孚這兩大軍閥擁有雄厚實力做後盾,因此大部分的蘇俄來華使者在中國革命推動初期皆不看好孫氏能夠領導廣大群眾爆發大規模的民族革命運動。在經過陳炯明與吳佩孚相繼背叛的「失誤」後,馬林看好孫中山實力所採取的「黨內」合作方案,最終由共產國際代表加持,在中共第三次代表大會上得到落實的機會,蘇俄政府決定以國共合作的面目做為推動中國革命的模型。
值得注意的是,「國共合作」算是順應時代背景下的一個策略選擇,而不是列寧與蘇俄來華使者預先便策劃好的對華政策。總而言之,來華使者會依照不同經驗背景及個性特質,而做出不同的策略選擇,也會影響到他對中國革命的影響力。
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感恩、生命回憶形式對高齡者幸福感的影響 / The Effect on Older Adults' Well-being of Gratitude and Types of Life Reminiscence陳貽照, Chen, Yi Chao Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以幸福感作為成功老化的指標,試圖探究高齡者本身的感恩性情及正向回憶形式對其幸福感的影響。
研究一採「個別差異」的觀點,研究者認為相較於一些隨著老化而改變的生活狀況變項(如,身體健康、日常生活功能、經濟狀況、社交活動等因素),高齡者本身的感恩性情及正向回憶形式應更能影響其自評幸福的程度。研究者主要以調查法的方式,對355名55歲以上的高齡者進行團體或個別形式的量表施測。研究結果顯示,感恩性情及正向回憶形式的確與幸福感有密切的關聯,即使在控制基本人口及生活狀況變項的影響後,感恩性情及正向回憶形式仍有助於提升個體的幸福感(其可增加的預測變異量介於6.0%~9.6%)。研究一也將幸福感的三個成分(生活滿意度、正向情緒及負向情緒)分別做為依變項,進一步探討可能的中介模式,結果發現:(1)「正向回憶形式」能完全中介感恩性情對正、負向情緒的影響,但僅能部分中介感恩性情對生活滿意度的影響。而(2)「感恩情緒」則能完全中介感恩性情對正向情緒的影響,但僅能部分中介感恩性情對生活滿意度的影響,卻完全無法中介感恩性情對負向情緒的影響。此外,正向回憶形式與感恩情緒兩中介變項各有其獨特的中介效果,無法相互取代。
研究二則採取實驗法的方式進行,用以檢視感恩情緒與幸福感的因果關係。受試者為75名參與終身學習的高齡者,研究者嘗試以不同感恩情緒的激發方式,來設計適合於高齡者的幸福感提升方案。有些高齡者被要求聚焦在現在生活中的感恩經驗(日常感恩組),有些則是寫出過去生命裡的感恩事件(人生感恩組),研究者認為當高齡者在回憶書寫這些感恩經驗時,可再經驗及品嚐感恩情緒。另有兩組高齡者則分別被要求書寫現在生活中的重要事件(日常要事組)或僅單純回答問卷、不進行其他書寫(無操弄控制組)來做為對照組。研究者對這些不同組別,分別進行分析,探討這些不同操弄對高齡者幸福感是否有提升的作用。研究結果顯示,經過七週的書寫後,相較於「無操弄控制組」,「日常感恩組」在正向情緒上有提升的現象,但在生活滿意度及負向情緒則未出現明顯差異。進一步分析顯示,幸福感中正向情緒的提升效果完全透過感恩情緒連動正向情緒而得。然而該效果頗為短暫,在研究結束後於一個月所做的追蹤調查就發現該效果已然消失。研究結果也顯示,「人生感恩組」並未能提升幸福感,其可能的原因或許是因為過去人生的感恩經驗已經太過遙遠,因此無法讓高齡者真正再次經驗到感恩情緒,所以也無法有效地提升個體的幸福感。另外,研究者也發現了一個頗為有趣的結果,就是「日常要事組」造成的影響與「日常感恩組」相似,研究者認為之所以會出現這樣的結果,主要是因為「日常要事組」的受試者其所書寫的「要事」多半為正向事件,因此提高了其幸福的感受。
綜合上述兩個研究的結果,研究者認為,感恩及正向回憶形式對高齡者是否能有較佳的幸福感確實有一定程度的影響,且若能引導高齡者多注意其日常生活中值得感恩的事情或是正向事件,將能使其感受到更多的正向情緒,也有助於幸福感的提升。換言之,即使到了老年階段,只要用對了方法,要擁有幸福快樂的銀髮生涯其實並不難! / This research, adopting positive emotion, negative emotion, and life satisfaction as the criteria of subjective well-being, tried to examine the effects of grateful disposition and the positive type of reminiscence on successful aging.
In study1, the researcher proposed that grateful disposition and the positive type of reminiscence, among other life situation variables which changed with age (e.g., health condition, functions of daily life, economic status, and social activities), could predict the well-being of the elderly. Three hundred and thirty five participants who are over the age of 55 were surveyed in groups or individually. The results were as predicted, grateful disposition and the positive type of reminiscence could predict the well-being of the elderly, even after controlling for some basic life situation variables, they still could explain 6.0% and 9.6% of variance respectively. The mediation effects were also examined and results indicated that, (1) "the positive type of reminiscence” could completely mediate the effects of grateful disposition on positive and negative emotion, but only partially mediated the effects of grateful disposition on life satisfaction; (2) “grateful emotion” completely mediated the effect of grateful disposition on positive emotion, and partially mediated the effect of grateful disposition on life satisfaction, but did not mediate the effect of grateful disposition on negative emotion. Furthermore, these two mediator variables, the positive type of reminiscence and grateful emotion, had its own specific mediating effect, and could not replace each other.
In Study 2, an experiment was conducted to examine the causal relationship between grateful emotion and well-being of the elderly. Seventy five elders who actively participated in life-long education classes were recruited. They were assigned to one of four different experimental conditions and received different instructions. The first condition was called the daily gratitude condition and participants were told to write down the grateful experience from their current daily lives. The second condition was called the life gratitude condition and participants were asked to recall the grateful events from their past. Participants in the third condition were told to write down their daily important events. In the last condition, which is also the control condition, participants were asked to fill up questionnaires only. The results indicated that, after seven weeks of writing, the elderly in the daily gratitude condition had significant more positive emotion than those who in the control condition. However, the effect was quite short-lived and it disappeared one month later after the writing manipulation. The results also indicated that writing down grateful events from the past did not enhance the subjective well-being, the elderly in the condition showed neither significantly higher positive emotion nor higher life satisfaction than those who in the control condition. It might be because these events were too far away to elicit the present emotion and feeling effectively. In addition, the result also revealed an interesting finding about the daily important events group. The elderly in this condition showed same degree of positive emotion and well-being as those who in the daily gratitude condition. It might be due to the fact that the elders who were asked to write down important daily events did record more positive events than negative events.
In summary, it can be concluded that, gratitude and the positive type of reminiscence did have impact on the well-being of the elderly. We can successfully promote the elders’ well-being by leading them to savor their daily grateful events. We believe, even stepping into elderhood, people are still capable of pursuing their own well-being and can live a good life, if only they choose the right way!
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