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企業生命週期與股價關聯性之研究 / The Association Between Earnings and Stock Prices--A Test of The Business Life Cycle Hypothesis侯運神, Hou, Yun Shen Unknown Date (has links)
會計的主要目的在提供有用的資訊,以幫助使用者制定相關決策。由於一般公認會計原則採用應計基礎,重視收益實現原則及配合原則,因此盈餘資訊一直相當受到重視。自Ball & Brown及Beaver從事有關盈餘與股票報酬的研究開始,許多實證研究的結果均支持盈餘具有資訊內涵。國內有關這方面的研究亦不在少數,但所得的結論並不一致,有些支持盈餘有用,有些則否。基於這個原因,本研究乃由企業生命週期的觀點來探討盈餘與股價的關聯性,以了解盈餘對股票報酬是否具有解釋能力。
本研究所欲檢定的假說如下:
一、假說一:相同的盈餘,在成長期股價的反應大於成熟期
二、假說二:相同的盈餘,在成熟期股價的反應大於衰退期
三、假說三:相同的盈餘,在成長期股價的反應大於衰退期
四、假說四:假說一至假說三中之三種盈餘與股價的關係,不因公司規模的大小而有差異
五、假說五:假說一至假說三中之三種盈餘與股價的關係,不因行業的不同而有差異
根據實證的結果,本研究達成下列結論:
一、本研究所使用的四個企業生命週期指標變數--營收成長率、營業利益率、股利支付率及企業年齡,除了股利支付率外,其餘三者之變動與預期相符,應為適當之分類指標。
二、對於相同的盈餘,在不同的企業生命週期階段中,股價的反應趨勢雖支持研究假說,但因各階段的係數間並未有顯著的差異,因此假說一、假說二及假說三無法獲得證實。
三、以不同期間進行分析時,所獲結果並無重大改善,因此仍無法證實上述三個假說的真實性。
四、在規模別的分析中,小公司之分析結果與正常時期之分析結果大致相同,但大公司在營收成長率、營業利益率及股利支付率三種指標中其成長期股價的反應顯著大於成熟期,此時假說一獲得證實。因小公司與大公司在各階段股價的反應並不相同,因此假說四無法獲得證實。
五、在行業別的分析中,只有塑膠業較符合本研究的預期,其他行業則否,因此假說五亦無法獲得證實。
六、造成上述結果的可能原因有三:
(一)台灣股市規模尚小,且機構投資者在市場交易所占比例不高,加上證券法規未徹底執行、投資人較不重視基本分析,造成股市投機性高,因此盈餘資訊與股價間的關係不易偵測。
(二)台灣上市公司大多擁有許多關係企業,或為關係企業之成員,受關係企業之影響頗深,在股價的反應上自不單純以個別公司情況作考量,因此應考慮整個企業集團的情況。
(三)企業在衰退後可能因策略上的改變,如多角化經營,而進入另一個生命週期,再次成長。依本研究的理論模型,此時股價會對此有所反應,因而導致成熟期與衰退期股價對盈餘的反應與成長期無蘋著的差異。
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論毒癮戒治程序-我國與德國進行毒癮戒治程序的比較 / Therapy program on drug addiction洪麗雯 Unknown Date (has links)
毒品問題是一個涉及經濟、政治、文化與法律的複雜問題。在不同的時空與各種因素的交互影響下,施用毒品者的定位也就呈現浮動的狀態。在我國的情形從最早期的消費者、殘害國計民生的罪犯到現在的病犯。國家政策的轉變著實影響到整個法律的制訂與施行。目前我國與德國對於施用毒品相關之犯罪,雖在刑事處遇的措施上皆採取醫療優先的政策,不過兩國法制面的設計與執行成效卻截然不同。其中的原因究竟為何?是政策不符合實際上的需要?抑或是法制面的設計無法貫徹政策目的?若不針對整個毒癮戒治程序進行通盤的比較與思考,這些提問將永遠無法獲得解答,而施用毒品者不斷地在司法體系中徘徊似乎也成為其必然的宿命。因此本文處理的重點主要是透過兩國相類似措施的比較,找出我國觀察勒戒、強制戒治與緩起訴附命戒癮治療處分待改進之處。至於我國法未規定的措施,例如:毒品微罪不起訴處分與對於毒癮者暫緩刑事執行的規定,在醫療優先於刑罰的考量下,亦可做為我國立法的參考。
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自由的束縛—伊朗革命前後的政治論述與被建構的穆斯林女性主體 / Bonds of freedom: pre- and post- revolutionary political discourses and the constructed subject of Muslim women in iran鄭慧儀, Cheng, Huei Yi Unknown Date (has links)
伊朗自進入二十世紀遭受西方帝國的殖民後,穆斯林婦女的穿著問題一直成為殖民者與被殖民者討論的焦點。本文以「後殖民」理論學者Gayatri C. Spivak所認為主體與政治的關係,說明女性在歷史、文化論述之中所居「賤民」地位,實與知識暴力、文化霸權等議題相連結,從而影響女性地位的說法,試圖由伊朗在巴勒維時期過渡至伊斯蘭共和國此階段歷史(1953-1989)中對於穆斯林婦女穿著(hijab)論述,商榷或討論Spivak理論與實際上存有的差異。
巴勒維國王延續其父改革意志,並欲以「白色革命」帶領伊朗進入現代之林,利用一系列現代化計畫與執行全國的波斯化鞏固其王權。其所提出的女性政策中,為朝向「偉大文明」之國發展,要求婦女為增加建設、擺脫國家落後形象、投入公共領域而脫下hijab。
左派知識份子如Jalal Al- I Ahmad、Ali Shariati,以及宗教學者Murtaza Mutahhari等人,分別以「中西毒」概念,聖女法蒂瑪形象,以及伊斯蘭公、私領域的概念,批判時下盲目西化的人們,藉此釐清社會現象背後的帝國症狀,與有心人士摧毀伊斯蘭的詭計,他們共同指出復興伊朗的唯一途徑即在於伊斯蘭。
經過其他知識份子的理念鋪陳,何梅尼所建構的「伊斯蘭政府」,其重心在於神聖的律法與合法的統治者,配合精神聖戰的呼籲,扭轉什葉派傳統權威者限制,將治國權威交付通曉伊斯蘭法、且具正義感的教法學者。順利推翻巴勒維政權、確立其個人無可取代領導地位的何梅尼所認定婦女於該理想國度的職責、行為舉止,皆必須與伊斯蘭共和國對於虔信、道德等訴求互為表裡。
本文以殖民者與賤民史家對於女性的論述個別分析,並以何梅尼所建構的「教法學者權威」(wilayat al- faqih)作為「女性賤民可否發言?」此提問的重點,探視伊朗革命的發生,與女性參與此中所指涉的意涵。在後殖民研究的脈絡裡,由宗教角度的分析,能更清晰地描繪出在帝國主義與傳統父權勢力雙方交織下的個別論述,使婦女之聲顯得微弱的現實。 / The attire of Islamic women has been the point of concern for the colonist and the colonized since Iran has been colonized by Western Imperialism. Departing from the Postcolonial theorist Gayatri C. Spivak’s concern of the relationship between the subject and politics, this thesis intends to explicate that the issue of women as the subaltern in the historical and cultural discourses is closely associated with epistemic violence and cultural hegemony and this has greatly affected the status of women in Iran. I will then go to the discourses of Muslim women’s attire, hijab, from transitional Pahlavi regime to the Islamic Republic(1953-1989)to discuss Spivak’s theory and the actual condition.
Mohammed Riza Pahlavi, King of Pahlavi regime, followed in his father’s footprints and led the White Revolution to modernize Iran. To consolidate his power, Pahlavi employed a series of modernization programs and carried out persianization. In terms of his policies toward women, he wanted women to take off their hijab and participate in public affairs so that they can help establish the State of Great Civilization.
Leftists such as Jalal Al- I Ahmad, Ali Shariati and the ulama Murtaza Mutahhari applied the concept of occidentosis, the image of Saint Fatima, and the differentiation of public and private spheres in Islam to critique people’s blind westernization. They intended to uncover the Imperialist symptoms behind social phenomena and pro-westernizers’ schemes to destroy Islam and pointed out that the only way to revive Iran lies in Islam.
Through the theories the various intellectuals proposed, the Islamic government propounded by Khomeini focuses on Divine Laws and legal rulers and through appeals to the spiritual jihad, he maintains that the power should be consigned to the al-faqih (jurist) who has not only excellent knowledge of Islamic law but also a sense of justice. After overthrowing the Pahlavi regime and establishing himself as political authority, Khomeini holds that in the Islamic Republic, the duty a woman needs to fulfill is to act according to what this ideal state requires: to be moral as well as pious.
In this thesis, I will analyze respectively discourses on women from colonists and subaltern studies theorists and concentrate on Khomeini’s wilayat al- faqih (the governance of the jurist) in order to respond to the question: Can the Female Subaltern Speak? Therefore, we can take a closer look at the eruption of the Islamic Revolution and the significance of women’s participation in political activities. In postcolonial studies, a religious perspective can help us see even more clearly that women can hardly speak for themselves between Imperialism and traditional patriarchal powers.
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從生命理解生命-重探狄爾泰生命詮釋學 / Life grasps life-Re-search into Dilthey's hermeneutics of life師雲儀 Unknown Date (has links)
狄爾泰的詮釋學理論承接史萊馬赫詮釋循環整體與部分相互補充預設,並重視對作者心理的解釋,以及作者生命脈絡、背景知識的掌握,將作品視為生命表現,並與生命整體相關聯。同時他也將詮釋學與奠定精神科學的基礎的嘗試連結,將詮釋學作為精神科學重要的知識論、方法論。
然而狄爾泰的詮釋理論不只是精神科學的認識論。除了以體驗、表現與理解三個概念中除了說明了精神科學的研究對象和範圍,有關理解如何得以可能,狄爾泰將人視為歷史的存有,不但研究歷史、創造歷史並且接受歷史在我們身上的作用,我們的理解能力同樣受到歷史而決定的。狄爾泰以客觀精神肯定理解者與被理解者之間的共同性,並以效果關聯來說明理解個人與外在環境的互動關係。理解活動不是僅將作品、文本視為他人的生命表現,企圖以重建創作過程客觀地理解作品;藉由理解他人生命表現同時也檢視自己的生命,同時在理解過程中也將自己的體驗移入,如此成為從生命理解生命的生命詮釋學。
本文以歷史學派、康德與史萊馬赫作為狄爾泰生命詮釋學的準備,並以客觀精神與效果關聯作為理解的前結構,從體驗、表現與理解三個概念來說明狄爾泰詮釋的豐富內容。以高達美在《真理與方法》中對狄爾泰的批評為反對立場,最後嘗試以狄爾泰自己的理論來回應高達美的批判。
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慢性B型肝炎病毒感染之年齡相關模型及存活機率分析 / An age-dependent model with survival analysis on chronic hepatitis b virus infection陳炘毓, Chen, Shin Yu Unknown Date (has links)
在此篇論文中,我們提出一個慢性B型肝炎病毒感染病程之數學模型。因為在病症間的轉移機率(Transition probability)是隨著患者的年齡變動,所以在過去的文獻中,已經有學者提出,在疾病轉移機率模型中,應加入國民生命表(Life table),藉此讓機率模型更符合B型肝炎病患的生命歷程。但是過去的文獻中,學者並沒有利用加入國民生命表之後疾病模型做進一步的病程分析。在這篇論文當中,我們假設原始的疾病轉移模型是符合馬可夫鏈的性質,並且提出一種加入國民生命表的方法,賦予疾病有年齡相關特性之模型。根據文獻數據和類馬可夫機率性質,我們使用著名的Chapman-Kolmogorov公式計算B型肝炎的自然病程機率,並畫出病人的生存機率曲線(Survival curve)。文章最後將會藉由兩個例子來介紹此篇論文提出的模型。實驗數據結果證實,此模型不僅提供了一個更精確的方法去分析在病症與死亡間的轉移機率、平均餘命(Life expectancy)、以及在不同年齡的存活機率(Survival probability),並且可以更進一步的分析且瞭解病情狀態之間的轉移狀況。 / In this thesis, we propose a new mathematical model extending the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) prognosis progression on chronic HBV infection. Since the actual transition probabilities between symptoms are dependent of ages, it has been proposed that the life table should be accommodated to the HBV prognosis progression model so that it can more properly explain the disease progression of the HBV patients. But in the literature, no further disease analysis and applications of it with the life table are discussed. In this thesis, we assume that the original disease progression is described by a Markov model, and propose a new method to combine the HBV progression with the life table so that the proposed model integrates data from the life table and allows the accommodation of age-dependent properties of the target disease. With clinical data based on annual incidence rates, the entire model is Semi-Markov based in nature. Computation methods similar to the celebrated Chapman-Kolmogorov equation can be applied to study the associated probability of each likely trajectory with desired initial ages and health states under the scenarios of natural history and various treatment policies. This method provides a more accurate way to analyze the transitions between symptoms, such as the mean life expectancy or the survival probabilities at different ages. We will give examples to demonstrate the proposed method in this thesis. Numerical results show the proposed model not only provides a more accurate method to analyze the mean life expectancy, the survival probabilities at different ages, and the transition probabilities from symptoms to death but also helps us to understand the transitions between symptoms.
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俄國女性革命家 維拉‧沙蘇里契及其政治思想轉換劉淑芬 Unknown Date (has links)
本文題目為「俄國女性革命家 維拉‧沙蘇里契及其政治思想轉換」,專述沙蘇里契的生平要事與其思想轉換過程。好比她在勞動解放社和俄國社會民主黨在十九世紀末的紛爭,另外在火星報時期列寧和普列漢諾夫之間的紛爭中也可以看出沙蘇里契的樞紐角色。在幾乎二十五年的時間裡,在反政府恐怖主義運動中,她不得已地刺殺了德列波夫之後,她便拋棄了恐怖暴力革命之思想,並在土地與自由社的分裂當中,吸引一些追隨者隨她加入黑土重分社,同樣地她在一八八三年更有助於發掘第一個俄國馬克思主義社會,如此一來,永久地分裂了民粹主義,長久以來換得了一個激進的社會主義觀點。一度在一九○三年,沙蘇里契扮演一個在孟什維克派與布爾什維克派的分裂中重要的角色。
不難發現其所每次之轉變,她好爭論的工作之進程也在這些分裂之中,近三十多年的著作,她的影響確實在社會主義的世界裡,令人深切的感受到。
本文目的主要在於分析三個問題:
一、俄國女性革命家─維拉‧沙蘇里契其先後思想更迭之因素;
二、俄國女性革命家─維拉‧沙蘇里契和列寧之關係轉換與俄國政治型態更替之關係;
三、俄國女性革命家─維拉‧沙蘇里契晚期思想分析。
綜上所述,第一章將以序論為楔子,敘述研究動機、文獻探討、研究目的、研究限制、研究架構。第二章則題為沙蘇里契革命思想之形成,也就是與涅查耶夫相識的形成期。
第三章則題為從民粹主義至馬克思主義的思想轉換,也就是銜接沙蘇里契的自我形成與之參與民粹派活動。第四章則題為馬克思主義中的維拉‧沙蘇里契,此段時期為她一生中革命事業與地位之最高峰。第五章題為一九○九年至一九一四年的取消派與維拉‧沙蘇里契。第六章題為十月革命以後的維拉‧沙蘇里契,此時已然為沙蘇里契在政治舞台上最後一段時期。第七章為結論部分,主要呈現研究目的與研究結果相互回應下所產生的維拉‧沙蘇里契之思想原貌與轉變原因,並利用垂直分析,來使讀者清晰本論文之目的與結論,更進一步回應本文之研究目的。 / The topic of this dissertation is “ The Russian female revolutionist- the life of Vera Zasulich and her transformation of political conviction.” The focus of this research is her life and the transformation process of her political conviction. For example, her role in the Liberation of Labour, Social Democratic Labour Party, and her relationship with Plekhanov and Lenin.
At first, the focus is an introductory part in a piece of this research. In the second chapter, touching upon her life, she was born into a poor family in 1849. Her father died when she was three years old and as her mother was unable to cope, she sent Vera to live with wealthy relatives in Biakolovo. When Zasulich finished her schooling she moved to St. Petersburg and found work as a clerk. She became involved in radical politics and met Sergi Nechayev, the co-author with Mikhail Bakunin of Catechism of a Revolutionist. Zasulich joined a weaving collective and became active in the movement to educate workers, conducting literacy classes for them in the evenings.
In the third chapter, the focus is her transformation from a populist to a Marxist. In 1876, Zasulich found work as a typesetter for an illegal printing press. A member of the Land and Liberty group, when Zasulich heard that one of her fellow comrades, Alexei Bogoliubov, had been badly beaten in prison, she decided to seek revenge. Zasulich went to the local prison and shot Dmitry Trepov, the Governor General of St. Petersburg. She was arrested and charged with attempted murder. During the trial the defence produced evidence of such abuses by the police, and she conducted herself with such dignity, that the jury acquitted her. When the police tried to re-arrest her outside the court, the crowd intervened and allowed her to escape.
In the fourth chapter, the focus is the role she played in the Marxist period. In 1883, Zasulich joined with George Plekhanov and Paul Axelrod to form the Liberation of Labour, the first Russian Marxist group. Later she moved to Switzerland where she became active in the Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) and served on the editorial board of Iskra.
From the fifth to the seventh chapter, the key point is the latter part of her life. At the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Labour Party in London in 1903, there was a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Jules Martov, two of SDLP''s leaders. The last part, she returned to Russia during the 1905 Revolution but after its failure ceased to be active in politics. During the First World War Zasulich supported the war effort and opposed the Bolshevik Revolution. Vera Zasulich died in 1919.
The objective of this research is to analyze three subjects:
1.The causes of her transformation in her political conviction.
2.The relationship between Zasulich and Lenin under changing of the Russian political form.
3.The thinking of the latter part of Zasulich''s life.
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俄羅斯與美國在喬治亞的戰略競逐 / The Strategic Competition between Russia and the United States in Georgia王嘉瑜 Unknown Date (has links)
上世紀末蘇聯的崩潰讓喬治亞的地緣政治產生了根本性的質變,喬治亞在歐亞大陸的地緣政治地位提升,較蘇聯時期更具有地緣政治價值。過去的喬治亞是蘇聯維護國家利益與國防安全的關鍵國家,它是蘇聯在黑海的門戶,高加索與中亞的進出口貿易都必須過境喬治亞,同時它也是蘇聯與北約之間的重要邊防區。然而,俄羅斯與喬治亞各自獨立之後,兩國的合作關係不復存在,雙方因劃界爭議、族群衝突、軍事基地等問題嫌隙日增,漸行漸遠。另一方面,美國亦來到裏海地區爭奪能源利益,喬治亞的通道位置與戰略價值吸引了美國的關注,喬治亞於是成為美、俄兩強進行地緣戰略競逐的舞台。
本文以地緣政治學與國際關係的現實主義論做為研究途徑,觀察俄、美兩國在喬治亞的戰略競逐。筆者首先藉由回顧地緣政治學理論與國際關係現實主義論,探討喬治亞的地緣政治價值、地緣政治要素以及喬治亞對於俄、美兩國的戰略意義。在正文的部分,筆者分別討論了俄羅斯與美國在喬治亞的地緣政治活動,以地緣利益、地緣政治威脅、地緣政治實踐等三個面向深入分析俄喬、美喬的雙邊關係。如俄、美與喬治亞的合作關係;俄、美在裏海能源利益的爭奪;俄、美對於喬治亞加入北約的立場;俄、美對玫瑰革命的立場以及俄、美與2008俄喬衝突的關係。
最後,本文的研究發現將俄、美在喬治亞的戰略競逐分為三個時期,第一個時期是俄羅斯掌握傳統影響力,美國進入裏海能源領域(1991~1996年);第二個時期是美國積極經營,俄羅斯處於被動(1997~2003年);第三個時期是美國掌控主動權,俄羅斯伺機反擊(2004~2009年)。在這三個時期,俄羅斯與美國在喬治亞的地緣政治影響力呈現此消彼長的態勢,俄羅斯無力阻止美國在喬治亞軍事、經濟、政治上的積極布局,俄羅斯步步退讓,逐漸喪失在喬治亞的地緣政治影響力。然而,2008年的俄喬衝突卻有了戲劇化的發展,俄、美在喬治亞的勢力重新洗牌,美國依舊擁有提比里斯政權的支持,與喬治亞進一步合作,繼續維護美國在喬治亞的地緣利益。俄羅斯雖然與提比里斯的關係低到冰點以下,但卻得到分離地區阿布哈茲與南奧塞梯亞的支持,俄羅斯透過與阿布哈茲和南奧塞梯亞的合作關係控制兩地,從而維繫在喬治亞的地緣利益與外高加索的地緣政治空間。未來,喬治亞預料仍將因其地緣政治的重要性,持續做為俄羅斯與美國地緣戰略競逐的重要舞台。 / The collapse of Soviet Union in the last century fundamentally changed the geopolitics of Georgia. Its geopolitical values in the Eurasian continent have been improved after the Soviet Union era. In the past, Georgia was a key country that Soviet Union utilized to maintain its country interest and defense security. It served as an entrance to the Black Sea for Soviet Union, as the import and export trading between Caucasus and Middle East relied on it. Meanwhile, it was also the critical sector between the Soviet Union and NATO. However, Russia and Georgia have stopped cooperation since their respective independence; both parties had ceased partnership due to issues of border demarcation, ethnic conflicts, military bases, etc. On the other hand, the United States also competed for its energy interest in the Caspian Sea region, and the passage and strategic values of Georgia has drawn attention of the United States. Georgia, therefore, has become a stage of geostrategic competition for the two superpowers that are the United States and Russia.
This study utilizes the geopolitics and realism theory of the international relations as an approach to observe the strategic competition of the United States and Russia in the Georgia. First, I reviewed the geopolitics and realism theory of the international relations and discuss the geopolitical values and elements of Georgia, as well as its strategic meanings for the United States and Russia. In the thesis, the geopolitical activities of the United States and Russia are discussed respectively. The bilateral relations between Russia and Georgia, as well as the United States and Georgia are deeply analyzed in terms of geo-economic benefits, geopolitical threats and geopolitical practices, including the cooperative relations for Georgia with Russia and the United States; the competition for energy interest in the Caspian Sea region between the United States and Russia; the positions of the United States and Russia on joining NATO for Georgia; the positions of the United States and Russia on the Rose Revolution; and the conflict relations between Russia and the United States on the 2008 Russia-Georgia Conflict (South Ossetia War).
Finally, the findings of this study divide the strategic competition of the United States and Russia in Georgia into three periods: The first period is that Russia had traditional power and the United States meddled in the Caspian Sea region for energy (1991~1996); the second period is that the United States operated actively while Russia operated passively (1997~2003); and the third period is during which the United States took the initiative while Russia waited for the opportune moment to counterattack (2004~2009). The geopolitical influences of the United States and Russia on Georgia have been constantly changed through these three periods. Russia was unable to strategically stop the military, political, economic plans of the United States in Georgia and had gradually lost its geopolitical influence on it. However, the conflicts between Russia and Georgia in 2008 had a dramatic development. The influences on Georgia of the United States and Russia have been changed again. While the United States have gained Tbilisi’s support to continue cooperation with Georgia to maintain the geo-economic benefits in Georgia, and while Russia has a bad relationship with Tbilisi, Russia has gained support from the two breakaway regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Russia controls these two regions by cooperating with them to maintain the geopolitical interest in Georgia and the geopolitical space in South Caucasus. Due to its geopolitical significance, it is expected that Georgia will continue to serve as a critical stage of the geostrategic competition between the United States and Russia.
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突圍 – 軟體代理商的競爭模式 / Software distributor competition strategy洪志輝 Unknown Date (has links)
電腦軟體這個伴隨著電腦科技,成為今後人類最具影響力的產品,隨著網際網路的發展已經進入了一個新的世代。在網際網路普及之前,軟體的發展除了要靠軟體開發廠商的創造力,最重要的就是代理商的傳播力、行銷力、及銷售力,把這樣無形性、智慧性的商品,提供給所需要的顧客。網際網路普及後則發生了本質性的轉變,尤其是數位影像及多媒體這類比較偏向一般使用者的套裝軟體。
本文將以數位影像及多媒體的代理商,在台灣的通路發展為主軸,探討這樣通路商所面臨的問題及策略決策模式。其中我們將以該產業最著名代理商為個案研究標的,以該個案為主軸探討此類通路商的如何應用五力分析在市場處於發展階段,用以發展自身的競爭優勢及其策略,在市場面臨成熟時如何應用技術採用生命週期的觀點,面對網際網路普及其對通路的衝擊,並提出可行的對應策略及建議。 / Computer softwear had been the most powerful and imfluenced tool to humannity for the then and now on, which drived by Internet and hardware popularity. Before the Internet age, software’s diffusion would depend on the orginial developer’s creativity and local Distributor’s marketing, sales force to deliver this kind of intelligent and intangible products to the customer. However as the Internet age comes, some of these connection had been changed. Image and Multi-media products could be on of the the most dramatice impact groups.
In this thesis we would focus on Image and Multi-media software Distributor’s. With the most famous Distributor’s case study, we could further understand how they to build core competition and long term strategy to compet the competition and fulfill the consumer and orginal developer’s needs. Especially after the Internet age, what’s the key strategy make it survive and stronger. In this case we would learn how to use Five Fore Analysis to build core competetion in the market growing age, and how to fit in Technology Adoption LifeCycle theory in the realy world and wha’s the solution for the coming age.
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智慧財產民事案件之證據保全與秘密保護-以秘密保持命令為中心 / 無陳增懿 Unknown Date (has links)
民事訴訟法新修正後,新增了確定事、物現狀類型之證據保全,使當事人得利用法院調查蒐集之事證資料,以了解事實或物體之現狀。而為配合智慧財產案件其事證極易隱匿之性質,智慧財產案件審理法第18條第4項規定賦予證據保全制度直接強制力之效果,使證據保全成為智慧財產案件訴訟中具有直接強制力之蒐證手段。惟於智慧財產案件中,尤其是專利侵權案件,兩造多具有商業上之強烈競爭關係,且產品之競爭週期短暫,有可能產生一方當事人以證據保全之名義,實則卻係欲窺探對方商業或技術上營業秘密之行為,因此對於智慧財產證據保全案件之秘密保護即有其必要。而因美國和日本法制均設有秘密保持命令之制度,且為緩和秘密保護與訴訟審理主義間之衝突,故智慧財產案件審理法乃參照日本法之制度,引進秘密保持命令制度。依照目前我國智慧財產案件審理法第11至第15條之規定,秘密保持命令制度可能有以下若干值得討論之問題:秘密保持命令於證據保全程序之應用、法院對於秘密保持命令之審理於裁判、受秘密保持命令拘束之主體範圍以及違反秘密保持命令之刑事責任等,本論文即擬基於前開問題對於秘密保持命令制度進行介紹和提出未來展望。
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梁啟超劇作及其戲劇觀之研究 / A study on the drama and drama views of Liang Chi-Chao林豐藝 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要以梁啟超戲劇觀和劇作為中心,但是牽涉的領域擴及梁啟超政治、歷史、教育、文學等思想觀念,也包括他的政治活動、報刊事業。對照探索的還有晚清的戲曲發展、報刊時事劇發展、戲曲改良運動和時事新劇搬演的論題。因此本論文預期的成果有三大方向:
(一)、探討梁啟超戲劇觀與劇作的形成背景與發展過程。
(二)、梁啟超戲劇活動概況與近代劇壇中的位置。
(三)、梁啟超戲劇觀對近代戲劇發展的貢獻與延續發展。
各章論述重點如下:首章論述晚清局勢與學術思想概況,並介紹梁啟超個人生命幾個重大階段,包括進入政治活動前的接受傳統教育階段、與康有為師生積極參與政治階段、維新運動後逃往日本辦報階段,以及辛亥革命之後到去世前的學術階段。另外介紹影響其文學主張的重要師友,探討其戲劇改良理論形成的背景。第二章則以晚清劇壇發展與小說界革命為論述重點,以明梁啟超「戲劇改良」主張在近代戲劇中具有承先啟後的關鍵位置。並且考察其戲劇改良理論的形成過程,從報刊與戲曲的結合中,尋找出戲劇新變之處。第三章,進一步探索本論文中心文本《劫灰夢傳奇》、《新羅馬傳奇》、《俠情記傳奇》、《班定遠平西域》等重要作品的取材、情節與主題,並且深入討論其創作藝術特色。第四章則綜整其戲劇相關論述,並參照其作品特色,歸納出梁啟超的戲劇觀。第五章從梁啟超創作現象延伸思考,探討其創作文本與搬演性、創作中斷等論題。歸納其對於近代戲劇的貢獻,並從戲劇改良運動的發展,觀察其戲劇觀的延續發展。
梁啟超不僅是從傳統科舉士子過度到新時代知識分子的代表人物,他更身兼政治改革推動者和報刊界領袖的身分。梁啟超的戲劇觀與時代有著不可分割的關連,其各種文學觀點更建立在「維新運動」的理論之上,而近代文學運動又受到梁啟超的啟迪極深。他以「小說界革命」包舉其「戲劇改良」理論,另外從他認為「革命」包含Reform和Revolution兩個概念來論,梁啟超的「戲劇改良」具有兩個層次,一是對於原有的文學體裁和劇種體製僅作修正,真正徹底翻新、變革的是其所承載的主題思想與內容。而以「舊瓶裝新酒」作為比喻,「舊瓶」指戲劇原有的體製形式,「新酒」是梁啟超真正要全面變革的「主題思想」。
梁啟超親自示範「新傳奇」的創作,為了將新思想帶入作品,因此援引西史「意大利建國三傑」傳記作為題材,不僅「援史作劇」還「以劇喻今」,將劇中「紫髯碧眼兒」充作「優孟衣冠」,達到醒民、教育、宣揚愛國精神的「政治功能」。梁啟超創作的劇作包括傳奇劇本《劫灰夢傳奇》、《新羅馬傳奇》、《俠情記傳奇》另有《花木蘭傳奇》殘稿五頁;另有為學生演劇創作的廣東戲劇本《班定遠平西域》。這些劇作所傳遞的主題思想包括一、揭露社會的頹敗現況,喚醒群體憂患意識。二、讚揚英雄與游俠「捨己無畏」的精神,召喚救國志士。三、強調國民教育與國民責任。四、闡揚尚武精神,革去「疲弱」的民族形象。五、灌輸女子平權與新社會觀念 。六、表達對國家改革的殷切盼望。雖完整作品僅《班定遠平西域》一部,但透過劇作實踐,可以使其歸於「小說界革命」中的「戲劇改良」主張能夠展現「獨立」的樣貌。
在劇本的藝術表現方面,梁啟超仍依照傳奇體製進行創作,但在舊有形式上稍作變革。除了因應故事跨時之久、史實人物眾多,因此在腳色出場次序、行當安排需作權變之外,仍運用上場引子、賓白、曲文、科介、曲牌聯套、淨丑科諢、下場詩等傳統形式進行創作,雖偶有出律犯規之處,但仍保留了傳奇的樣貌。在劇本形式上的變革,主要是在曲文賓白與人物塑造這兩方面。梁啟超將自創的「報刊體」風格運用在曲文賓白的撰寫上,包括使運用新語詞和口語化的書寫風格,尤其利用淨丑科諢,大量使用新詞彙還加入了外國語,做了全新的嘗試。而主角賓白唱詞,仍維持「典雅」風格,點染新語詞、新概念之後,形成一種新意境。在人物塑造方面,除了利用賓白曲文表現之外,透過全新的「穿關」、「砌末」塑造出「西洋人物」形象,另外還利用「演說介」、「讀新聞紙介」、「宣誓介」等動作指示,不僅塑造人物形象,也以「置入性行銷」的方式,向讀者宣傳參與政治活動的方式。歸納綜整梁啟超的戲劇觀包括:一、以「新小說」概念統括「小說」與「戲劇」。二、以「文學進化論」為戲曲定位。三、吸納「文學啟蒙」觀念的戲劇功能論。四、「援史作劇,以劇喻今」的創作理念。五、「以俗載道」的傳播觀念。六、 以多元式評論「現身說劇」。
雖然梁啟超參與戲劇活動時間不長,但他對於近代戲劇的重要貢獻包括:一、戲劇改良的先行者。二、創造文人劇與報刊緊密結合的成功範例。三、使「小說戲曲」在文學中的位階逆轉。梁啟超不但是晚清民初舉足輕重的政治家與輿論界領袖,同時身兼文學家、史學家、報刊主編、教授等多種身分。對於「戲劇」領域來說,因為推動「文學革命」,將「戲劇」與「小說」以「小說界革命」口號一起推動,加上與「報刊」的傳播相結合,響應者紛紛提出各種改良主張。梁啟超戲劇觀的延續與發展可概括為:一、戲劇有益社會的概念逐漸普及。二、從報刊到新式劇場─戲劇改良的多元詮釋。三、戲劇成為「政治宣傳利器」。四、「惟新至上」的劇壇風潮。因為梁啟超的鼓吹與示範帶動,「戲劇改良」的範圍從報刊擴展到「新式舞台」上的京劇與話劇演出,真正達到了「寓教於戲」的目標。
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