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中共制定「反分裂國家法」與兩岸關係發展之研究黃復華 Unknown Date (has links)
中共在2005年3月14日舉行之十屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議通過「反分裂國家法」此一涉及臺灣海峽兩岸關係的法律,並經中共國家主席胡錦濤簽署並立即予以實施。中共「反分裂國家法」開言即清楚闡明,其為將對臺政策付諸法律化,綜觀該法全文亦處處充滿政治語言。果如此,吾人只需以過去反對中共「不放棄武力犯臺」的聲明中加以文鬥即可。換言之,國人應從政治層面來解讀該法,所謂「政治解讀」包括檢視其內容是否具有政策之一貫性、是否以政治語言為主、是否有法律以外政治操作、重視中共領導人的相關發言等角度加以解讀,才能真正把握其對臺政策的重要精神,從而提出妥善的對策。因此,對中共而言,「反分裂國家法」是對臺政策法律化,一方面彰顯出胡錦濤所提「依法治國」的精神,另一方面則將中共有關對臺事務各機構的權責以法律律定之,也有「依法行政」的意涵。
據此,本論文以中共制定「反分裂國家法」後兩岸關係發展影響為研究主軸,著重中華民國在民進黨政府執政,以及中共在第四代領導人胡錦濤上臺後,雙方對兩岸策略路線脈絡及作為之差異,並導致中共制定「反分裂國家法」的原由、進程及意涵,以及該法制定後對兩岸政經軍心各方面之影響。最後針對中共制訂「反分裂國家法」前後所對臺所施行之心理、輿論及法律「三戰」策略及政治、軍事、經濟等相關政策及作為進行總結及政策建議,俾做為未來進行有關兩岸議題時能重新檢視或引用之論點。
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中共《反分裂國家法》與對台政策之研究葉俊志 Unknown Date (has links)
兩岸將近一甲子的隔海對峙,歷經了中共「武力解放台灣」、「和平解放台灣」,「和平統一、一國兩制」三個對台政策演變時期;兩岸關係也歷經軍事衝突、冷戰對峙、互動交流等階段。近期,台海情勢顯的更趨動盪,如1999年台灣的「特殊國與國關係」、2000年台灣首次政黨輪替、修憲主張及「一邊一國」等事態發展,2004年再提出所謂「公投新憲」及「台灣正名」運動等主張。這樣的狀況發展,使中共深刻瞭解台灣已越來越偏向「台獨」之路,必須有所因應。
2005年3月14日中共通過《反分裂國家法》,我們可以從法案中瞭解,中共試圖透過法律的形式,立法防制「法理台獨」,這不僅可紓解中共內部不滿對台政策軟弱的壓力,對外亦可展現對台灣的主權宣示,堅持台灣是中國領土不可分割的一部分。可見,中共把20多年來對台方針政策法律化,不僅上升為國家意志,且明確規範兩岸關係,使得反分裂及維護國家主權與領土完整有了法律依據。尤其「非和平手段」的提出,對台海、甚至亞太情勢注入了不安的變數,更引起台灣強烈的反彈與國際的關切。《反分裂國家法》的制訂,絕對不是意外,而是有計畫性的,代表中共對台政策的基調重點逐漸放在偏重防止台灣脫離「一個中國」原則的防獨、遏獨措施。
事實上,胡溫體制接班後,中共對於台灣獨立聲勢的高漲相當擔憂,武力解決台灣問題在現階段既不切實際,也不符合中共發展經濟的首要國家任務,和平解決台灣問題才符合中共國家利益。然而,和平統一固然是最終目標,但衡量當前兩岸關係仍然欠缺和平統一的條件,不過,台灣如果獨立,便直接衝擊到中共核心利益,因此,反對台獨成為胡溫體制對台政策的重要目標。可見,《反分裂國家法》確立了中共反獨為主軸的對台政策,同時加強對台展示善意的經貿與交流活動等軟性策略。這種「軟硬兼施」的兩手策略,將會是中共《反分裂國家法》所展開的對台政策方針與作為。
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論「依法治國」下的中共對台政策─反分裂國家法之探討鄭信偉 Unknown Date (has links)
中共自1949年10月1日建立政權之後,即由毛澤東依循蘇聯法制,建構中共的社會主義法制,然因文化大革命而毀壞,直至鄧小平上台後,在「一手抓建設,一手抓法制」的情形下,重新建立社會主義法制;其後江澤民再提出「依法治國,建設社會主義法治國家」的宣示,使「依法治國」成為中共重要施政方向,除了強化立法、行政、司法的功能外,黨的領導及宣傳亦在推動「依法治國」上扮演著重要的角色,而中共「依法治國」的核心價值則在於依憲治國。
依循中共憲法的發展,可以看出中共對台政策始終維持「一個中國」原則,至於其手段則由於由「武力解放」、「和平解放」、「和平統一、一國兩制」到「反獨促統」,且於1978年憲法中,首先將台灣地位明定於憲法之中,1982年的憲法更明確規定「台灣是中華人民共和國的神聖領土的一部分。完成統一祖國的大業是包括台灣同胞在內的全中國人民的神聖職責」並明定「特別行政區」,以推動「一國兩制」。
胡錦濤主政時期,在「依法治國」的要求下,為實踐憲法規定,於2005年3月14日第十屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議通過「反分裂國家法」,將中共對台政策以法律明確加以規定,除再次宣示「一個中國」、「和平統一」、「一國兩制」等政策外,更明確規定要促進兩岸交流,推動兩岸協商,積極拉攏台灣民心,以達到和平統一的目的;另對於台獨活動,則將採行非和平方式處理。然該法在立法程序及用語,或限制政府權力及保障人民權利的面向上,均有欠周妥,與「依法治國」理念,尚有一段距離。
中共就「反分裂國家法」的實踐上,可分為對台、對內及國際三方面,在對台部分,維持「軟硬兩手」策略,一方面積極促進兩岸交流、推動兩岸協商,另一方面對於採行非和平方式預作準備;在對內部分,則以拉攏台商並進行宣傳及完備相關法制;國際部分,則持續打壓台灣的國際社會空間,另宣導該法為維護和平的法律,面對中共以黨的領導、武裝鬥爭及統一戰線模式實踐該法,台灣應如何因應及作為,值得加以深思。 / Established in October 1, 1949, the People’s Republic of China constructed its socialistic legal system based on the Soviet legal system by Mao Zedong. However, the system then collapsed because of the Great Cultural Revolution and was not fully recovered until Deng Xiaoping came into power and reconstructed the socialist legal system with his “Stress the construction in one, stress the legal system in the other” policy. After that, Jiang Zemin proposed his “Rule the nation legally and construct a socialism country under the rule of the law” policy and made it an important guideline for the PRC government to “rule the nation legally”. In addition to strengthen the function of legislation, administration and judicature, the propagation and guidance of the party also play an important role in promoting the “rule the nation legally” policy, and the main thought of the policy is to govern the country in accordance of the constitution.
When studying the development of the constitution of the PRC, it is easy to see that the policy against Taiwan is to maintain the “one China” principle, and the methods to do so includes “liberation through military force”, “peaceful liberation”, “peaceful unification and one country, two systems”, “against independency and promote unification”. In 1978, the status of Taiwan was first mentioned in the constitution of the PRC, and in the 1982 version of the constitution, Taiwan was clearly classified as “part of the great territory of People’s Republic of China”, “it is an honorable duty for all people in China, including people in Taiwan, to accomplish the great task of unifying the home country” and stipulated Taiwan as a “special administrative region” to impel “one country, two systems” policy.
As Hu Jintao came into power, under the principle of “rule the nation legally”, the “Anti-secession Law” was approved in the third conference of the tenth session of National People’s Congress in order to fulfill the regulation of the constitution. The policy against Taiwan was clearly regulated by this law. Aside from declaring once again the “one China”, “peaceful unification”, “one country, two system” policies, this law indicated that efforts must be made to promote cross-straight communications and to win over sentiment of Taiwan people positively, hoping to achieve the goal of “peaceful unification”. On the other hand, unpeaceful methods shall be taken against Taiwan independence activity. However, the Anti-secession Law was not properly set up when it came to legislation procedure, limiting government power and protecting people’s rights and still far, far away from the goal of “rule the nation legally”.
To put the “Anti-secession Law” into practice, PRC government put it in three phases, the phase regarding Taiwan, the phase regarding the nation and the international phase. In the Taiwan part, PRC government remains the “soft and hard” strategy, promoting cross-straight communications in one hand, and preparing for unpeaceful methods in the other. In the part regarding the nation, efforts have been made to make up to Taiwanese businessmen and to promote related laws. As for the international part, Taiwan’s international space is still suppressed. PRC government also announces that the Anti-secession Law is a law for the maintenance of peace. It is worth thinking how Taiwan government should react and respond upon facing the threat generated by PRC government putting the law into practice by the guidance of the party, by military force and by united front patterns.
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中共對台「三戰」之研究(2003~2009)—以輿論戰為例楊情偉 Unknown Date (has links)
中共「三戰」概念的形成,主要是因1991年及2003年二次波灣戰爭中,美軍靈活運用輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰的成功實例,促使中共在2003年12月新修訂的「中國人民解放軍政治工作條例」中,明確提出「三戰」為戰時政治工作之重點,開展輿論戰、心理戰、法律戰相關的研發與演訓工作。
中共對台「輿論戰」之用意,在於傳達北京當局處理兩岸問題之能力和決心不容動搖,目的在於營造中共保土衛國之決心不變,凸顯台灣是中國一部份的事實。而「輿論戰」既可用於戰時,亦可用於平時,沒有固定的模式、場域與戰場,不受時空限制,更不限於軍事行動相配合。
中共「輿論戰」開展已提升到國家戰略體系中,在實際操作上,透過政治、經濟、軍事、資訊等作為,對我國展開舖天蓋地的攻擊。中共這種戰略思維,確實指導著國家戰略層級與軍事戰略層級的建立、用力與造勢。因此,我國應該仿傚其做法,動員全國整體力量,進行反制、造勢與佈局,才得以竟全功。
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中共對臺心理戰策略與臺澎防衛作戰因應之研究 / Research for the response of Taiwan and penghu about China's psychological warfare strategy黃素芳 Unknown Date (has links)
心理戰不論在軍事與非軍事領域中,都是國家戰略中極為重要的一部分,兩岸自開放大陸探親二十餘年來,交流日益密切,中共一方面積極與我經貿合作,一再強調兩岸未來應朝向協商與和平談判方式進行,另方面又以《反分裂國家法》之法律將兩岸關係縮限為內政問題,並以武力威嚇為後盾,其「軟、硬兼施」之手法,處處蘊藏中共對臺心理戰之手段。本論文針對心理戰之定義、中共對臺心理戰案例及戰法進行分析,筆者以三次臺海危機歷程為例,解析中共對我軍事行動中所施行之心理戰策略;此外,我國軍正值兵力結構調整轉型期,國防部規畫建構量少質精之作戰部隊執行國防戰略,因此,筆者試圖探討臺澎防衛作戰現況、國軍心戰專業能力構建及心理戰反制作為等課題,期能知己知彼更明瞭我方所處之境遇。
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胡錦濤時期中共對臺政策的持續與變遷─以「反分裂國家法」為例王演慶, Wang,Yen-ching Unknown Date (has links)
胡錦濤於2002年11月中國共產黨第十六屆全國代表大會出任中共中央委員會總書記,象徵著中共由第四代領導人開始正式接班。胡錦濤隨後於2003年3月出任國家主席,2004年9月中共十六屆四中全會出任中共中央軍委主席,自此掌控中共黨政軍權於一身,亦代表胡錦濤時代的到來。歷經三年執政,雖然胡錦濤對臺政策大致延續鄧小平、江澤民定下的基調,但在策略、手法上更為靈活彈性,使兩岸關係產生些許結構性變化。
為了解胡錦濤的對臺政策傾向,既要分析胡錦濤有關臺灣問題的公開講話,更要分析胡錦濤執政後中共對臺的實際政策和措施。但在了解胡錦濤對台政策前,則必須針對中共過去歷任領導人的對台政策加以探討,才能了解中共對台政策之持續與變遷。
回顧中共過去歷任領導人的對臺政策,均主要以領導人的談話作為對臺政策方針。毛澤東時期是在國共內戰的思維下,將兩岸關係定位為「內戰的延續」,強調「解放臺灣」。鄧小平時期主要確立了「改革開放」的政策發展方針,在對臺政策上則是主張「和平統一、一國兩制」。江澤民根據鄧小平「和平統一、一國兩制」基本方針,針對臺灣局勢,兩岸關係和國際形勢變化提出「江八點」,主要在解決兩岸統一之前的問題,政策重心在於防獨、促和與增進兩岸交流溝通。
胡錦濤時期以「四個決不」取代「江八點」,成為胡錦濤時期中共對臺政策的指導思想,並藉由「法治」來突顯自己與前人之不同,甚至在對臺政策上,胡錦濤以《反分裂國家法》來貫徹其「胡四點」,建立「依法涉臺」原則來處理臺灣問題。《反分裂法》的提出,亦具有下列特點:政策的法律化、維持現狀的承諾並無改變、對臺採取「非和平手段和必要措施」三條件、兩岸協商與談判的要求明確化、「共議統一」的提出、對臺工作法制化、鞏固胡錦濤領導地位、分裂臺灣深綠版圖、強調立法之必要性、避免國際的干預等。從前述特點中亦可發現胡錦濤對臺「軟的更軟、硬的更硬」,落實在對臺政治、軍事、經濟各層面具體作為,亦可歸納為「爭取談、準備打、不怕拖」。
據此,筆者提出本論文主要研究發現,首先,中共對臺政策戰略目標清楚,戰術行為彈性:中共對臺政策的持續與變遷,亦可詮釋為「對臺目標的持續與操作手段的變遷」。其次,胡錦濤時期對臺政策強調「以和為貴」:中共方面表示,除非到了和平完全絕望的時刻,否則中共將不輕言對臺動武。第三,從「江規胡隨」到「江規胡超」:胡錦濤接替中共中央對臺領導小組組長職務後,不論是「五一七聲明」,或是《反分裂國家法》,其對臺作為的廣度與深度遠超於江澤民時期,其對臺作為可說是更為全面靈活彈性,在統戰手法上更注重能「入島、入戶、入心」,遠超於江澤民時期的作為。
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從整合理論分析反分裂法對兩岸統一之影響江敏勳 Unknown Date (has links)
國民政府遷台後,兩岸分治五十幾年是客觀的事實,長期以來各自發展不同的政治體系,經濟行為,意識形態。台灣早期的威權時期,對大陸政策固然保守,大陸方面尤其毛澤東時代更是封閉,兩岸關係在動員戡亂時期是全然隔離,軍事的敵對,影響了經濟、人文的聯繫。兩岸關係解凍後,政治緊張的現象依然存在,國際上互相拉扯,舉世皆知,外交競爭更是激烈。
二十一世紀開始,中國大陸累積實力,國家生產力大增,經濟發展向前跨越,外貿吸引各國,外匯增加速度實不容小視,不論是和平崛起還是霸權抬頭,已足以影響世局。兩岸關係也因而突顯其重要性,政界、國內學者莫不投入精力研究。
從整合理論的角度切入,探討兩岸發展,應有其意義。雖然整合理論最初被運用在1950年代,主要涉及對象是二次世界大戰後的歐洲,而南、北韓交流的互動模式來看也頗類似。整合理論具有規範性,它是以國家的統合作為目標,和分裂國家有很大的相似點。
而中共的反分裂國家法出爐後,引起國際間的關切,儘管事後加以解釋,世界各國大都抱著存疑的態度。我們可以看到「反分裂國家法」對兩岸政治爭議問題,依然沒有理性科學的解構和整合。「反分裂國家法」的訂立,對台灣人民的感情期待與實質認同,究竟是正面的還是負面的,甚或是否直接影響到台灣人民的感情,及是否會產生不利因素?都是非常值得關注問題。
雖然反分裂國家法橫立兩岸之間,我們是否可以試著從整合理論分析兩岸統合策略及面臨的困難。兩岸關係又具有相當錯綜複雜的特性,分歧問題甚多,如何找出一個平衡點,努力以新的觀念思維和智慧來化解的對立衝突危機,是我們應該深思的。
關鍵詞:整合理論、歐盟整合、德國統一、反分裂國家法、兩岸統一 / Upon the relocation of the Nationalist Government to Taiwan, the separate governances on both sides of the Taiwan Strait for over fifty years were an objective fact. For decades, different political systems, economic behaviors, and ideologies had been separately developed. For the authoritative period in Taiwan at the early stage, although a conservative stance was instituted by Taiwan on the Cross-Strait policies, it was a much more explicitly closed society on Mainland China during the Mao Tse-Dong Period. The Cross-Strait relations were thoroughly frozen during the Communist Rebellion Period. The military antagonism toward one another had impacted the economic and human contacts. Upon the liberation of the Cross-Strait relations, the unsettling political struggles are still observed to be in existence. The political wrangling between both parties at the global stage is well known by the international community. The diplomatic competitions are even far more severe.
Since the beginning of the 21st Century, Mainland China has been accumulating competencies and increasing the national productivity profoundly. Many forward strides have been achieved in the economic developments; the foreign trade has attracted other countries, with the foreign reserve increasing at a staggering rate that cannot be easily ignored. Whether China is rising peacefully or as a super power, it is already capable of influencing the world. It has thus projected explicitly the significance of the Cross-Strait relations. Politicians and domestic scholars are unable to not to devote any energy and efforts in this area of discipline.
Investigating the Cross-Strait developments from the perspective of the integration theories should be accompanied with the relevant implications. Although the integration theories were initially applied in the 1950’s, with the post-World-War-II Europe as the main entity involved. Further, the interactive exchange model adopted by North and South Koreas also exhibits a certain degree of similarity. The integration theories are characterized by the normality, which positions the integration at the national level as the objective and exhibits points of profound similarity with the secession of the country.
The disclosure of the Anti-Secession Law enacted by Communist China caused concerns from the international community. Although further elaborations were instituted afterwards, a majority of the members of the international community still exhibit suspicious attitudes. It is observed that the Anti-Secession Law still lacks the rational scientific deconstruction and integration in the controversial Cross-Strait political issues. Whether the enactment of the Anti-Secession Law, in terms of Taiwanese people’s expectations for and substantial identifications with Mainland China, would indeed be a positive or negative impact or even directly affect the feelings of the Taiwanese people or generate any disadvantageous factor is a relatively critical issue for concern.
Although the Anti-Secession Law has been laid between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, we may consider whether we could attempt to analyze the integration strategies and existing obstacles for both sides of the Taiwan Strait from the perspective of the integration theories. The Cross-Strait relations; moreover, exhibit relatively intertwined, complicated characteristics and myriad issues of difference. How to find a balance point to resolve the standoff, conflicts, and crises by applying the new concepts, thoughts, and wisdom is what we shall consider with profoundness.
Key Word: Integration Theory, European Union Integration, German Unification, Anti-Secession Law, Unification Across the Taiwan Strait
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中國大陸對台政策之走向分析::以《反分裂國家法》個案為例 / Mainland China’s policies toward Taiwan: trending analysis by using the case of “Anti-Secession Law”劉性仁, Liu, Shing Ren Unknown Date (has links)
問題意識:
1. 中國大陸對台政策法制化是否是必要性?中國大陸對台政策過去停留在人治的時代,透過各種政治性文件的宣示,顯然從台灣各項反應,並沒有達成中共預期的目標,因此對台政策法制化實有研究的必要性。
2. 反分裂國家法的原因、過程、內容及所產生的效果究竟為何?值得深入的探討。
3. 反分裂國家法在出台時引發軒然大波,但出台後就刻意低調與淡化處理,其間原因值得探究。
4. 探討反分裂國家出台後對於兩岸關係政策走向之探討。
研究價值:
1.從法制化的角度來探討反分裂國家法,有別於過去研究者單就反分裂國家法本身來探討。
2.從中國大陸對台政策法制化前後來探討中國大陸對台政策,以突顯對台政策法制化的重要性,不同於法制化前或法制化後單方面討論。
3.從法律層面與政治層面來探討反分裂國家法這部具有高度政治性的法律,而不是單純一方面來檢視反分裂國家法。
4. 本論文在資料收集上,作者透過親身至北京大學學習的經驗,得到第一手的書面資料,並透過兩岸學者專家之接觸與訪談,以釐清關於反分裂法之諸多爭議問題,不同於在兩岸任一方來看待反分裂國家法。
研究動機:
1. 作者自身個人的興趣與學科背景。
2. 適逢對台政策法制化的關鍵點。
3. 善盡研究者的學術及社會責任 。
4. 不負兩岸求學的機會。
研究目的:
1. 希望能夠瞭解中國大陸對台政策法制化的意義與必要性。
2. 藉由反分裂國家法制訂的動機、過程、內容探討,以瞭解較接近真相的反分裂國家法。
3. 使台灣民眾能真正瞭解中國大陸對於《反分裂國家法》之看法,使助於釐清一些流於政治認同之想當然爾之偏見,對於一些爭議性的條文與不確定的法律概念,能夠有更客觀之學術分析。
4. 透過《反分裂國家法》的研究,以觀察中國大陸對台政策之走向。
研究方法:文獻分析法(Document Analysis)、歷史研究法(Historical Research)、訪談法(Interview Research)。
研究途徑:法律研究途徑〈(Legal Approach)〉、系統理論〈System Theory〉
研究內容:本論文計分六章,約二十五萬餘字。
章節內容:
第一章部份前言,主要討論的問題包括問題緣起與研究價值、研究動機與目的、文獻檢討、研究方法、研究途徑與研究架構、研究設計這其中又包括研究假設、研究範圍與章節安排)、研究限制及概念界定,第一章是本文的核心重點部分。
第二章部分主要探討中國大陸對台政策法制化前之分析,首先在第一節中,探討反分裂國家法出台前中國大陸對台政策;在第二節中,探討反分裂國家法出台前中國大陸對台政策所存在的問題;在第三節中主要探討對台政策法制化的意義。
第三章部分主要探討法制化下中國大陸對台政策,第一節主要探討反分裂國家法的制訂原因與過程;第二節主要討論反分裂國家法的內容;第三節主要探討反分裂國家法的執行與相關問題探討。
第四章部分主要探討反分裂國家法與國際社會反應,在第一節中主要討論西方國家處理國家分裂問題之法制化實例;第二節主要討論國際社會對反分裂國家法出台後的態度;第三節主要討論台、美間的台灣關係法與台、中間的反分裂國家法。
第五章部分主要探討反分裂國家法出台後對台灣的影響分析,在第一節中,探討反分裂國家法的規範意義;第二節中探討反分裂國家法的主要爭點;在第三節主要是對反分裂國家法出台後對台政策走向探討
第六章部分是本文結論,包括研究發現與研究建議。
【關鍵詞】:反分裂國家法、法制化、法律研究途徑、系統理論、一個中國 / Problem Consciousness:
1 Is legislation of Taiwan policy a necessity? The policy towards Taiwan was formerly manipulated by persons in-charge; through enunciation of political vision, but producing less expected clout. It is, therefore, pushing for a more decisive legislation.
2.What is the reason, process, content and effect about 「Anti-Secession Law」? Try to
find out the actual answers on causes, involved procedures, content and its
repercussion.
3.「Anti-Secession Law」results in discussing and disagreement. But after drawing up,
What is the reason why PRC deals with it silently.
4.What is the trending Analysis towards Taiwan of Mainland China?
Research Value:
1.Focused the mainly on legislation, lest discussing 「Anti-Secession Law」itself.
2.Expanding both stages: 「Pre- Anti-Secession Law」 and 「Post- Anti-Secession Law」
3.Emplasizing the legal and public 「Anti-Secession Law」, lest the unilateral 「Anti-Secession Law」itself.
4 On Collecting data: By studying in Peking University and personal contacts with experts and scholars of cross-strait relationship.
Research Motivation:
1.Presonal interest and academic background.
2. As if on one, it was time where legislation of the Anti-Secession Law and police took place.
3.Research responsibility in academic and social.
4.Opportunity available for the cross-strait study.
Study Goal:
1. Understanding Mainland China’s Taiwan policy formulation under the impacts of
the legislation ,institutionalization and its means and imperatives.
2. Understanding the actual stage of affairs under the Anti-Secession Law pertaining to
its motivation, procedure, and content.
3. Assisting the Taiwan public to have a clearer understandings of the Anti-Secession
Law, lest the political bias from its statutory articles.
4.To have a clearer understanding of its logic applied .
Study Method:Literature analysis & study method、Historical study method、 Interview method.
Study Approach :Legal Approach、System Theory
Content of Study : There are six chapters of the Thesis, in total of about 250000
characters.
Key Words:
Anti-Secession Law、Legislation、Legal Approach、System Theory、One China
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中共制定「反分裂國家法」後對台交流策略之分析陳姝廷 Unknown Date (has links)
2005年3月14日通過「反分裂國家法」,把廿多年來對台方針政策法律化,不僅上升為國家意志,且規範兩岸關係,使反分裂、維護國家主權領土完整有法可依。中共的「反獨」政策是配合國際戰略,為其「和平崛起」創造穩定的週邊環境,以「爭取談、準備打、不怕拖」作為「反獨」的最高原則。因此,我們可發現,中共制定「反分裂國家法」後,對台是以「底線清晰、彈性務實」與「軟硬兼施、分而治之」為指導方針,更特別強調如何與台灣推展交流合作。所以在對台交流作法上更趨靈活細緻,如釋放選擇性利益,拉攏我特定地域、黨派、階層、行業,以及擴大交流,深化兩岸經貿關係,更強調「主動出撃、區別對待、軟硬兼施、入島入心」,積極推動兩岸交流、給予我國民待遇以及廣邀我青年學子赴大陸交流等等。
本論文共分六章,茲將其內容分述如下:
(一)第一章為緒論,主要說明本文的研究動機與目的,相關文獻回顧、研究途徑與研究方法、研究範圍與限制以及研究架構等。
(二)第二章探討中共對台交流策略的環境因素,先以中國大陸內部因素加以分析,再對國際因素以及台灣因素進行探討。
(三)第三章敘述胡錦濤主政下「反分裂國家法」制定之內容與意涵,首先分析胡錦濤主政下對台政策新思維,其次探討「反分裂國家法」之內容及意涵,最後分析「反分裂國家法」之意涵。
(四)第四章是探討中共制定「反分裂國家法」後對台交流策略與作法,首先探討「反分裂國家法」之目標,再討論中共制定「反分裂國家法」後對台交流策略。最後探討中共制定「反分裂國家法」後對台交流作法。
(五)第五章探討中共對台交流策略之評估,如中共在「反分裂國家法」後對台交流作法更趨務實,企圖打開兩岸僵局,並且以國民待遇化爭取民間,以及造成我政府壓力。
(六)第六章結論,探討中共對台交流策略之研究發現與建議,為使台海地區保持和平,應繼續爭取美國的支持以及加強兩岸交流合作。 / Ever since the “Anti-Secession Law” passed on March 14, 2005, it has legalized Taiwan policy in the last twenty years, which has not only elevated national volition but also confined the cross-Straits relations to gain a legal ground for “anti-secession” and to preserve national right and its territorial intact. The “anti-idependence”policy of Chinese Communists is tied in international strategy to create stable surroundings for its “peace initiatives,” and to observe the ultimate principle of “anti-independence” in the context of “negotiation first, ready for war and no fears of prolonging.” Therefore we found out that after Chinese Communists have set their“Anti-Secession Law,”with provided guidelines to treat Taiwan under“clear bottom line, flexible and practical” and “hard and soft play, splitting will rule” principles and a strong emphasis on promoting interexchange collaborations with Taiwan. Therefore the execution of interexchange collaborations with Taiwan are seen rather flexible and thorough in terms of optional interest concerns with an intention to release preferential to certain regions, parties, bureaucracy and industries and expanding interexchange scope, deepening cross-Straits economic relations. Furthermore stressed on the propaganda of “making initiatives, discrepancy treatments, hard and soft play, penetrating island to win hearts” with such aggressive interexchange activity promotions and an offer of national treatment and wide open policy for academics exchange in Mainland China to our youngsters.
This thesis contains six chapters and the descriptions of each chapter as follows:
A. Chapter One is a preface, which mainly describes research motive and objective of this article, and it includes the related literatures with research channels and methods, scope and limitation and the research restructure.
B. Chapter Two is discovering the environmental factors of Taiwan interexchange strategy by the Chinese Communists, first part will analyze the internal factor of Mainland China and then global and Taiwan accordingly.
C. Chapter Three describes the contents and meanings of “Anti-Secession Law” led by Hu Jintao, first will be the analysis of new aspirations toward Taiwan by Hu Jintao, second will discuss the contents and meanings of “Anti-Secession Law” and last will be the analysis of the meanings of “Anti-Secession Law.”
D. Chapter Four is discussing the Taiwan interexchange strategy and execution of “Anti-Secession Law” set by the Chinese Communists. It will discuss the objective of “Anti-Secession Law” first and then Taiwan interexchange strategy after the setting of “Anti-Secession Law” by the Chinese Communists, finally, it will discuss the implementation of Taiwan interexchange of “Anti-Secession Law” set by the Chinese Communists.
E. Cheaper Five is a discussion of Taiwan interexchange strategy assessment by the Chinese Communist such as pragmatic ways of dealing Tawain interexchange after setting “Anti-Secession Law” by the Chinese Communists in order to break the deadlock of the cross-Straits and treat our civil with national treatment to put pressures on our government.
F. Chapter Six will be the conclusion of this thesis; the main emphasis will be on exploring the discovery and proposition of Taiwan interexchange strategy research by the Chinese Communist with an objective in maintaining peaceful state of Taiwan Strait and continuously rallying for the support form the United States and reinforce the collaborations of cross-Straits interexchange.
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民國初年親權法制的開展—以大理院的司法實踐為中心 / The initial implementation of parental rights during the early years of the Republic of China:focus on the judicial practice of Ta-Li-Yuan黃琴唐, Huang, Chin Tang Unknown Date (has links)
傳統中國法制為一種「出乎禮則入於刑」的「禮教立法」,而禮教的核心,是「君為臣綱、父為子綱、夫為妻綱」的三綱人倫。在三綱之中,「父為子綱」常被視為「君為臣綱」與「夫為妻綱」的樞紐,具有相當重要的地位。由於傳統法制的首要目標在於維繫三綱人倫,而三綱中的「父為子綱」涉及的是親子之間的互動,故傳統法中的親子規範,成為整體法制中極為核心且不容輕易動搖的部分。然則,晚清民初時期對於歐陸親權制度的繼受,即是就既有親子法規範進行的一項變革。由於這項變革直接挑戰傳統法制的核心價值,因此,其間所呈現出的現象究竟為何,不免令人感到好奇。
傳統的親子法規範,以清代《大清律例》的內容觀察,係以「父為子綱」作為立法原則,其規範的形態主要可以分為三類:(一)厲求子孫順守父母的教令與懲罰,(二)禁止子孫專擅自行,(三)嚴懲子孫的不孝惡行。而規範運行的基本原理,是要使父祖子孫各自恪守其分,以達成家內秩序的長久和諧。時至晚清,由於國外勢力的壓力與國內社會經濟情勢的變更,清廷展開了繼受近代歐陸法律的工程,進行新法與舊律的修訂。關於親子規範的變革,一方面藉由編訂新刑律以褪除「父為子綱」原則在法律上的支配力,同時又編纂民律草案,試圖將近代歐陸的親權制度引進中國。不過,由於中西親子規範的指導理念根本不同,遂導致禮教派與法理派之間的激烈論爭。因清廷頃間覆亡,故近代歐陸的親權制度並未獲得施行,傳統「父為子綱」式的親子法規範仍然存續在脫胎於《大清律例》的《大清現行刑律》這部有效律典中。
民國初年,新式民律草案未能頒行,經參議院決議,以《大清現行刑律》中的民事有效部分作為民事審判時的明文法源依據。然在此情形下,當時的最高審判機關「大理院」,仍透過解釋例和判決例,逐步實現了一套頗具規模的親權法制。
藉由整理、分析大理院判例、解釋例中的相關法律論述,首先,本文試著呈現出大理院親權法制的形貌與精神,並分析大理院實踐親權法制的具體方法。其次,必須說明的是,無論《大清律例》中的「父為子綱」相關條款,或者大理院判解中表達的各項親權法律規則,皆屬於「國家法」的法律形式。而國家法在本文中的特殊意義,在於它代表了統治權威的某種「價值宣稱」,亦即統治權威在各種競逐的價值取向間,做出具體衡量的最終結果。在此認知下,本文希望進一步探討的是:晚清民國時期,傳統親子法規範與大理院親權法制的爭峰消長,從國家法變遷的角度來看,其間蘊含的法文化意義究竟為何?又能帶給今日何種的啟示?
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