台灣和世界一樣，人口持續老化，此外台灣在2011年是世界出生率最低的國家，同時在政府財政不斷赤字下，更使政府對公立教師所辦理的第一層社會保險退休年金、第二層對公教所辦理的退休職業年金，陷入前所未見的財務困難，各種精算報告明顯指出，未來十到二十年間，公教退休基金破產，指日可待，因此公教人員退休金制度等的改革浪潮，風起雲湧。 老年人退休金的主要需求來自於：一、一般日常生活需用的費用；二、因為身體退化關係，可能產生的醫療或長期照顧的費用；三、優渥生活品質額外產生的費用。一般民眾包括老師在計算退休金需求時，大多設想到第一項，最多還會設想到第三項。少有人設想到第二項，因為造成退休金需求低估。本研究在個案研究上，對一、二、三項都有著墨。 本研究探討公立中學教師的退休金規劃中，探討商業年金保險對其幫助。主要分為二類族群，一種是擁有退休撫卹制度舊制與新制混合的待退教師；另一種是純粹擁有新制的教師。首先就退休時所需的生活費用與探討政府能給予的退休年金改革前的狀況與改革後的狀況，加上本身自行理財的資產計算退休不足度。再依不同族群，給予商業年金保險的資產配置比例的建議，並討論其規劃前與規劃後的效益差別，進而闡述商業年金保險可保障長壽風險的不可取代性。 本研究做出以下結論：一、若想要規避長壽風險，那就需要年金保險、二、未來政府公教退休年金改革方向，給付只會更少，不會更多；三、商業年金保險和其他資產可以互補或替代；四、開放公保年金化，對新制教師有利月領退休金，降低長壽風險有利。

本論文主要是以國際比較的觀點，來探討婦女年金權益相關之議題，以加拿大、德國、瑞典等三國之婦女相關的年金制度為討論對象，分別以受益身分（包括個人權利與衍生性權利）、生命週期相關因素（包括勞動參與、婚育、離婚、殘障、喪偶與老年及退休等）及制度內容（包括給付年齡、年資之計算、給付金額與水準）等項目來分析其性別意涵。在國際比較之後，再以相同的項目來探討台灣現階段規劃中的年金制度，包括內政部的國民年金保險、勞委會的勞動者年金及經建會的國民年金保險等，以了解目前台灣規劃中的年金制度是否關注到女性的權益。 / This thesis focuses on the issues about women's pension right by an international comparison among three developed countries, Canada, Germany and Sweden. Three items are discussed: the right to social benefits or entitlements(including personal right and derived right), the related effects of life courses(including labor participation, marriage and child-bearing, divorced, invalidity, widowhood and old age, and system arrangement(including benefit age or pensionable age, duration and enefit level).From the result of the international comparison, some pension schemes planning in Taiwan, such as the National Pension Insurance by Ministry of Interior, the Labor's Pension by the Council for Labor Affairs and the National Pension Insurance by the Council for Economic and Planning Development, are discussed, in order to find out if these schemes benefit women as well as men.

Quanto EIA是一種具有選擇權特性且能連結至外幣投資的保險年金商品.以往針對權益連動年金所做的文獻中,均未考慮Quanto的特性.本文利用風險中立評價法求算出六種具有Quanto特性的鎖高型權益連動年金商品的評價公式,並進一步利用數值分析來探討各個契約及市場參數對契約價值的影響. / Quanto Ratchet EIAs link to foreign investments and provide options-like properties. The literature covers the pricing of the EIAs that are not quantos. This paper intends to fill the hole. To derive the pricing formulas, we added an exchange rate model as well as a foreign risk-free rate model to the pricing framework of Black and Scholes. Our formulas cover quanto ratchet EIA products for both compound and simple versions that may have a return cap and employ two types of geometric return averaging. We further provide numerical analyses on how contract features and market parameters affect the contract value.

Due to the combined impact of global population aging, increased life expectancy, fertility decline, and changing family structures, a growing segment of the population facing retirement is in danger of poverty and economic insecurity. As a result of their advanced age many elderly have lost their ability to earn an income, causing some to be penniless the rest of their lives. Therefore, the purpose of a government or a private run pension system is to provide a mechanism using financial tools to protect the entire structure for old age economic security. This paper not only introduces the philosophy and basic concept of a general pension system, but also examines a United States model, providing a closer look at a major developed industrial country’s national social security program, and corporate pension system. It also describes the experience of reforms on the development process of the United States retirement pension system. This paper studies the various corporate pension schemes in the United States and their possible application as models to countries such as Taiwan. In focusing on the United States corporate pension system in private sector, legal and economic issues are scrutinized. Theories which related to the pension system are first analyzed; then the definitions of the various retirement plans are given. The history of private pension schemes of the United States is told, starting with the American Express, then crude railroad retirement plans to the post-war demand to current United States retirement plans. Analysis of the changes in private sector's pension plan participation for defined benefits and defined contribution plans are examined in light of the impact these changes have made upon retirement income resources. Focus on the IBM Corporation is made as an example of a private sector business in the United States, and this study tracks the evolution of the company’s pension schemes from defined benefit pension plans to the newer hybrid cash balance pension plans and the now-popular defined contribution 401(k) pension plans. Findings show that the United States corporate pension system is not feasible as a model at this time because of its many deficiencies in its laws and regulations, and also because of the currently shaky global economy. Suggestions and possible remedies are given on how to strengthen the corporate retirement pension system in United States.

銀行保險通路近年來成為壽險公司主要保險通路之一，因此壽險公司在銀行保險通路所承擔的風險逐漸加重。近年來金融市場處在一個低利環境下，儲蓄型商品（例如：利率變動型年金）為銀行定存商品替代品之一，故，儲蓄型商品逐漸成為銀行保險通路吸引銀行客戶的主力商品。因此可知，壽險公司對銀行保險通路，尤其是，儲蓄型商品之風險管理日漸重要。主管機關為了確保壽險公司清償能力，近年來針對儲蓄性商品制定相關策略，希望藉由限制儲蓄型商品之銷售比例，加強壽險公司之風險管理，防止壽險公司因為銷售過多儲蓄型商品而造成財務負擔。 本研究以商品組合互補效果的概念達到風險管理，其中儲蓄型商品以利率變動型年金作代表；傳統型商品以傷害保險與定期壽險作代表。本研究使用現金流量分析法，透過壓力測試和敏感度分析，嘗試在不同情境下，尋找一個規律，並簡易設算銀行保險通路下主力商品之最適銷售比例。 模擬結果發現，傳統型商品可有效彌補儲蓄型商品帶來的風險；而銷售比例之訂定，應該依照壽險公司在不同壓力測試、可控制之利差之下，設算出最適可銷售比例；只要壽險公司將其資本額大小、預計總保費收入、預計銷售商品、宣告利率策略及各項利率關係在不同情境下作設算，即可求出在不發生盈餘虧損下，商品組合之最適銷售比例。 另外本研究也發現，傷害保險與利率變動型年金保險之替代效果，比定期壽險與利率變動型年金保險佳，因此可作為商品組合搭配之參考。 本研究貢獻在於透過簡易的測試，設算出實際數值，可望提供壽險公司在資產負債管理方面的新思維。 / In recent year, baccasurance has become one of the major channels for life insurance companies. Therefore, adding up the risk the baccasurance channel imposes, life insurance companies has undertaken heavier risks. Due to the fact that the interest rate has been comparably low for the last ten years, more and more consumers choose to buy deposit insurance (EX：interest sensitive annuity ) the substitute for periodic deposit. As the vital product in baccasurance channel, managing the risk of deposit insurance become more and more important. This study adopted the idea of mixing products to achieve complementary effect, so that the risks might be better managed. Interest Sensitive Annuity was chosen to represent deposit-oriented products, and Injury Insurance and Periodical Annuity Life Insurance to represent traditional commodities. The method used for analysis was Cash Flow Test, in which stress test and sensitivity analysis were included, through which the researcher attempted to induce a rule from various situations and compute out the optimum ratio of the major products on the bancassurance channel. The simulation result showed that traditional insurance products are able to compensate the deposit-oriented insurance, and the maximum percentage this product accounts for should be computed abiding by to controllable interest gain under various kinds of stress tests, for which the companies need to take into account its capital size, total premium, products being promoted, declared interest rate, and interest rates to help simulate all kinds of situations. It is possible to compute out the optimum ratio for the products when the goal surplus more than or equals to zero. In addition, it was also found that injury insurance is a better substitute for interest sensitive annuity insurance than term life insurance. It is suggested that insurance companies to carefully gauge the respective proportion for Periodical Annuity Life Insurance, Injury Insurance, and Interest Sensitive Annuity Insurance. Finally, it is hoped that the numerical number tested out by the current study provides insurance companies a new insight in asset liability management.

國人人口結構逐漸老齡化、提早退休、平均餘命延後、長壽風險等多重趨勢下，國人愈重視相關金融理財保險概念以及相關退休規劃等。而國內目前主要勞工保險體系則包含勞工保險、勞保退休金制度、國民年金保險等，而本研究主要欲探討商業保險能否補充勞工保險體系可能給付內容不足地方，以強化台灣勞工老年經濟安全。具體之研究目的包括探討現行台灣勞工相關保險與商業年金保險在制度及內容本質有哪些主要的差異性。其次，分析現行台灣勞工保險體制有哪些可能缺漏。最後，探討商業保險業在因應現行台灣勞工保險體制下之未來發展方向及趨勢為何。在研究方法方面，本研究主要擬針對不同資產層級一般大眾進行實地訪談，搭配文獻資料分析法，結論如下： 1、 勞工保險體制未臻完整得加強活絡現行保險運作機制加以解決 2、 現行勞保體制下，商業保險成為重要補充性保險，並隨著收入情形有不同層面之考量 3、 社會保險制度未來可考量依不同收入階層發展相關配套措施 4、 勞退新制修法草案中的勞工自選平台應有相關配套做法 5、 聯合政府、企業、及民間法人力量等共同推動民眾投入退休生活規劃之完整性 / Facing multiple trends of gradually aging population structure, early retirement, the average life delayed, and longevity risk, more people pay attention to the concept of insurance and related financial plan related to retirement planning. There are labor insurance, labor pension, the national pension insurance, as well as national health insurance that provide social protection for occupation injuries/diseases, old age, health care needs, to name a few. But current social protection may be inadequate to guard against all kinds of life risks. Therefore this study is to investigate the general public perception and expectations toward the current social insurance system. The main objectives of the thesis are as follows: 1. What is the difference between domestic labor insurance and commercial insurance? 2. Analyze the deficiencies of the labor insurance, labor pension, national pension insurance. 3. How does the commercial insurance address the deficiencies of the domestic labor insurance system? 4. Explore the future development or the trend of commercial insurance under the current labor insurance system? The study takes in-depth interviews with the general public of different assets levels. Literature reviews are conducted to explore the proper role that the commercial insurance can play and function given the domestic labor insurance system. Conclusions are as follows: 1. The labor insurance system was not complete and needs to further strengthen and activate the current insurance operation mechanism 2. The commercial insurance has become an important supplementary insurance under the current labor system, and its function differs to people with different levels of income. 3. The social insurance could be reconsidered according to different income groups to develop schemes to meet their needs. 4. Labor pension scheme offers voluntary options that need more policy attention and support.. 5. The collaboration of government, business, and foundations to make retirement planning as priority in people’s life.

全國性的政策推行，往往需跨機關、跨不同層級政府，甚至需要跨公私部門共同推動。而地方政府雖為公部門之一環，卻有其自主性，在許多國家政策上，地方政府也可以是「決策者」，影響中央之政策制定內涵，而不只是配合中央政府的既定政策的「執行者」，因此政策過程充滿了政治性，需透過溝通協調，甚至中央政府必須提供誘因，始能促使地方政府配合執行。 本文以內政部委託勞工保險局進行「97-100年度補助地方政府辦理所得未達一定標準認定計畫」及後來轉型的「101-102年度補助地方政府辦理所得未達一定標準認定及國民年金被保險人繳費率提升計畫」為例，聚焦於中央與地方政府間的政策執行過程實務，運用深入訪談法及文獻分析法，探討政策形成的過程中內政部、勞保局與地方政府之間的互動，以及因為補助款所形成的三方政策執行關係，如何影響政策本身及政策之執行，又政策的執行過程中遭遇了什麼樣的困難與問題。 研究結果發現，政策形成、規劃與變遷過程充滿政治性，中央政府須提供誘因始能促使地方政府配合執行。政策執行過程中，主管機關、主辦機關及執行機關的三方關係，耗費許多溝通協調成本；政策規劃之執行方式與政策目標之間的連結性不明確，難以提高執行者之認同感；以都市觀點規劃執行，較未顧及城鄉差異及因地制宜之彈性；規劃補助人力員額之不穩定性，造成執行人員流動率高，增加教育訓練成本，復以知識管理之機制不夠完善，而使新進人員業務交接產生斷層。監督及績效評估過程，僅訂有獎勵制度激勵地方政府執行，但因未訂有未達目標值之相關懲罰機制，有少數地方政府因此較不在意執行效能的低落；績效評估範圍限於國民年金業務，對於致力整合社會福利之地方政府缺乏激勵。 本研究文末對中央補助地方政府執行政策，提出實務運作上的建議：府際間或單位間，平時便應重視夥伴關係之建立與維繫；政策規劃應審慎考量執行方式與目標的聯結性；規劃執行方式應注意是否拘於都市觀點，並建立政策學習機制；建立知識管理機制，培養執行人員策劃與溝通能力；監督機制應具備實際督促執行之效用；績效評估指標應能有效連結獎懲並指導地方政府之執行；整合社會福利訪視計畫，以使中央補助地方政府之經費獲致最大效益。

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経営科学) / 甲第22624号 / 経営博第10号 / 新制||経営||2(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経営管理教育部経営科学専攻 / (主査)教授 砂川 伸幸, 教授 徳賀 芳弘, 教授 戸田 圭一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Management Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第21246号 / 経博第575号 / 新制||経||285(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 諸富 徹, 教授 久野 秀二, 教授 久本 憲夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第23970号 / 人博第1022号 / 新制||人||241(附属図書館) / 2022||人博||1022(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生文明学専攻 / (主査)教授 大黒 弘慈, 准教授 柴山 桂太, 教授 小畑 史子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM