有關政府採購研究，現行大部分關注在法律層面、制度層面。本研究擬從政策變遷與宏觀角度切入，就發包中心設置過程因果關係，發現決策者信念、政策中間人、聯盟運作等對政策影響。本文擬透過Sabatier & Jenkins-Smith 所建構政策倡議聯盟架構（Policy Advocacy Coalition Framework，[PACF ]），從不同面相研究觀察，以宏觀之政策面，研究分析市府發包中心重新設置之動態過程。 本研究採文獻分析法、深入訪談及焦點團體訪談法，分析探討1995至2015年臺北市政府聯合採購發包中心設置之政策變遷過程。藉由分析架構內外在系統的影響因素，探討執政輪替與決策者的信念是否為影響政策變遷主要因素。經研究發現：第一，市府倡議聯盟間（發包中心與洽辦單位、集中採購與分散採購）透過政策導向的學習，跨越聯盟達成共識。第二，避免陳水扁時代採購案件延宕，改以折衷版集中採購。第三，柯文哲市長主張集中採購，設置發包中心政策是其競選政策白皮書。第四，市府發包中心設置政策變遷主因，決策者信念與執政輪替。 / With regard to government procurement research, most of them focus on the legal and institutional aspects. This study intends to proceed from the perspective of policy changes and macroeconomics. It will investigate the cause-and-effect relationship of the setup process of the contract issuing center, and discover the impact of decision makers' beliefs, policy middlemen, and alliance operations on the policy. Using the policy advocacy coalition framework (PACF) constructed by Sabatier & Jenkins-Smith , we observe and analyze the dynamic process of the resetting of the city's outsourcing centers. This study used document analysis, in-depth interviews, and focus group interviews to analyze and explore the process of policy changes at the Joint Purchasing and Contracting Center of the Taipei City Government from 1995 to 2015. By analyzing the influencing factors of the internal and external systems of the architecture, it is discussed whether the alternation of governance rotation and decision makers' beliefs are the main factors affecting policy changes. The study found that: First, the city’s initiative among the alliances (contracting centers and contact agencies, centralized procurement and decentralized procurement) through policy-oriented learning, reached consensus across the alliance. Second, to avoid delays in Chen Shui-bian’s era of procurement cases , it used eclectic centralized procurement. Thirdly, Mayor Ko Wen-je advocated centralized procurement and set up a contract center policy as a white paper on his election policy. Fourth, the main reasons for the policy changes in the city's outsourcing centers are decision makers' beliefs and governance rotation.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第22947号 / 経博第622号 / 新制||経||294(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 秀樹, 教授 若林 直樹, 教授 徳賀 芳弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

本論文は、ルソーの国家論を、政治的身体のアナロジーに着目することによって解明することを目的とする。『社会契約論』を構成する三つの重要概念、すなわち「社会契約」、「一般意志」、「人民主権」がいかにして緊密に連関し合っているのかが、この「政治的身体」のアナロジーの解読を通じて示される。とりわけ「一般意志」については、『エミール』における意志論にも言及しつつ、「特殊意志」との接合がいかにして可能かを探求する。 / This study aims to clarify the political philosophy of Rousseau by analysing the analogy of the Body Politic. Through the analogy, it is shown how three important notions in The Social Contract , namely the social contract, the general will and popular sovereignty, are related closely each other. In terms of the general will, I explore the possibility of connecting it to the particular will while mentioning the discussion about free will in Emile. / 博士(哲学) / Doctor of Philosophy / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

「沒有標準化就沒有現代經濟。」在知識經濟時代，掌握制定規則權力者，就占有主宰市場的領導地位。由於絕大多數標準係由政府或私人組織所制定，因此，研究標準制定組織具有重要意義。此外，觀察當代立法趨勢，政府以採訂私人組織或非政府組織所擬定之產業標準的方式，擴增其管制功能，在此潮流下，採訂私人草撰標準成為法律規範一環，此舉一方面可能形成授權立法之漏洞，另一方面將迫使個人暴露於著作權侵權行為之刑事、民事以及行政制裁大帽。同時，政府將產品標準及認證之工作委由產業協會等私人組織承擔亦成主流，該項¬「公益性」作業即可能成為事實標準制定者用來限制競爭、不當逐利的手段。 本文便以上述爭議問題為出發點，討論標準制定組織所擬定之標準，特別是經過政府機關以法律規範形式採用後，是否仍該當著作權的保護客體？並將研究延伸到網路產業中標準著作權保護的適當性問題，以及針對標準這類事實編輯物的資料庫保護進行分析；其次，本文將針對一國之產業標準制定組織為研究重心，探討例如標準制定與認證中的限制競爭及獨占管制的法律問題，以及隱然成為事實標準的市場領導者涉及智慧財產權的拒絕交易紛爭等課題。然而，針對上述命題的前提要件是對標準的概念與應用有相當之瞭解，以導入標準制定組織之運作、不同層級標準制定過程之影響及其所涉及之智慧財產爭議問題研究。因此，本文將對國家標準以及行業標準制定及運用過程所涉及之著作權及競爭法問題作深入且廣泛之瞭解，以此為基礎，分析各層級標準制定體系的規範內涵，繼而詮釋一國保護行業標準之著作權與競爭法之法律規定；並提出建言作為我國標準化體系之發展、參與國際標準制定活動、標準著作權保護分析架構、事實編輯物（資料庫）保護模式、競爭法對標準與認證活動之適用以及切入拒絕交易案件等之參考。 / In a knowledge-based economy, whoever dominates rules-developing overpowers the market. Most of the standards are set by the government and private organizations; therefore, a study on standard-setting organizations is of essential value. The Government leverages its regulatory function by adopting law standards promulgated and copyrighted by non-governmental actors. Despite governmental ambitions, no one is responsible for evaluating the legitimacy of this approach ex ante and no framework exists to facilitate analysis. On the other hand, standard-developing and conformity assessment increasingly falls on the shoulders of industry associations and lead to impartiality concerns from the antitrust law perspective. Regarding standards that are generated and controlled by private actors exposing citizens to criminal, civil and administrative sanctions, this paper contributes an analytical framework and proposes institutional mechanisms to implement it in terms of copyright. This paper extends by questioning if copyright would be an appropriate form to protect standards in the Internet industry. Then, it explores ways to protect compilation of facts and databases once they are de facto standards. Following the antitrust concerns, this paper focuses on industry standard-setting organizations within a specific territory to explore the antitrust and unfair competition problems confronting the role of the de facto standard-setters or the certification performers and the refusal to deal involving intellectual property issues. As foundations, this paper initiates by a detailed study of concepts and applications surrounding standardization; then, it leads to how a standards is produced, how standard-developing organizations in various levels affect the market, and how the intellectual property problems involves in standardization. In conclusion, based upon in-depth coverage of copyright and antitrust predicaments facing applications of national standards and industry standards, this paper interprets how copyright and antitrust laws work to protect business standards. At the same time, it delivers suggestions for the development of our standardization system, involvement of international standard-setting activities, an analytical framework for standards in copyright, protection for compilation of facts and databases, and how antitrust laws works when it comes to non-governmental standard-setting actors.

我國於2005年時，為促進我國公司治理之發展，提升股東行使表決權之便利性以鼓勵股東參與股東會之議決，落實股東民主與股東行動主義之精神，並因應我國上市櫃公司股東會開會日期過度集中之問題，引進於國外行之有年之通訊投票制度，使股東除得選擇親自出席或委託他人出席股東會外，尚得選擇使用書面或電子投票方式行使表決權，立意甚為良善。然此制引進至今，實務上自願採用之公司甚少，使此制度之優點無法充分發揮。 　　為檢討我國通訊投票制度使用率偏低之問題，本文先自公司治理原則之觀點，探討股東參與對公司治理原則而言之意義，並建立通訊投票制度與公司治理原則之關聯，突顯通訊投票制度之價值。其次，介紹美國、英國、日本、歐盟等之通訊投票法制與實務運作情形，以了解國際脈動、發掘我國制度之現存問題，並藉由國外實施通訊投票制度之經驗，反思我國通訊投票制度未來之發展方向。 　　另就我國通訊投票之法制與實務部分，與股東資訊權有關之規範，如我國召集通知之發送或公告時點、召集通知之記載與臨時動議、召集通知之電子化、議事手冊及會議資料之製作與周知方式等，應朝更透明化之方向發展，並應使股東得以更直接之方式獲取相關資訊。另一方面，亦應使符合一定條件之公司負有提供英文版召集通知與議事手冊之義務，以利機構投資人妥適行使表決權。 　　其次，就通訊投票之規範上，公司法第177條之1與第177條之2之規範內容，有諸多過度遷就股務作業之規定，有所不妥，書面或電子投票之方式與作業程序規範密度亦有不足。另在電子投票制度上，未能顧及電子投票方式之即時性與互動性，僅採「事前的」電子投票制度，亦過於保守。此外，與通訊投票相關之制度，如分割行使表決權制度、董監候選人提名制、股東提案權制度等，亦宜一併檢視。 　　本文認為，為符合現今國際潮流、提升我國公司治理、促進電子投票制度之使用，前揭我國規範之未盡之處，未來皆有進行全盤檢討並加以修正之必要。

本研究旨在探討如何設計以建構主義為基礎的網際網路合作學習環境，以研發二次函數網際網路課程，並藉由實驗研究法分析在網際網路合作學習情境中，不同的學習型態與認知風格對於學習成效之影響，最後以質性研究法探討學生合作互動歷程之認知模式及相關影響因素，並分析學生學習二次函數易犯之錯誤類型。 本研究使用之研究方法包括學習軟體研發、實驗研究法、問卷調查法、晤談法、及內容分析法。研究者首先研發及評量「二次函數網際網路課程」，並隨機選擇國民中學二年級學生60名為研究對象，依學習型態及學生認知風格分成內控單獨組、外控單獨組、內控合作組、外控合作組、內外控混合合作組等五組進行教學實驗。俟教學實驗後進行紙筆測驗、問卷調查、及晤談，研究者並搜集學生在電子白板上的對話進行內容分析。根據研究結果分析，本研究主要之結論如下： 一、網際網路合作學習環境有助於學生學習數學二次函數概念在網際網路合作學習環境中，提供合作的視覺學習環境，協助學習者多重轉化代數表徵成為幾何表徵的動態網頁，使學習者在不同條件脈絡中進行比較、反思，以了解二次函數中代數與幾何的關係，已有具體的教學成效。 二、 在網路學習環中，不同認知風格的學生在個別學習效果上有差異存在在網際網路個別學習環境中，內控組的學習成效顯著優於外控組。即在網際網路學習環境中，採用個別學習策略，具外控取向特質的學習者，學習成效不佳；而具內控取向特質的學習者，有較佳的學習成效。 三、在網路學習環境中，不同認知風格的學生在合作學習效果上未有顯著差異存在在網際網路合作學習環境中，內控合作組、外控合作組、及內外控混合合作組的學習成效無顯著差異。研究顯示透過合作學習可提升外控取向學習者的學習成效，淡化認知風格對學習者的影響。 四、 網際網路合作學習互動歷程為個人建構、群體澄清、知識重構、群體重構的認知改變模式在網際網路合作學習互動歷程中，個人先形成自我的知識概念，並將個人建構的基模公開呈現與他人分享，當個體的認知概念間產生差異時，合作群體間即產生質疑，並提出澄清，經澄清後合作群體彼此協商，重構知識、統合意見並產生共識，即成為合作小組的認知概念。 五、 同儕模式的網際網路合作學習方式缺少高支持性鷹架結構以同儕為基礎的網際網路合作學習環境中，因學生的先備知識不足及溝通技巧的缺乏，容易產生錯誤概念的學習及習得片斷的知識。是以，針對年齡小或能力低的學習者所設計的網際網路合作學習課程，教師的參與討論與互動是必要的，以能提供學習者高支持性鷹架結構。 六、 在網際網路合作學習環境的互動歷程中，外控取向學習者佈題的行為多於內控取向學習者研究中發現外控取向學習者佈題的行為多於內控取向學習者，內控取向學習者解題的行為多於外控取向學習者。 根據研究結果，本研究提出下列建議，以供教學者、教學媒體設計者、教育行政單位、及後續研究者之參考： 一、應整合學科專家、教育專家、電腦網路程式設計師、美術專業人士以研發更符合學習者需求的網路課程。 二、宜針對學習者特性提供不同的網路教學策略，使建構的網際網路課程更符合學習者的需求。 三、在網際網路合作學習環境中，課程設計應以討論情境、分享知識、及解決問題為主，始能提升合作成效。 四、宜訂定網路界面設計標準及評鑑指標，以做為網路課程發展的依據。 五、在網際網路合作學習環境中，教師應適度參與學生的討論活動，提供鷹架支持的功能。 六、應加強國家整體網路基礎建設，使能改善網路教學品質，提高學習成效。 / The Purpose of this study is threefold.　One is to explore how to design a quadratic function internet curriculum in the internet computer-based collaborative learning environment, based on constructivism. Second, learning effects of different learning styles and cognitive styles in the internet collaborative learning context are analyzed through empirical research methods. Third, the students' cognitive modes and other relative factors in the collaborative learning interaction process, as well as the students' frequent error types in learning quadratic functions, are identified and analyzed through qualitative research methods. The research methods adopted in this study include the development of learning software, empirical research methods, questionnaires, interviews, and content analysis. The researcher first developed and assessed the "internet curriculum of quadratic functions", and selected 60 second graders of a junior high school as research subjects, according to the students' learning and cognitive styles, and categorizing them into the group of internal locus of control with individual learning, the group of external locus of control with individual learning, the group of internal locus of control collaborative learning, the group of external locus of control with collaborative learning, and the group of mixing internal-external locus of control with collaborative learning to implement teaching experiments. After the experiments were finished, the research conducted a written test, questionnaire surveys, and interviews. Besides, the students' dialogue data on Bulletin Board System was collected and analyzed. Based on the analysis results of this study, the main conclusionsare as follows: 1. Internet collaborative learning environment facilitates students learning the concepts of quadratic functions. In the environment of the internet collaborative learning, interactive web pages provide visualized collaborative learning context, assist learners to transform algebraic representation into geometric representation, and give learners opportunities to compare and rethink in different conditions about the relations of algebra and geometry in quadratic functions.　All of which have been proved to have concrete learning effects. 2. In the environment of the internet learning, individual learning effect differences exist among students of different cognitive learning styles. In the environment of the internet individual learning, learning effects of the external control group are better than those of the internal control group. In other words, learners with external locus of control, using individual learning strategies do not have good learning effects.　However, learners with internal locus of control have better learning effects. 3. In the environment of the internet learning, there is no significant differences among students with different cognitive styles. In the environment of the internet collaborative learning, the learning effects among the group of internal locus of control collaborative learning, the group of external locus of control with collaborative learning, and the group of mixing internal-external locus of control with collaborative learning show no significant differences.　This study shows collaborative learning help improve the learning effects of learners with external locus of control, and ease the impacts of cognitive styles on learners. 4. The interaction process of the internet collaborative learning is a cognitive revolution of individual construction, group clarification, knowledge reconstruction, and group reconstruction. In the interaction process of the internet collaborative learning, individuals form self knowledge concepts, and shares their self-constructed sckema with other people. When individual cognitive differences occur, there will be questioning, clarifying, negotiating, reconstructing the knowledge, integratingopinions, and reaching common agreements, which will become the cognitive concepts of the collaborative group. 5. Peer collaborative learning on the internet lacks highly-supportive scaffolding structures. In the context of peer collaborative internet learning, it is easy for students to learn incorrect concepts and incomplete knowledge content, owning to their insufficient prior knowledge and communication skills. Therefore, in designing the internet collaborative learning curriculum for young or incompetent learners, it is a must to involve the teachers to join the discussion and interaction, in order to provide learners highly-supportive scaffolding structures. 6. In the interaction process of the internet collaborative learning, learners with external locus of control have more problem posing behaviors than those with internal locus of control. The study finds that learners with external locus of control have more problem posing behaviors than those with internal locus of control. On the other hand, learners with internal locus of control have more problem solving behaviors than those with external locus of control. Based on the research results, this study proposes the following suggestion for the reference of teachers, educational media designers, education admonitions, and future researchers: 1. Discipline experts, education experts, internet engineers, computer programmers, art designers should cooperate to develop the internet curricula which meet learners' needs more perfectly. 2. Different internet teaching strategies should be provided based on learners' characteristics, in order to make the constructed internet curricula meet learners' needs more perfectly. 3. In the environment of internet collaborative learning, syllabus design should be mainly on discussing situations, sharing knowledge, and solving problems, in order to facilitate collaboration effects. 4. It is better to set the internet interface design standards and evaluation indexes to provide a basis for the internet curricular development. 5. In the environment of the internet collaborative learning, teachers should attend students' discussions when needed, functioning as scaffolding support. 6. National Information Infrastructure should be improved to have higher internet learning quality and thus to enhance learning effects.

本研究は，情報システム開発に向けて，(1) 日本語要求記述からより良い概念モデルを構築すること，(2) 構築した概念モデルを開発の要求定義以降の作業分野においても有効に活用すること，をテーマとした研究である．本研究では，概念モデルを，「業務を成立させる本質的な要素を，業務プロセスの側面，および，業務プロセスで扱うオブジェクトの側面から抽出し，それらを時間的，あるいは空間的に配置した，組織的かつ実装独立ではあるが実装にストレートに変換可能なモデル」，と定義する． / This research is aimed at the field of information system development. Its themes are : (1) constructing a better conceptual model from Japanese requirements description, and (2) utilizing the constructed conceptual model effectively in the disciplines after development requirement definition. The definition of the conceptual model in this research is: a group of elements arranged in time and/or space. These elements are the essential objects that make up business from the side of the process and the side of the knowledges handled in the process. The model can be converted to the implementation model straightforwardly but independent from its implementation. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

廣告的目的，是用來與「目標消費者」進行訊息溝通與傳達，而不是自我藝術美感的創作與表達。廣告的內容，是將「廣告訊息」，藉由編碼，正確的傳遞給目標消費者（閱聽人）。而有說服力的廣告，就會是可以幫助銷售的好廣告。在消費者對於廣告解讀的論述中，出現了許多影響訊息說服與溝通的閱聽人的心理意識，包括了消費者的特質、生活型態、價值觀，文化、社會認同、社會地位、群體同儕、品味、成就、以及夢想等。越能以這些因素，引起閱聽人共鳴，就能夠越容易完成訊息傳遞的目的。 而這些心理意識，就是「內團體意識」中，區分內、外團體的歸因要素。有了情感上的歸屬，訊息傳遞就可以比較容易。電視廣告在「內團體意識」的包裝下，消費者（想要）及（接受）的心理因素不斷的被提到，被群體「認同」的需求，一再的被滿足，期望一再的被塑造。隨著「內團體意識」的表現，在經歷了認知、情感、行為三個階段後，溝通目的才開始清楚的完成。 　　為瞭解「內團體意識」如何建構電視廣告訊息？有何表現上的可歸納的操作指標，本研究以內容分析法，選擇自1980年～現今2009年之間，具有「內團體意識」表現方式的電視廣告影片110支，以年代別及FCB模式商品分類別兩種方式，進行包括表達元素、表達形式、背景歸因、社會歸因、文化歸因、生活風格歸因、個體歸因等相關要素的表現分析與研究。 研究整理後發現，「內團體意識」在電視廣告訊息的表現中，以「情感認同」為核心，藉由「滿足需求」、「消費描述」及「建構想像」做為基本創意概念。另外，電視廣告片中大多必要且慣用「內團體意識」，甚至在許多的電視廣告中，會有一個或多個內團體意識的歸因元素同時存在。部份內團體意識，只是創意與橋段的表現，與原本要訴求對象的「團體意識」並不會衝突。最後也發現，似乎越是特殊的商品或勞務，就越需要使用「內團體意識」，來做為電視廣告中重要溝通核心。 關鍵字：內團體意識、廣告表現、團體認同、廣告訴求、團體偏私、核心概念、訊息解讀、情感認同、歸因要素、背景歸因、社會歸因、文化歸因、生活型態、個體歸因、廣告創意、訊息策略、說服理論。 / The intention of advertisement is to provide a message to the targeted consumer and communicate rather than a presentation of individual expression and creativity. The core meaning of an advertisement is to transfer a key message embedded with advertising means successfully to its target receiver; furthermore, an outstanding advertisement will be able to fulfill the intention of marketing and sales. An exposition regarding consumer advertisement decoding denoted numerous variables that potentially alter the protocol of message receiver and his way of interpreting a message. This includes an individual consumer’s characteristic, lifestyle, value, culture, social acceptance, social status, social circle, taste, accomplishment, and vision. Messages embedded with such variables tend to create sympathy between the message and the receiver; as a result, creates a psychological bonding in which grows more powerful whenever a new variable reaches its echo with the receiver. Such psychological behaviors are the essential attributes differentiating the in-group consciousness from out-group consciousness of an individual. With a sentimental bonding, messages can be transmitted more accurately and efficiently. Television advertisement exercise constant implicit of this in-group conscious behavior, by repeating intimation of “desire” and “acceptance” to the receiver, continuous fulfillment of ones the necessitate aspiration, and constant creation of expectation. As the realization of the in-group consciousness continues, the purpose of communication is only fully accomplished after an individual have gone through acknowledgement, emotion, and into action. To understand how in-group consciousness establishes and executes television ad messages and its protocols. This research suggested using content analysis; by selecting 110 Television ad clips that possesses in-group consciousness implementation in between 1980 to 2009 and analyze them in two ways–era differentiation and product type under FCB protocol. This study focused on observing and analyzing the performance of variables such as expressing element, expressing form, background, social, cultural, lifestyle, individual attributes, and other related elements. 　　After the compilation of results, this research suggests that most television ads exercise in-group consciousness intentionally to create a common attribute among its listeners. By establishing sensational acceptance as the core criteria, advertisements then elaborates on other attributes such as satisfying needs, consuming behavior, and image establishment to create the basic concept of creativity. Furthermore, this research shows that a large number of advertisements exercise one or more in-group consciousness attribute within them. Some of the in-group consciousness exercised in ads is portrayed simply due to creative and plotting needs and doesn’t actually create a conflict with the central in-group consciously. This research also found that the more unique or special a product or service is, the more dependant its advertisement will be on in-group consciousness. Keywords: in-group consciousness, advertisement performance, group acceptance, advertisement requirements, group favoritism, core concept, message interpretation, emotional acceptance, attributes factor, background attribute, social attribute, cultural attribute, lifestyle, individual attribute, advertisement creativity, message tactic, persuading theory.

本論文探討的主要問題是，由於知識的欠缺、傳統僵化的因果關係及全有全無的賠償效果，民事醫療訴訟（醫療錯誤類型）之原告往往無法獲得賠償因而產生之不公平。為解決此問題，本論文擬先由上位的因果關係概念著手探討，蓋彈性的因果關係概念或許有助於患者目前之困境，而探討之具體主題則為「決定論」與「非決定論」之因果關係概念。在探討過上位之因果關係概念後，本文主張於依決定論觀點無法釐清因果關係問題時，引入非決定論或機率之觀點輔助認定因果關係；而機率觀點要如何具體適用於個案中，又可區分為兩個觀察側面，即風險面和機會面，升高風險事實上等於喪失或降低了機會。因此本文接下來針對「風險升高」及「機會喪失」兩個主題作詳盡探討，並觀察其對於因果關係及歸責問題所帶來的啟發。在風險升高部分，本文選定流行病學之因果關係作為研究對象，原因在於根據流行病學手法判斷因果關係時，風險升高概念扮演了舉足輕重的角色，而且流行病學與實證醫學有密切的關聯，醫療訴訟中二造所使用之研究結果或統計數據多半係依據流行病學之方法作成，研究流行病學的方法對於理解訴訟二造提出之證據應有相當的助益。在探討完風險面之後，本文將選定於美國醫療訴訟中逐漸被普及適用之機會喪失理論，作為機會面之研究主題，並比較風險與機會之間之關係，進而討論機會本身是否具有價值，是否可作為請求賠償之依據。完成上述風險面及機會面之探討後，本文將檢視此二課題於我國學說及法院實務上之發展情形，在判決方面主要檢討「輔大學生健康檢查事件」中一至三審之判決，以及可作為重要參考依據之日本最高法院平成十二年之「生存可能性」相關判決。 在上述探討後，最後則回歸本文關心的主要問題，亦即，由於知識的欠缺、傳統僵化的因果關係及全有全無的賠償效果，醫療訴訟之原告往往無法獲得賠償，因而產生之不公平。由上述探討可知，因果關係概念不一定是僵化的，非決定論或機率之原因概念並不會與決定論之必要及充分原因概念相衝突；因此當根據決定論之原因概念，或傳統因果關係理論無法釐清因果關係爭議，且由於事件之專業性，使事實錯誤之不利益無論歸予原告或被告皆不公平時，唯一適當之方式即為引入機率之觀點比例認定賠償數額。在解釋方法上，則可參考上述輔大學生事件中一二審判決之見解，使用存活機會之概念（未來是否能進而擴及「維持健康之機會」及「治癒機會」，則有賴實務及學說發展），將存在於醫師過失行為與患者死亡或傷害之間，難以舉證之因果關係問題轉化為患者喪失機會之損害評價問題。當將之轉化為損害評價問題之後，法院即可根據民事訴訟法第二二二條第二項，自由心證比例認定患者之損害數額，並判予患者財產上及非財產上之損害賠償；而當法院自由心證時，二造所提出關於機會之統計數據或流行病學研究自然是重要的參考依據，但法院不須受數據絕對地拘束。

本研究の目的は、地域包括ケア推進に向けて、社会福祉法人施設としての特別養護老人ホームの役割を地域福祉視点で考察し、実践する意義を示すことにある。研究の成果として、特別養護老人ホームの施設長の協力と共同作業、並びに2回の調査実施を重ねた上で、地域福祉実践枠組みを試案し、地域包括ケア推進における特別養護老人ホームの地域福祉実践指標及び施設の役割に対する評価尺度として実用可能なものとして提案している。 / 본 연구에서는 특별양호노인홈이 사회복지법인시설로서 요구되는 역할을 지역복지관점에서 고찰하고, 지역포괄케어를 추진함에 있어 지역복지실천의 필요성과 의의를 제시하고자 하였다. 연구성과로는 특별양호노인홈의 지역복지실천틀을 제시하여 사회복지법인시설로서의 실천지표와 평가척도로서의 실용가능성을 시사하였다. / 博士(社会福祉学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University