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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

從大學自治與正當程序論不適任教師 / On any discomfort from the University Autonomy and teachers due process

洪國展 Unknown Date (has links)
本篇論文研究在探討台灣在大學教師依教師法與相關法規處理不適任教師過程當中,是否給予個人權益保障,依循憲法層次大學自治與正當程序原則。立法者及行政部門試圖擬定完整且基於人權價值,設計合法且適當法律或規則,使教師能夠在教學、研究與服務上盡可能發揮為國舉才功能。除此之外,針對教師行為有違法或不當者,法規也必須發揮功能,將不適任教師排除在高等教育環境外,可是過程必定遵守人性尊嚴及個人權益保障下,建構正當程序原則的法律規範及相關法律原則。目前教師法與相關法規仍舊存在些許問題,筆者透過美國憲法正當程序原則及聯邦最高法院判決來探討美國制度、法規相關作法與規定,期待他山之石,可以攻錯。使我國這方面能夠改進,讓教師個人權益能確實保障。藉由大法官解釋與最高行政法院判決具體驗證問題所在,期許我國教師法能在正當程序下,處理大學教師問題且給予合理救濟方法。 針對大學不適任教師之處理及救濟方法檢討時,所必須討論方向如下:序論,依據動機與背景、目的與問題界定嘗試透過玟憲資料分系及相互比較,呈現教師法、相關法規及外國規定等知解構方法,使得問題可以被釐清。現行大學教師懲戒法制之簡析,透過正面描繪教師行為及責任,在刑就現行法規所定立各種規範、程序、處理方法及救濟方式,且就案例是十解構問題與整理徵點。美國大學教師之救濟與程序保障,透過美國憲法規範正當程序價值與方式,建立在聯邦最高法院解釋範疇,使價值能夠被體認。除此之外,個個大學規範即使不受到正當程序價值所拘束,仍就體認此價值,規範在學校內部規則。大學教師行為與解聘法規等之問題探討,經由本國規定及外國規範,進行分系,使得彼此間優點、缺點能夠清楚呈現,在透過公共管理方法來進行解析,使問題釐清更佳透徹。結論與建議,根據上面探討我們能夠發現大學自製、正當程序再處理不適任教師問題的具體重要性,使得我們就制度能夠有一些改進方法,提供給我們這方面改善。 在研究者研究此問題,核心聚焦幾個層面。 一、不適任教師行為受到法規規範所引起解聘、停聘或不續聘,但法規內容不夠明確。 二、教師行為規範制度、法規建置不夠完備,有牴觸正當程序之情事。 三、檢視有無違反人權價值與程序正義。 四、試圖從美國憲法正當程序條款探討我國教師行為制度、法規等規範情形,以求改進方式。 本篇論文研究目的就大學不適任教師之處理及救濟制度,提供一些建議,期許能夠有一些幫助。從形式面向及實質面向進行探討與改進。
2

我國古蹟指定程序之研究

王世英 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要探討是我國古蹟指定程序中的相關問題。在各章節中,分別討論古蹟保存的現代意義與內涵、古蹟指定的現況與問題、古蹟指定保存涉及人民財產權限制的情形、古蹟以及古蹟指定行政之特性、古蹟指定的執行與檢討等問題。   古蹟活保存為現代古蹟保存的趨勢。然而,現行的制度之下,古蹟指定的結果,僅是消極的限制古蹟所有人權益的行使,不但獎勵不足,而且在執行上是透過罰則,以達到嚇阻的效果,造成古蹟所有人的不滿,而排斥古蹟指定,或是在古蹟指定之後採取消極的抵抗策略,並無法滿足古蹟活保存的需求。為達成古蹟活保存的目的,古蹟指定的過程中,如何充分反應、接納住民意見,以兼顧古蹟的形體與精神,即為重要關鍵。   經歸納結果,古蹟具有公共財以及不具備可替代性兩大特色;古蹟指定行政,則具有不確定的法律概念的審查與專業人士跨領域參與、涉及廣泛的利益衝突以及普遍性的人民參與等特色。因此,古蹟保存工作的推行,政府有介入的必要,同時在保存手段上應以獎勵為主,而在古蹟指定程序的設計與檢討上,則必須兼顧古蹟活保存與古蹟與古蹟行政特性上的需求。例如,將民眾參與導入正式的古蹟指定程序、明確的界定利害關係人範圍,以利古蹟指定程序的進行。   本文另就古蹟指定實務上的問題加以探討,並認為,必須建立制度保護進行指定程序中的歷史遺跡,人民參與古蹟指定程序之參與對象、參與目的、參與方式,有予以明確規範與界定之必要,最後則是必須建立專業獨立的古蹟審查機制,並加強古蹟指定前之調查與研究,同時行政機關也應詳為說明古蹟指定之理由,始能讓古蹟指定的結果為人民所信賴。
3

人權教育與校規演變--以兩所國民中學為焦點之比較研究

何文馨, HO, WEH-HSIN Unknown Date (has links)
台灣教育體系的發展在傳統倫理觀念、集體管理主義、升學與粗廉主義等歷史因素交相影響下,始終無法脫離僵化的惡性循環,校園中充滿大量的管制規範與獎懲制度,不僅有礙於人權教育的推展,更為管制文化的生根提供茁壯的土壤。 本研究從校園制度層面著手,結合校規演變與人權教育進行探討,首先透過歷史溯源,探詢相關校園規範之教育法令與校規的演變,探析演變的因素與過程,以及在演變的過程中,學校教育、教師圖像與學生主體的關係呈現何種變化?期望藉此研究重新反省教育人員的定位,並企圖探索教育人員能否從中檢討自身所處社會的、文化的與實際的環境,並能批判並澄清其在合法化政治、經濟、社會、利益上的角色。 其次,透過文件分析與比較分析,探析城鄉兩所不同學校校園規範與校園生態之實際情形,探究在相同的歷史發展脈絡下,兩校所呈現出的校園規範與校園文化是否有所不同。研究結果發現,面對校園民主化的到來,兩校於制度層面均能順應社會期待,但在心態上,是否有所積極與消極做為則觀乎其對於學校教育、教師專業倫理與學生本質之不同預設而有不同。 整體而言,我國校園規範之發展,係由國家教育權與義務本位觀,逐漸朝向國民為教育權之主體以及權利義務觀的方向發展。校園的民主化與整體教育法制及文化政治相互影響,校園規範的演變促動了校園文化的改變,在民主化的進程中,受到人權思潮的影響,顯現出「人」的自覺與反省與大環境的相互辯證關係。 校園規範牽涉到權威、正義、隱私、責任等相關人權教育的價值,因此,民主的開放性不僅給于學校有自主的可能,同時也是希望教師有創造、轉化的可能,在體會到「人民為教育權之主體」後,學校方才能轉化其教育環境,改變其教育心態與行動,彰顯其目的性與任務性。 / The development of the education system in Taiwan could not break away from the rigid vicious circle under the influence factor between the traditional ethics idea, collective managerialism, proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade and thick inexpensive principle. There are lots of obstruct the implementation of human rights education but also offer a field for the growing of culture of control. The argument in this study combine the development of school regulations and human rights education that probe into the legal system of education. First, the research start analyzing through history background of the development of the school regulations and the education in campus the probe into the legal system. During the process of developing, what kind of change of the relation happened between school education, teacher’s picture, student’s subject appear? Expect through this study to introspect educator’s location and examine educational environment. Attempt to explore whether a teacher can criticize one’s own role in legalizing the politics, economy, society and interests. Secondly, through text analysis and comparative analysis, analyze the school regulation and reality of two different schools in urban and rural area. Discuss the difference between the school regulation and culture of the two schools in the same historical background. The result of the study discovered two schools can both comply with the society’s expect on the system aspect facing the arrival of democratization. But on the change of mindset, it’s should depend on the school education, teacher professional ethics and student essence. Treating the wholeness as single conclusion, the development of the school regulations in our country in the beginning are dominated by nationalism, then gradually democratized. In fact, democratization of campus and the legal system of education are influence each other. The development of school regulations promote the change on campus culture. In the process of democratization, influenced by human rights, display people’s conscientious and introspection with the dialectical relation of the environment. The school regulations of education value involves authority, justice, privacy, responsibility and human rights, etc. Therefore, The openness of democracy not merely gives independent possibility for the school, But make the teacher possible to create and transform at the same time. When school realize ‘people are the main body of education’. It same will be able to change the education environment, Education attitude and action, and then reflect its purpose and task.
4

學生法制之研究:以中小學校規為取向 / A STUDY ON THE SYSTEM OF LAW FOR STUDENTS: AN APPROACH TO THE REGULATIONS OF THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS

曾大千, Tseng, Dah-Chian Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以教育權為基本概念導向,除循此脈絡描述學校與學生間的法律關係外,並針對學生法制的一般法理內涵與校園實踐課題進行探討,除融合學校教育功能與學生學習主體之理念內涵外,並由此導引出適用於中小學教育場域的學生法制運作模式。經由文獻分析與實徵調查過程,乃歸納出下列八項研究結果: 一、教育權即人民之教育權利,其係以受教育權為其核心概念;復因教育權係以學習權為其本質,故若使用學習權取代受教育權或教育權之用語,將更能顯現以人民為教育主體的積極意涵。 二、「人民為教育權主體」所稱之「人民」,乃係專指受教育者而言,除此而外的其他人民,則僅具有教育輔助者之地位;因此,教育基本權的功能開展,理應藉由學生對於組織程序之參與,積極促進教育效果之實現。 三、現代社會中的任何生活領域,均不可能自外於國家法律之拘束,故學生與學校間的在學關係應被視為一般法律關係,而無須另覓他說;此外,學生法制除應具備保障學生學習權的功能外,更須同時兼顧教育目的與效果之實現。 四、在現代民主法治的概念基礎上,法律本具有保障人民權利暨促進社會正義的意涵,故將校規的法律性質視為法規範,不但能嚴格保障學生之基本權利,透過組織程序之參與,亦能同時確保學習者的教育主體地位。 五、學生法制本屬整體社會法制之一環,故自須實踐以民主法治精神為依歸的基本法理原則,然基於教育專業之特質與需求,相關法理原則的規範密度,亦得因事務性質之不同,而容有嚴密或寬鬆之區別。 六、基於現代法制維護人性尊嚴與彰顯自然正義之普遍立場,除須藉由法制設計,強化中小學學生參與學校組織程序之領域空間,在實際運作的校規層面上,亦應於修訂、執行、與救濟等相關程序中,適度賦予學生參與之機會。 七、依據教育措施作成名義之不同,總結性成績評定與學校懲處處分,不但要求較高之法律保留密度,並須依其嚴重程度踐行相對正當程序,而受處分之學生亦得依法提起校內申訴以謀求救濟;至若歸屬教學自主之形成性成績評定與教師管教措施,雖無具備嚴格法律保留與正當程序要求之必要,然基於權利救濟原則與實現教育目的之雙重考量,法制或學校亦應就此主動建構合宜的校內陳情管道。 八、就當前的中小學學校環境而言,與其強調學生參與校務之形式設計,不如切實賦予實質討論之參與機制;此外,現階段雖或無成立「學生獎懲委員會」的迫切需求,但為整合中小學校規運作上之實體效果暨程序正義,校內申訴制度卻有切實運作的必要。 近年來,隨著相關教育法制的愈趨健全,教育目的之實現與學生權益之保障,將愈有相得益彰的平衡發展傾向;為落實現代法治國的學生法制理念,本研究建議單獨制定「學生法」,以同時針對各類級學校學生法制事項,進一步予以原則性暨程序性的規範。但無論法制形式如何,當相關法律不斷與時俱進之際,各級教育行政主管機關亦須配合上位法令之變遷,積極增訂、修正、或廢止相關業管法令,以避免因過分延宕而架空法治國基本原則。 此外,當各縣市對教育事務擁有更多自主權限的同時,各級教育行政主管機關除應以「合法性監督」取代事必躬親之心態外,地方教育行政主管機關亦應將此等法令上的「分配利益」,適切轉化為學校或教師的專業裁量空間,以進一步確保教育多元發展、學校本位經營、與學生學習權的充分保障。 最後,無論是法令已為規範、未予規範、或規範不足之處,學校均應啟動其內部專業組織,以進行專業判斷、採行專業措施,並妥適強化校規制定、獎懲作成、與申訴救濟之程序,除藉此展現校規所具有的學校特色外,更能據此發揮校規因地制宜與適應學生個別差異之教育內在需求。 / This study is based on the basic concept of the rights of education. Apart from the description of the relation of law between students and schools, this study emphasizes on the system of law for students to explore the general connotation of law and the school law implementation on campus. Besides the concept of the function of education and the students, this study intends to develop an operation model of system of law for the primary and secondary education arena. This study derives the conclusion through the analysis of literature and the field study. 1. Rights of education are the rights of the people based on the core concept of being educated, and the nature of education rights is from the rights of learning, so we use the term of rights of learning instead of using rights of being educated or the rights of education to emphasize on the active connotations that people are the main body of education. 2. In the “people are the main body of education”, “people” here refer to those who are being educated and the others only have the assistants status of education, so the development of the function of basic education rights should be participated by students to make school procedures to have better education effect. 3. In modern society, any aspects of live can not avoid the restrictions of law, so the relation between students and school should be regarded as the relation of the general law and there is no need to find any other explanations. Besides, the system of law for students is not only to protect the function of the rights of learning but also to achieve the goal and effect of education. 4. Based on the concept of modern democracy and law, law itself has the connotation of protecting the rights of people and of improving the social justice, so we take school regulations as the norm of law so that it can strictly protect students’ basic rights and through the participation of making school procedures, students can ensure their status of being the main body of education. 5. Students’ system of law is a part of the system of law of the society; it should be implemented based on the spirit of the basic principles of democracy. However, based on the need of the educational expertise, the related principle of law and regulations can be loose or strict according to different situations. 6. The concept of modern regulations and laws is to protect human dignity and natural justice, so when designing the regulations and laws, students’ participation in making school procedures should be strengthened and they should involve in actual operation of school regulations especially to take part in the process of revising regulations, implementing school laws, and remedy. Students should have more opportunities for participation of school affairs. 7. According to the education measures, the summative test and the school measures of punishment are not only required higher law criteria, but used relative procedures of justice to implement school laws, and the students who are punished can pledge based on the school laws to seek remedy. As for the autonomy of school in the measures of teaching and the ways of formative test are not required due process and strict laws, but under the consideration of principle of remedy of rights and the goal of education, school should provide ways for students to pledge to seek remedy. 8. In the present primary and secondary school environment, it is better to let students to have actual discuss and participate the school affairs and not to emphasize on the students’ participation in designing the school affairs. Although there is no urgent need to form a “committee of awards and punishment for students” for the time being, it is necessary to form a mechanism for students to have ways to pledge in order to ensure the effect of school regulations and the justice of procedures. Along with the better development of the related regulations and laws of education, the purpose of education and the protection of students’ rights will be achieved. In order to ensure the concept of school regulations and laws, this study suggests to make a unique “student law” and in the meantime, to develop a norm of school regulations and general procedures for all level of schools. However, no matter what the form of school regulations and laws are, when the related laws change constantly, all levels of administrative organizations should have the regulations and school laws amended, revised, or abolished in order to cope with principle of the law. Besides, as the local government has the autonomy in education affairs, all levels of the administrative organizations should use “lawful supervision” instead of “reasonable supervision” to enforce the law. The “distribution of benefit” should be transferred to schools and teachers properly, so that the law can protect the diversity development of school, the school autonomy, and the students’ rights of learning thoroughly. Finally, no matter the restrictions are regulated, not regulated, or insufficiently regulated by law, schools should make decisions according to expertise and take steps to strengthen the school regulations, to make the mechanism of awards and punishment, and procedures of pledge to reveal the characteristics of the school to cope with the need of education for different kind of students.
5

行政調查制度之研究 / The Legal System of the Administrative Investigation

洪文玲, Hung Wen-Ling Unknown Date (has links)
現代政府分工細密,專業機關依賴資訊制定推行決策之法令,作成具體決定,並確保政策被確實遵行。隨著網路科技的發達,資訊流通更為迅速,資訊載體樣態複雜,速度、效率、自由、開放的新價值觀,在在衝擊傳統調查方法與法律制度之內容。 本論文旨在建構既符合法治原理與人權保障要求,又能契合時代脈動具前瞻性之行政調查制度,故從行政調查之概念界定,繼而探討其傳統面貌以鑑往知來,再進行比較法制之觀察作為借鏡,進而探討未來行政調查制度內容之各種問題,分別從調查權之法源依據、調查主體與被調查者之關係、各種調查手段應遵行之正當程序、對調查瑕疵之各種救濟可能等層面逐一討論之。 第一章 緒論 第二章 行政調查概念之形成與界定 第三章 各國行政調查制度之比較觀察 第四章 行政調查之法源依據 第五章 行政調查主體與客體之關係 第六章 行政調查方法與正當程序 第七章 行政調查之監督與救濟 第八章 結論 / Modern governments rely on the expertise of agencies. Those agencies need to collect and use information. They need information to make the rules necessary to implement and assess the execution of the policy and ensure compliance with the policy. With the advancement of information technical, the rapidity of network communication, complexity of information loader, the speedy, efficient, free and open values do have great impacts on the traditional investigative methods and legal system. This paper aims at constituting the legal system on collecting information, which conforms to the principle of the rule of law and protection individual rights. There are several focal issues in this paper, such as the legal basis of investigative power, the relationship between agency and individual, the due process of various collecting methods, the remedies and compensation of wrongdoings etc.
6

行政計畫確定程序於臺北市廣慈開發案可行性之探討

黃文鳳 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著行政任務之多元化,政府的職責不僅消極地保障人民權益不受違法侵害,並積極推動重大公共建設,提供人民生活上之照顧,為達成前述任務,政府必須擬定計畫,合理分配有限資源。由於性質重要且達一定規模之重大公共建設,於開發過程中,常事涉不同利益關係人及不同行政機關之權限,在計畫未公布實施前,應經計畫擬定、聽證舉行及計畫裁決等程序後,始可妥善有效實施。此種確定計畫程序之作用,在於藉由程序之參與,廣納各方意見,期考慮更為周詳,使最終確定之計畫內容合理妥善可行,俾於具體實施時可順利進行;並提高行政效率,建立民眾對公共政策良好之觀感及信賴,達成公部門推動政策之目標。 我國現行規範行政計畫之法制,僅有行政程序法第163、164條區區2條文,其中164條中心理念,緣自德國計畫確定程序之引進,就一定地區土地之特定利用或重大公共設施之設置,所為之計畫設計及規劃程序。在德國計畫確定程序不僅法規範完善,且行之有年,在程序集中及減少日後爭訟之層面,具有一定效果。法務部雖於2001年3月基於行政程序法第164條第2項之授權而嘗試訂定「行政計畫擬訂、確定、修訂及廢棄程序辦法草案」,就計畫之擬定、聽證程序之進行、計畫之確定等相關程序為詳細規範,賦予最終之確定計畫裁決一定之法律效力,以期達到程序集中的效果,然本辦法草案迄今仍未完成立法付之實施,無法發揮實質功效。 本研究之目的,在探討國家推動重大公共建設時,所面臨的最大挑戰-如何作出令人信服之決策,此緣於權力來源之正當性、決策內容與程序之合理性外;亦須思考公部門對於私部門或環保團體之不信任、民眾過於追逐開發行為所產生之暴利期待、環境與經濟之連動性及國家中長程之發展方向與目標等人文議題,並參考國外案例,融合本國風土人文予以克服與解決。另試圖將行政計畫確定程序運用在臺北市廣慈開發案,以行政程序所追求之民主、效能及公開之原則,解決其所面臨之困難。
7

行政程序中之正當法律程序─憲法規範論

蔡進良 Unknown Date (has links)
一、兩項基本問題 正當法律程序或正當程序作為一項規範概念,與民主、法治理念之生成與發展,息息相關。然而,起源於英美法的這項法規範,雖經由「普通法」、「判例法」體系或實定法,形成具有一定憲法規範內涵之程序權利或原則,但原本僅適用於「司法程序」(特別是刑事程序),其後才逐漸擴及「行政程序」。對於無此法律文化傳統之大陸法系國家而言,如我國,繼受此項程序規範於行政程序法律關係中,誠屬不易,雖然司法院大法官自釋字第三八四號解釋以來,多所引用與闡釋此項規範概念,但其如何融入於憲法基本權規範秩序上,以及其規範內涵與決定此內涵之標準何在,仍相當不明確。就此兩大適用上之基本問題,是為本文研究之重點。 二、規範基礎或性質 「正當法律程序」作為行政程序之規範概念,於我國憲法上之規範依據,何在?其在憲法上之規範性質,是否僅係一項憲法原則?抑或仍可能是人民之主觀程序基本權―正當程序權(公平聽審權/公正程序權)?就此,我國憲法雖未明文規定,但以往司法院大法官解釋,對於行政程序直接涉及人民基本權者,大體上係傾向於以憲法原則處理,或者更更具體地說,係為保障實體基本權而導出一定之程序要求,此尤其係有關人身自由權以外之解釋,為然,至於人身自由權部分,態度上則較為曖昧。學界多數之看法,似乎也是如此。這種類如德國法之理論模式,若再結合憲法第二十三條關於基本權限制之合憲要件(法律保留、比例原則及公益)規定之適用,很容易導致憲法基本公正程序規範要求之空洞化,甚至無形化,換言之,只是「必要」時,須以「法律」規定程序規範內涵而已。如此,背後之法哲學觀,基本上是程序為實體服務,行政程序之法本質,僅係工具性、利他性。 本文不贊同上開「程序為實體服務」之單一價值。故於第二章詳細論證行政程序,除利他性外,尚有公正性及民主正當性之法本質;而且,「正當法律程序」作為行政程序之一種規範,在我國憲法基本權之保障上,所彰顯之規範性質,應分別就第十六條保障之訴願權、第八條第一項人身自由權之程序保障以及其他實體基本權而論,前兩者應屬人民之主觀「程序基本權」(正當程序權/公平聽審權),後者則是一項憲法原則,因此,前兩者具有獨自之評價意義,後者尚須考慮其他規範(實體基本權)或事實因素。惟不管何者,均應具有一定之憲法上基本之公正程序規範要求,只不過後者顯現在個案適用上,其規範內涵變動性較大罷了。職是,本文在第三章,強調正當法律程序之規範內涵,並非完全屬於立法者之形成自由;同時,進一步論述正當法律程序作為一項憲法規範,其與法治、民主原則之關聯性。 三、規範之基本內涵及其判斷標準 然而,正當法律程序於行政程序法律關係中,其於憲法上之基本程序規範內涵,以及決定其內涵之法律標準何在?是另一項難解之問題。本文於第四章及第五章,分別就美國憲法及歐洲人權公約乃至歐盟法,予以研究,並以此為基礎,於第六章闡述我國憲法秩序下,行政程序中之正當法律程序應具何等規範內涵以及其判斷標準。首先,關於憲法第八條第一項規定之人身自由之程序擔保,人民就此具有一般之正當程序權,其內涵於行政程序上,至少為告知理由、合理期間內迅速進行、給予陳述意見等,惟此部份尚待司法解釋逐案確立。其次,為保障實體基本權而導出之公正程序規範要求,大法官係取向於重大限制或影響基本權之標準,本文則認為重大與否,僅係影響其應具何等之程序規範要求(密度),至於其內涵則較具彈性,惟須注意價值判斷標準之一致性。最後,就訴願權而言,因其屬行政救濟一環,解釋上應較一般之行政程序所需之公正程序擔保密度為高,其大體應包括(1)接近訴願裁決機關權、(2)受「公正之訴願裁決機關」裁決權,以及(3)公正訴願程序權(含程序不偏頗及公平聽審權)。
8

教師申訴法制與正當法律程序

劉家昆, Liu, Chia-Kun Unknown Date (has links)
教師申訴制度自民國84年運行迄今,已近十個寒暑。相關之法令規範是否完備?申評會在實務運作上,是否有其他的因應或變通作法?另外,理想之教師申訴制度,應該具備哪些要求?而現行制度之內涵是否具備這些要求?若有所欠缺,又應如何調整? 本文乃結合法制規範與實務,就教師申訴制度進行全面性之研究與檢討。其中,在實務研究素材之選取上,係以中央申評會之相關見解、案例、組織與程序之實際運作情形,為主要研究對象。 本文認為,為貫徹憲法第16條保障訴願權之本旨,教師申訴程序亦應踐行「正當法律程序」。而其應具備「公平」、「公正」、「效率」與「公開」四項要求,始符合憲法保障之正當程序;並為理想之教師申訴制度。 觀察現行制度,本文發現教師法及評議準則之規範並不充足,而仍有許多疏漏。實務上為解決實際運作所遭遇之困難,雖然已自行發展出若干因應或變通作法,以填補規範之漏洞;不過,其補充尚有未足,且有些作法亦有待商榷。以致於教師申訴制度仍有諸多不符合上開四項要求之缺失而尚待改進。 本文認為,救濟制度應講求單純,而僅設立單一的救濟途徑,以避免衍生更多問題;另外,並應充分利用有限之行政資源,致力於此單一救濟途徑之完善化。因此,將來應以教師申訴作為教師唯一之行政救濟途徑,而排除訴願途徑;並以「強化申評會組成之公平與公正;追求程序進行之效率;配合適當資訊之公開」作為改革方向,追求公平、公正、效率與公開四項要求之均衡實踐!
9

公務人員撫卹制度之研究:正義的觀點 / The research on the pension system of civil service from the point of justice

呂明泰, Lu, Ming-Tai Unknown Date (has links)
撫卹的本意不在於造就一個創造更多財富的家庭,當然也不僅在於用來濟助貧困遺族的生活所需;其真實用意係期藉諸合理的撫卹給與及相關配套措施,俾一則讓在職死亡公務人員的遺族得以感受政府對於死亡公務人員的仰慰之意;二則用以協助當事公務人員的遺族能渡過一段艱困的時期;至其最終目的則希望能建構出自由安全的社會;而這種本於自由安全社會理念所建構的撫卹措施亦才是一個有正義的社會所應秉持的建設理念。因此,撫卹制度之是否能審慎地規劃出適當的法制,自來就是倡議具有正義理念的社會安全理論者所重視的最主要課題之一。 然而,隨著社會安全理論的典範移轉,本於「正義」的普世價值來建構出「人人各得其所,各遂其生」的理想生活型態,已然是秉持憲政民主理念以治事的民主法治國家所堅持的基本目標之一。準此而言,當我們本於正義概念所強調的意涵從新來檢視我國現行公務人員撫卹法制所規範的種種機制的時候,我們乃不得不對於「我國現行公務人員撫卹法制之是否能發展成符合正義價值的良善制度」,投注更多的關心與努力。因此本項研究乃以「我國公務人員撫卹法制的綜合意涵為「經」,並以「實質公平正義的概念為「緯」作為研究的架構,進行交互論證,並期超越單向度的線性思考選輯,本諸「守」與「變」的互動模式,來論究「我國公務人員撫卹制度的重建」方案,俾能對我國公務人員撫卹法制的發展有所助益。 因此,本項研究文乃先就「公務人員撫卹措施」與「社會安全」的相容性,導論出「撫卹必須要能融入社會安全之思維,進而本諸正義概念所期於體現的實質意涵。以建構出「均無貧、和無寡、安無傾」的自由安全社會」的論結(第貳章第一節);而後再就倫理及行政法理的層面,導出「正義概念」在學理上所應重視的「正當程序」、「公平原則」、「秉道執中」及「公益維護」等四大意涵(第貳章第二節);其後則以「我國公務人員撫卹法制的綜合意涵為「經」,並以「實質公平正義的概念為「緯」作為研究的架構(第貳章第三節),再檢閱世界先進國家(美、英、日等國)及我國現行公務人員撫卹法制的內涵)第參、肆章),並依據上開所導出的正義意涵,深入檢討分析我國現行公務人員撫卹法制之是否吻合於「正義的意涵」(第伍章);最後再循「典範移轉」的啟示,跳脫傳統線性思考的選輯,提出本頊研究的發現,進而本於上揭「正義的四大意涵」,研提出若干重新建構我國公務人員撫卹制度的具體建言(第陸章)。 重要名詞:1.「正當程序」、2.「公平原則」、3.「秉道執中」4.「公益維護」5.「憲政民主」、6.「公民社會」、7.「自由安全社會」 / Pension is not meant to create more wealth for a family, nor remedies to the survivals in poverty for an affordable life. The genuine intent of pension serves two purposes. One is for the government to express to the survivals its appreciation and condolences of a civil service died in the course of performing duties and the other is to help the survival to pull through a certain period of hardship. The ultimate objective of pension is to seek building up a free and secure society. Pension measures based on the idea of establishing a free and secure society shall be the ideas for the efforts of reconstruction of a society of justice to stick to. Therefore, whether an appropriate legal framework can be carefully mapped out for a pension system has been one of the key topics highly regarded by those fundamentals who promote a social security with justice. However, to cope with the "Paradigm Shift" of social security theories, justice-based popular value to realize an idealistic living style wherein every one enjoys justified living means and social status has become one of the basic objectives held fast in any democratic nation practicing constitutionalism. Accordingly, we have to invest more concerns and efforts to focus on the issue that "if the existing pension system of civil service of our country is sufficient to be developed into a system of good faith that meets the value of justice" while we are refreshing out review of various mechanisms set forth in the existing pension system of civil service in the point of justice. This paper, with the attempt to help in the development of the pension system of civil service, is constructed by having "the general context of the pension system of civil service of the Republic of China" as a weft, and by having the "the concept of substantial fair and justice" as the waft as the framework to proceed cross arguents in the hope of going beyond the one dimension of linear logic of thinking to challenge the option of "Reconstruction of Pension System of Civil Service of the Republic of China" according to the interaction modes between being conservative and revolutionary. In this paper, the compatibility between "pension measures" and "social security" is first touched for the inference of the conclusion that "the pension must be incorporated with the thoughts of social security for the construction of a free and secure society that "shares common wealth without poverty, common peace without misfortune and common security without instability" by following the substantial context realized from the point of justice (Sec.1,Chap.Ⅱ); followed by angling at the aspects of ethics and administration legal principles, four major areas of context, respectively, "justice procedure", "fair principle", "impartial practice" and "maintenance of public interest" that should be taken serious in the scientific theory of "the concept of justice" are inferred (Sec.2,Chap.Ⅱ); then intervened with "the general context of the pension system of the Republic of China" as the weft and "the concept of substantial justice and fair" as the waft for the framework of the research (Sec.3,Chap.Ⅲ), those pension systems currently and respectively adopted in advanced nations (UK, USA and Japan) and in our country are examined (Chap.Ⅲ and Chap.Ⅳ); later based on the "context of justice" as inferred, an in-depth review is made to analyze the compliance of the existing pension system of our country with such context of justice (Chapter V); and finally, by following the teachings revealed in the "Paradigm Shift" to take a leap from the conventional logic of linear thinking for presenting the findings of the research, and further to make feasible proposals for the reconstruction of the pension system of civil service based on those four major contexts of justice as disclosed above (Chap.Ⅳ). Keyword: 1.justice procedure 2 .fair principal 3. impartial practice 4. maintenance of public interes 5. constitutional democracy 5. civil society 6. free and secure society
10

我國法庭開放電視轉播之研究

韓義興 Unknown Date (has links)
法庭應否開放電視轉播此一問題,早在1964年,美國因錢德勒案(Chandler v. Florida)沸沸揚揚,當時國內即有倡議開放者。但直到2000年蘇建和等三人刑事再審案開庭時,法院因旁聽席不足,將審理實況錄影轉接至法庭外同步播放,電視媒體則自行拍攝轉播予公眾,變通出「間接轉播」的形式,法庭究竟能否經由電視轉播給公眾觀看,才引起廣泛討論。 本研究之目的有二,其一在於檢視我國既存的間接轉播模式,並藉由四個面向探討我國法庭開放電視轉播的可行性,包括:(一)法庭開放電視轉播所涉的爭議及國內外之現況;(二)司法資訊公開作為法庭開放電視轉播的憲法上理論基礎;(三)從傳播效果研究觀察法庭開放電視轉播可能產生的負面影響;(四)我國法庭開放電視轉播的建議方案;其二則就國內較少進行研究的法庭活動進行初探研究。本研究透過文獻回顧,掌握美國、日本、德國與中國大陸的相關論爭,歸納轉播可能面臨的難題為何。其次,就資訊公開及大眾傳播理論中的效果研究進行分析,探討司法資訊公開的理論基礎,並釐清轉播可能產生的負面效果。同時,藉由敘事結構分析我國司法制度下的審判敘事為何,然後建議透過電視轉播法庭,改善過濃的法制移植色彩,強化人民對司法的認同,及透過分析影像的真實模態提出適合我國法庭開放轉播的建議方案。 本研究認為,為促進資訊公開及審判公開,增進司法教育,強化司法認同,充實法庭言說活動,並參考國會公開的先例,再加上轉播的負面影響尚乏實證支持,以及因技術及噪音干擾法庭的情形已改善,故支持我國法庭開放電視轉播。 本研究礙於時間及資源之限制,無法進行精確而有效的電視轉播實驗及評估可行方案、影像資訊公開的風險管控、敘事結構對閱聽人的實證影響及法庭上權力與語言關係等等詳加探討。惟法庭開放電視轉播,因傳播技術的革新,遲早會是一個無法迴避的重要政策問題,本研究希望能藉此拋磚引玉,並期待未來能有更多的研究投入。

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