當過去歷史透過電影重現，電影以特定的形式與內容重新編排將會使歷史有著不同意義，影響行動者認知及將某種行為成為可能。因此，探討電影如何再現歷史對閱聽人相當重要。 本研究探討影視文本如何再現歷史，以1984年印度黃金廟事件為例，採用《火柴》（Maachis,1996）、《阿畝》（Amu, 2005）及《旁遮普 1984》（Punjab 1984, 2014）三部電影為研究個案，取徑影視史學與民族寓言理論並透過文本分析法，探討三個面向：第一，電影拍攝時空環境與歷史事件時空環境兩者之間的辯證關係。第二，電影文本如何再現過去歷史並呈現其關鍵要點；第三，書寫歷史與影視歷史間呈現的關係。 研究發現，當歷史以影視文本再現時，呈現出以下幾個特點。第一，影視文本歷史再現關注現在。第二，影視文本歷史再現反映當代主流觀點。第三，以角色人物為主之民族寓言。第四，敘事安排製造懸疑感、凸顯關鍵要點。第五，影視文本歷史再現開啟換位思考。 / This study aims to analyze how films reproduced history by using Maachis, amu and Punjab 1984 as case studies which focus on the history of the “Golden Temple Incident of 1984” in India. The methodology of this study is based on concepts of historiophoty by Haden White and national allegory by Fredric Jameson. Textual analysis is adopted to explore three films for the following questions. First, what is the relevance between the filmic background and the historical incident? Second, how does the film text represent history and focus on key points? Third, what is the relationship between Historiography and Historiophoty? This study finds that, first, the historiophoty focuses on present situations. Second, historiophoty reflects the dominate perspectives in present time. Third, the films represent characters as the figures in national allegory. Fourth, arrangement of narrative creates suspenses and foregrounds crucial moments. Lastly, historiophoty opens the possibility for the audience to identify with characters in films.

前言 第一章 鐵路、公路交通政策、組織機構暨發展情況。 第二章 鐵路、公路交通運輸在其整個國民經濟發展中的作用。 第三章 鐵路、公路運輸能力之評析。 第四章 機車（火車頭）車輛工業與汽車工業。 第五章 經濟面的探討與評析。 第六章 鐵路、公路建設與國父孫中山先生實業計劃中鐵路、公路建設計劃之比較。 第七章 鐵路、公路建設未來的發展趨勢。 第八章 結論

我們提供一個新的可靠度模型，DwACM，並提供一個模式選擇準則CCP，我們利用DwACM和CCP來選擇衰變量。 / We propose a new reliability model, DwACM (Dichotomous-data with Auxiliary Continuous Measurements model) to describe a data set which consists of classical dichotomous response (Go or No Go) associated with a set of continuous auxiliary measurement. In this model, the lifetime of each individual is considered as a latent variable. Given the value of the latent variable, the dichotomous response is either 0 or 1 depending on if it fails or not at the measuring time. The continuous measurement can be regarded as observations of an underlying possible degradation candidate of which descending process is a function of the lifetime. Under the assumption that the failure of products is defined as the time at which the continuous measurement reaches a threshold, these two measurements can be linked in the proposed model. Statistical inference under this model are both in frequentist and Bayesian frameworks. To evaluate the continuous measurements, we provide a criterion, CCP (correct classification probability), to select the best degradation measurement. We also report our simulation studies of the performances of parameters estimators and CCP.

本論文旨試圖透過克里姆林宮政治暨嚇阻戰略研究途徑，剖析俄羅斯將獨立軍種「戰略火箭軍」裁併至空軍編制的原因。 本論文假設戰略火箭軍遭到裁併是基於下列兩項原因： 第一、俄羅斯武裝力量本身的態度與國內幾次重大政治鬥爭，導致俄羅斯必須修正軍事準則。 由於總統葉里欽在獨立初期，並沒有為俄羅斯的外交與國家安全政策領域構築一個法制化、有效率的決策系統，造成諸如國防部、外交部、總參謀部、聯邦安全會議、國防會議與國家軍事檢察署等相關機構，彼此間不斷爭奪軍事資源、議題詮釋權，政治鬥爭頻仍。另外，在某些政治危機中，例如1993年砲轟國會事件、第一次車臣戰爭以及1996年總統大選，葉里欽需要拉攏軍方支持以應付反對勢力，這就讓俄羅斯武裝力量有機會涉足克里姆林宮政治。結果是國家安全政策領域呈現各行其道、莫衷一是的混亂局面，並且有愈來愈多的政府官員對於在國家安全政策領域中攫取政治利益躍躍欲試。 其次，俄羅斯地緣政治環境的劇烈惡化導致龐大的反軍事改革勢力。 為了要在冷戰後與美國保持最低限度的戰略均勢狀態，好保障俄羅斯的國家利益及國際地位，並且順利解決因宗教或種族要素在俄羅斯或獨立國協境內所引發的區域戰爭或軍事衝突，有些官員諸如思科可夫、謝爾蓋耶夫等人主張俄羅斯應該繼續維持強大的戰略武力，特別是著名的戰略火箭軍。他們反對軍事改革以及裁減軍備。而由於當前國防預算困窘，葉里欽與普欽必須兩害相權取其輕，整肅拒絕裁軍的官員或是部隊。 在謝爾蓋耶夫與克瓦什寧激烈的政治鬥爭結束後，最後的贏家克瓦什寧終於如願以償，將戰略火箭軍予以裁併，由軍種單位降為兵種單位。不過俄羅斯的戰略武力仍然將在未來扮演極具影響力的角色。 / The purpose of the thesis is to attempt to analyze the factors that exert great impact on the reduction of the Russian Strategic Missile Forces(SMF) in status from a separate branch of service to a separate command from the perspective of Kremlin politics and Strategy of Deterrence. This thesis takes the position that the SMF has been reduced by two main motives: First, the attitude of the Russian army and domestic political struggle has forced the Russian government to adjust its military doctrine. Due to Yeltsin failing to set up a well-organized and efficient system for foreign and national security policy decision-making, so the struggle between the key ministries involved in foreign and security policy- the Foreign Ministry, the Ministry of Defense, the General Staff, the National Security Council, the Defense Council, the State Military Inspectorate- was hard. And in some political crises, such as the bloody event of Oct. 1993, the presidential election in 1996, and the crisis in Chechnya, Yeltsin needed army to defeat the counterforces. The Russian army has became more influential in politics. As a result, the decision-making process has been chaotic and confused, and various bureaucratic players have often been able to impose their their own special interests on the security policy agenda. Second, the worsening geopolitical situation has brought about considerable resistance to the military reform. In order to keep minimum strategic balance with the United States, ensure its national interest and international status and settle local wars or military conflicts caused by religion and ethnic conflicts within Russia’s own territory and Commonwealth of Independent States, some officials like Yuri Skokov and Igor Sergeyev advocated maintaining a strong nuclear deterrent force, especially the prominent role for the SMF. The president was likely to face considerable resistance to the reform. Owing to the current financial constraints on defense spending, Yeltsin and Putin carried out a purge of army officers who were against arms reduction. After the hard political struggle between Igor Sergeyev and Anatoliy Kvashnin, the winner- Kvashnin demanded the SMF must be reduced in status from a separate branch of service to a separate command. But the Russian strategic force will still play influential role in the near future.

本研究係以企業保險為研究主體，企業的保險需求涵蓋產物保險及團體保險，以解決企業經營所面臨的財產、責任及人身上之風險，故本研究包含產物保險及團體保險，經由對企業投保產物保險及團體保險的分析，瞭解企業投保保險的現況，依此找出企業購買保險的需求所在，並藉此擬訂有效的行銷策略。 本研究以國內保險經紀人的目標客戶群為觀點來挑選研究對象，研究問卷之抽樣方法係採取非隨機抽樣法中的便利抽樣法，選擇之地區僅限於台北縣市、基隆市之企業。因考量企業體與一般消費者不同，主要決策者業務繁忙，訪問不易，故先以電話詢問有無接受問卷調查之意願，電話詢問的企業家數約有550家，其中表示有意願接受問卷調查的有285家，有意願者再利用E-mail、傳真、郵寄，或直接在電話線上接受訪談，願意接受問卷調查的285家中，回收141份問卷，回收率49%，其中2份為無效問卷，有效問卷為139份。 研究結果顯示：企業會選擇目前保險公司投保，及續保時「更換過保險公司」的原因，無論產險或團體保險，「保費較低」均佔所有原因之冠，可見價格仍是企業選擇保險公司最關鍵的考慮因素。 120家有投保團體保險的企業，有97.5%的企業有投保團體意外險，有45%的企業有投保團體定期險，顯示有超過一半的企業僅投保團體意外險而沒有投保團體定期險，目前產險公司所銷售之傷害保險較壽險公司便宜許多，在費率上有絕對競爭優勢，因此，對產險業及保險經紀人而言，團體傷害保險商機仍大。 本研究顯示，近七成的企業直接找產險公司投保，有三成是透過保險經紀人安排保險，資本額越大者，透過保險經紀人投保的比率有越高的趨勢，資本額5000萬以下的企業有27.6%係透過保險經紀人投保，資本額20億以上的企業有63.6%係透過保險經紀人投保，可見大企業業委由保險經紀人投保者較普遍，而中小企業仍習慣直接找保險公司投保。另外，企業會選擇目前保險公司投保的最重要原因中，資本額5000萬以下的企業，無論產險或是團體保險，以選取「與業務員有認識」的比率最高，產險為31%，團險為39.1%；而資本額20億以上的企業，無論產險或是團體保險，以選取「保費較低」的比率最高，產險為54.5%，團險為36.7%，可見大企業選擇保險公司以保費高低為最主要考量，而中小企業則是人情掛帥，所以經營中小企業應保持跟客戶有良好的互動，培養良好的人際關係。

本文以紀德根據盾徽所提出之內在重複結構，探討美國劇作家山姆謝普的「家庭劇三部曲」。〈烈火家園〉結尾的預言故事說明了家庭成員互相毀滅的行為模式，〈埋葬的孩子〉劇中所揭發的弒子秘密與舞台上的演出相對應，〈西部實錄〉劇中的西部電影大綱正是男主角兄弟鬩牆之爭的寫照。 / Chapter I relates the American playwright Sam Shepard’s life and career. Chapter II introduces the evolution of the idea of "mise en abyme." Chapter III interprets the concluding fable in "Curse of the Starving Class" as the mise en abyme of the play. Chapter IV interprets the secret of the child murder as the duplication of the action of "Buried Child" on stage. Chapter V interprets the Western scenario in "True West" as a reflection of the two brothers’ sibling rivalry in the play.

本文主要以臺灣的產物保險業作為考察對象，探究產險業自日治時期發展起來後，直至戰後歷經接收與改組後的轉變，並以此為出發點探討戰後在產險業開放與管制的過程中，政府介入的積極性問題。臺灣的產險業發展雖然始於清代，但一直到日治時期才有專門的產險公司設立，而臺灣的產險市場也是在日治時期慢慢建立起來的。但是，由日治時期臺灣產險業的發展，除了大成火災保險株式會社是唯一本店設於臺灣的產險公司外，其餘皆是日本產險公司來臺設立的分店的情形來看，可以發現當時臺灣的產險市場規模仍未完全建立起來，這樣的情形直至戰後又有了新的發展。 　　戰後的接收與改組，使臺灣的產險業開始能夠朝向制度化發展，並建立起屬於臺灣自己的產險市場。戰後產險業的接收，將原先日治遺留下來的12家產險公司改組為臺灣產物保險公司，雖然仍有日產估價與戰爭保險賠償等問題尚未處理完成，但該公司的成立使臺灣的產險業務能開始慢慢走向正軌，並成為臺灣產險業發展的基礎之一。隨後，臺灣產物保險公司更與1949年隨政府而來的5家產險公司架構出屬於臺灣的產險業發展。 　　1950年政府對於產險市場的管制，減少了既存產險業的競爭性，並提供產險業相對穩定的發展空間，也因此在1950年到1960年間產險業務量得到大幅的提升。這不僅促成再保險制度的建立，以及1960年政府進行小幅度的市場開放，更使政府於1963年頒布保險法規。雖然隨後產險市場又再度進行管制，但此時臺灣的產險市場已由公營漸漸轉為民營發展，且制度與法規皆已確立，可說是完成一階段性的制度化發展。在此過程中，雖然政府以市場管制來穩定產險業之發展，並建立再保險制度與擬定保險法規，但實際上這些措施並非是政府積極規劃產險制度運作下的產物，而是受到市場與環境之影響不得不為之的結果。

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本文題目為「俄國女性革命家 維拉‧沙蘇里契及其政治思想轉換」，專述沙蘇里契的生平要事與其思想轉換過程。好比她在勞動解放社和俄國社會民主黨在十九世紀末的紛爭，另外在火星報時期列寧和普列漢諾夫之間的紛爭中也可以看出沙蘇里契的樞紐角色。在幾乎二十五年的時間裡，在反政府恐怖主義運動中，她不得已地刺殺了德列波夫之後，她便拋棄了恐怖暴力革命之思想，並在土地與自由社的分裂當中，吸引一些追隨者隨她加入黑土重分社，同樣地她在一八八三年更有助於發掘第一個俄國馬克思主義社會，如此一來，永久地分裂了民粹主義，長久以來換得了一個激進的社會主義觀點。一度在一九○三年，沙蘇里契扮演一個在孟什維克派與布爾什維克派的分裂中重要的角色。 　　不難發現其所每次之轉變，她好爭論的工作之進程也在這些分裂之中，近三十多年的著作，她的影響確實在社會主義的世界裡，令人深切的感受到。 　　本文目的主要在於分析三個問題： 　　一、俄國女性革命家─維拉‧沙蘇里契其先後思想更迭之因素； 　　二、俄國女性革命家─維拉‧沙蘇里契和列寧之關係轉換與俄國政治型態更替之關係； 　　三、俄國女性革命家─維拉‧沙蘇里契晚期思想分析。 　　綜上所述，第一章將以序論為楔子，敘述研究動機、文獻探討、研究目的、研究限制、研究架構。第二章則題為沙蘇里契革命思想之形成，也就是與涅查耶夫相識的形成期。 　　第三章則題為從民粹主義至馬克思主義的思想轉換，也就是銜接沙蘇里契的自我形成與之參與民粹派活動。第四章則題為馬克思主義中的維拉‧沙蘇里契，此段時期為她一生中革命事業與地位之最高峰。第五章題為一九○九年至一九一四年的取消派與維拉‧沙蘇里契。第六章題為十月革命以後的維拉‧沙蘇里契，此時已然為沙蘇里契在政治舞台上最後一段時期。第七章為結論部分，主要呈現研究目的與研究結果相互回應下所產生的維拉‧沙蘇里契之思想原貌與轉變原因，並利用垂直分析，來使讀者清晰本論文之目的與結論，更進一步回應本文之研究目的。 / The topic of this dissertation is “ The Russian female revolutionist- the life of Vera Zasulich and her transformation of political conviction.” The focus of this research is her life and the transformation process of her political conviction. For example, her role in the Liberation of Labour, Social Democratic Labour Party, and her relationship with Plekhanov and Lenin. 　　At first, the focus is an introductory part in a piece of this research. In the second chapter, touching upon her life, she was born into a poor family in 1849. Her father died when she was three years old and as her mother was unable to cope, she sent Vera to live with wealthy relatives in Biakolovo. When Zasulich finished her schooling she moved to St. Petersburg and found work as a clerk. She became involved in radical politics and met Sergi Nechayev, the co-author with Mikhail Bakunin of Catechism of a Revolutionist. Zasulich joined a weaving collective and became active in the movement to educate workers, conducting literacy classes for them in the evenings. 　　In the third chapter, the focus is her transformation from a populist to a Marxist. In 1876, Zasulich found work as a typesetter for an illegal printing press. A member of the Land and Liberty group, when Zasulich heard that one of her fellow comrades, Alexei Bogoliubov, had been badly beaten in prison, she decided to seek revenge. Zasulich went to the local prison and shot Dmitry Trepov, the Governor General of St. Petersburg. She was arrested and charged with attempted murder. During the trial the defence produced evidence of such abuses by the police, and she conducted herself with such dignity, that the jury acquitted her. When the police tried to re-arrest her outside the court, the crowd intervened and allowed her to escape. 　　In the fourth chapter, the focus is the role she played in the Marxist period. In 1883, Zasulich joined with George Plekhanov and Paul Axelrod to form the Liberation of Labour, the first Russian Marxist group. Later she moved to Switzerland where she became active in the Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) and served on the editorial board of Iskra. 　　From the fifth to the seventh chapter, the key point is the latter part of her life. At the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Labour Party in London in 1903, there was a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Jules Martov, two of SDLP''s leaders. The last part, she returned to Russia during the 1905 Revolution but after its failure ceased to be active in politics. During the First World War Zasulich supported the war effort and opposed the Bolshevik Revolution. Vera Zasulich died in 1919. 　　The objective of this research is to analyze three subjects: 　　1.The causes of her transformation in her political conviction. 　　2.The relationship between Zasulich and Lenin under changing of the Russian political form. 　　3.The thinking of the latter part of Zasulich''s life.

防火牆是現今網路中的重要設備，負責區隔內部網路和公共網路，維護內部網路安全。然而防火牆也存在幾個重要的問題，首先，防火牆的規則是由網管人員設定，近年來隨著網路科技蓬勃發展、虛擬技術大量應用，此項工作已帶給網管人員龐大的負擔。其次，防火牆雖可隔離外部網路，阻擋有害流量，但對內部網路的防範卻毫無用武之地。目前市面上普遍使用入侵偵測系統(IDS)進行偵測，但僅能在發現攻擊行為後發出警告訊息，無法即時處理。最後，企業在連外網路部分，通常採用多條線路進行備援，並倚賴多路頻寬負載平衡器(Multi-WAN load balancer)增加頻寬的使用率，但在線路數量上卻受限於廠商所制定之規格，無法彈性調整。而在負載平衡演算法方面，也只能基於網路特徵(IP位置)、權重比例(weight)或是輪詢機制(round robin)，無法依據目前網路狀況做出更好判斷。 為改善上述問題，本論文在軟體定義網路(SDN)環境下，使用交換機取代傳統防火牆設備，透過封包分析與信任觀測區間達到規則學習，並整合Snort入侵偵測系統，透過特徵比對，找出危害網路環境之封包，即時阻擋該危險流量。本論文也提出基於隨需(on demand)概念，動態調整防火牆規則，降低管理人員負擔。最後利用交換機擁有多個實體通訊埠的概念 ，依需求可自由調整對外及對內線路數量，不再受限於廠商規格，取代傳統多路寬頻負載平衡器，建構更彈性的架構。並透過收集交換機上的實體埠與資料流表中的資訊，即時評估網路狀況，加強負載平衡。為驗證本論文所提出之⽅法的有效性，我們使用Linux伺服器架設KVM、OpenvSwitch以及POX控制器實際建構SDN網路環境，透過發送封包對防火牆提出請求，以驗證實驗方法的正確性。 根據實驗結果顯示，本論文所提出之概念均能正確運作，有效降低調整防火牆所需之人工作業。在多路寬頻負載平衡器部分，本研究所提出之負載平衡方法，與round robin負載平衡方法相較之下，在最佳情況下，能有效提升約25%平均頻寬使用率，並降低約17.5%封包遺失率。 / Firewall is an important device that is responsible for securing internal network by separating Internet from Intranet, but here are several existing issues about the firewall. First, the firewall rules are set by the network admistrator manually. Along with the vigorous development of Internet technologies and great amount of applications of virtual technology in recent years. This work burdens the network adminstrator with a heavy workload. Second, the firewall is able to isolate the external network from harmful traffic, however, it can do nothing to the internal network. The common situation is to use IDS to detect the harmful packet, but it can only send an alert message to the adminstrater, no more actions can be done. Finally, most companies use several ISP connections to assure fault tolerance and use Multi-WAN load balancer to integrate those connections to enhance bandwidth utilization. But the number of WAN/LAN ports is set by the manufacturer, and the load balance algorithm is also limited by the manufacturer. It offers only a few algorithms (network-based features, round-robin, etc.), and there is no other way to provide more efficient algorithms. In order to resolve the mentioned problems, we propose an automatic firewall based Software Defined Network (SDN). We use Openflow switches to replace traditional firewalls, the system is able to learn the rules automaticlly by packet analysis during an observation interval. We aslo integrate Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to localize the dangerous packets and block them immediately. Next, we propose an on-demand based dynamic firewall rules adjustment mechanism which is able to reduce management workload. Finally, we implement a Multi-WAN load balancer architecture and provide a more efficient load balance algorithm by collecting port usage and firewall rule information. In order to verify the proposed methods, we implement a SDN environment by using Linux Ubuntu servers with KVM, Open vSwitch and POX controller. According to the experiment result, it proves that the proposed method is able to reduce the firewall configuration effectively. In the Multi-WAN load balancer, experiment results show that our method outperforms round-robin argrithom in terms of average bandwidth utilization and packet loss rate by 25% and 17.5%, respectively.