違約事件受到系統性風險與獨特性風險的綜合影響。本研究建構一狀態相依公司信用模型，該模型能反映出系統環境對市場造成的影響與個別公司獨特因子帶來的個別衝擊。 本模型透過從總體環境中萃取出的狀態變數來捕捉系統性變化，另外透過Variance Gamma過程來描繪個別公司的獨特因子帶來的影響。Variance Gamma過程可藉由調整分配的鋒態及偏態來調整布朗運動無法反映出的分配，以更貼近真實的市場訊息。 與縮減試模型相較之下，本模型無需參考信評機構的信用評等資訊，僅依賴市場上公開且透明的資訊，並且與結構式模型相同的是其富有經濟意涵。我們可以透過本模型來同時生成公司流動性危機發生機率與預期流動性危機造成的損失，進而利用本模型評價出個別公司信用違約交換的價格。 關鍵字：信用違約交換；系統風險；獨特性風險；狀態空間模型；Variance Gamma 過程 / Systematic and idiosyncratic risks are thought to affect the default events. This study develops a state-dependent corporate credit model that reflects both systematic movement and idiosyncratic shocks. To capture the systematic movement, the model extracts state factors from macroeconomics data. For the idiosyncratic part, the model applied Variance Gamma Process in depicting the potential variable of the firm by altering the distribution’s skewness and kurtosis. The model contains abundant economic significance as structural-form model does. Comparing to the reduced-form model, it does not rely on the information provided by rating agency but use information that is transparent and public. One can generate a firm’s probabilities of liquidity crisis and expected liquidity shortfalls endogenously and concurrently by employing the model. Credit derivative such as Single-name CDS can be priced under the model.

欲了解某一民族的文化，則研究此民族的語言是絕佳的途徑，因為每個民族的語言皆為文化發展及積累的產物，受到文化的影響甚鉅。透過語言的視窗，可以一窺蘊藏豐富寶藏的民族文化。文化的範疇廣大，其中飲食文化是非常重要的組成部分，因為飲食是人類自古以來生存最基本的要求，是人類最為熟悉的事物之一，因此，語言亦承載了相當豐富的飲食文化內涵。 隨著時代的演變，以及人類探索的事物日趨複雜，語言亦不斷變化，其中詞彙意義的轉變尤為明顯，為了替大量從未見過的事物或抽象難解的概念命名，若上述事物或概念的某些特徵與較為熟悉且具體的事物或概念的某特徵之間具有「相似性」，人們即會產生「聯想」，並以原本擁有的詞彙加以指稱，使得原本的詞彙產生另一種意義，也就是「轉義」，當中常蘊含有「隱喻」的思維，因此轉義又可稱為「隱喻意義」，這些隱喻意義說明了人類是如何來認識週遭客觀世界。 俄語的發展進程亦是如此。俄語是俄羅斯文化的載體，自然承載了豐碩的俄羅斯飲食文化。而了解飲食文化的途徑可透過俄語飲食詞彙的研究，這些原本描寫食物、食物味道或飲食行為的飲食詞彙，在龐大的俄語系統中，被用來指稱某些抽象的事物或概念；也就是說，經過語言長期的發展，俄語飲食詞彙產生了相當多的隱喻意義，這些隱喻意義儘管是俄語使用者不易察覺到的，卻表達了俄羅斯民族的思維特性。 本論文旨在研究俄語飲食詞彙，包括食物詞、食物特質詞以及飲食動作詞的隱喻意義與用法，並從中觀察俄語中所隱含的思維方式與認知特點，以及語言所反映的民族思維特性。預期將能豐富俄語詞彙隱喻研究的視野，提供欲了解飲食隱喻的研究者、俄語教學者及學習者之參考。

就我國與美國軍人之比例及對應兩國軍事教育體系及民間教育資源來看，實無必要浪費過多資源於大學及研究所教育中一般性之知識；因此，如能將國防軍事教育資源有效整合並擴大利用民間教育資源，使軍官教育多樣化，藉以刺激國軍僵化及單一之思維，相信必能大大節省國防部整體教育資源，並大幅提昇軍人素質。本研究發現在軍事教育資源整合及軍校簡併時，可能會遭遇到一些關鍵性問題亟待改進：如決策主官（管）權力過大且異動頻繁、參謀專業性及教育不足、教育資源重複投資、教育政策制訂過程欠週延及延續性、人才培育政策太過狹隘、經費來源受限、軍校傳統束縛、缺乏客觀之審查評估機制、未與國家教育體制接軌、師資無長遠規劃及欠多樣性、人為因素干擾教育政策、各校無明確教育目標與長遠計畫、未運用科學方法管控教育資源、課程缺乏多元化、軍事校院特色不足等。 研究者根據訪談結果分析與親身參與觀察的過程，經實證研究，提出研究建議： 壹、在執行軍事教育政策方面應：建立長遠軍事教育目標；充分授權各業務主管機關；嚴格限制軍事教育相關主官（管）任期與資格；密切結合人事經管政策；成立軍事教育政策指導委員會；與國家教育體制接軌並建立自我特色。 貳、在整合軍事教育資源方面應：運用現代化管理模式；建立機制控管與整合教育資源；軍事教育經費以固定比例編列；加強業管參謀之訓練與專業知能；著重全人教育與部隊實務的課程；師資多元並長期計劃培育；強化終身學習制度。 參、在簡併軍事校院方面應：簡併各軍事基礎校院，並檢討恢復ROTC之招募；整併同質性高之兵科學校，並將資源集中大量投入；重新構思深造教育模式，擴大施訓對象；大學部與研究所教育應明確區隔，並與民間共享資源。 / In terms of the proportion of soldiers’ number for Taiwan to US and in comparison of two countries military education system and civil educational resources, it is truthfully no needs to invest overmuch resource into university and graduate school for common knowledge. Therefore, if we could effectively integrate national defense educational resources and broadly employ civil educational resources to diversify the officer’s education for stimulating the armed forces rigid and single thought. Trustfully, it can widely save MND educational resources and largely enhance soldier’s quality. From the research findings, in the period of military educational resources integration and military academies consolidation process, some of the critical problems have been raised and waited for the improvements such as excessive authority and frequent transfer of decision-making superiors, insufficient staff’s profession and training, reduplicate investment of educational resources, the process of education policy-making lacks of well-consider and continuity, constrict talent people nurture policy, constraint budget resources, academies traditional burden, short of objective review and estimation mechanism, derailed from national education system, no faculty long-term planning and diversity, education policy affected by human factors, all academies short of categoric educational objective and long-term planning, not employ scientific method to control education resources, class objectives short of varieties, and military academies insufficient characteristics etc…. The researcher provided some suggestions as following by way of practical research according to the results of interviews. First, in execution of military education policy: to stimulate long-term military educational objective; fully empower to various units; strictly restrict the term period and prerequisite of related high superiors; closely joint all the manpower policies; to establish military education policy steering committee; to meet with national education system requirements and building self characteristic. Second, in integration of military education resources: to employ modernized management model; to establish mechanism to control and integrate education resources; to set up fix-proportion to plan the military education budgetary process; to reinforce the staff on-the-job training and professional knowledge; to focus on the courses related to all-respect education and troops affairs; diversified and long-term training plan on faculty; to intensify the perpetual learning system. Third, in streamlining the military academies: streamline all military basic academies and restore ROTC recruitment; consolidate the homogeneous professional military education school and invest in the collected resources; reconceive the advanced education model and enlarge the trainees’ background; categorically distinguish university education from graduate education and share the resources with other schools.

近年來，消費者對於高科技產品，往往會聽從他人意見，選擇主流的品牌與機型，尤其是具有相同背景與生活方式的消費者，所選擇的高科技產品通常非常相近。其次，更可以發現，高科技產品之使用年限不斷地縮短，推出新規格產品的速度越來越快，導致消費者越來越憂慮高科技產品之過時。 本研究智慧型手機為例，經由回顧文獻與理論，再以實證資料探討造成高科技產品具有從眾傾向之成因、分析消費者的特性(主觀產品知識、從眾傾向、獨特性需求)對於產品過時之不同憂慮(憂慮技術性過時、憂慮經濟性過時、憂慮心理性過時)的關係，以及了解新一代高科技產品的採用意願之影響因子。 本研究利用問卷發放的方式蒐集資料，得到之結論如下： 1. 消費者購買智慧型手機時較有從眾傾向 2. 使用者網路外部性增強消費者購買智慧型手機之從眾傾向，而主觀產品知識降低消費者購買智慧型手機之從眾傾向 3. 消費者主觀產品知識越高，對於智慧型手機過時之擔憂越低 4. 獨特性需求較高之消費者，較憂慮技術性與心理性過時；從眾傾向較高之消費者則較憂慮經濟性過時 5. 消費者憂慮經濟性過時與主觀產品知識越高，採用創新智慧型手機之意願越高；消費者憂慮技術性過時越高，採用創新智慧型手機之意願越低 最後，本研究根據分析結果，提出整體行銷建議供相關業者參考。

近年來，全球氣候變遷與環境惡化顯示目前人類活動與永續發展的衝突，如何減少能源消耗以降低溫室氣體排放成為當務之急。在都市規劃方面，以緊密都市理念探討都市發展與交通能源消耗最受到關注，然而都市發展與產業活動、家戶行為密切相關，因此若僅從交通方面分析能源消耗，恐忽略其他影響能源消耗的重要因素。故本研究著重於探討都市發展特性與能源消耗的關聯性，將產業活動與家戶行為納入模型分析，可更全面性了解都市與能源消耗的關聯性。此外，基於「全球思考、地方行動」的考量，如何落實節能減碳的目標，必須就各縣市的都市發展特性著手，透過追蹤資料模型，進一步了解各縣市的固定效果對能源消耗之影響以及能源消耗之時間趨勢。 透過對都市耗能部門進行分類，並以台灣改制後19個縣市為實證範圍，可以確認都市發展特性的幾個面向：土地使用密度、土地混合使用、交通屬性、產業屬性、家戶屬性、環境屬性與交通運輸、產業發展、家戶活動的耗能關係。實證結果發現，緊密都市有助於節能目標達成；道路增加可及性，但亦助長汽車使用，增加交通耗能；為提升大眾運輸使用率，需加強轉乘便利性以及改變私人交通運輸偏好；產業耗能與出口貿易關聯性高，不利能源減量；家戶居住行為與生活型態對能源消耗有正向影響；公園綠地能調節都市氣溫，減少耗能。 綜上所述，欲形塑一個節能減碳的都市必須透過多元途徑，在土地使用方面須維持適當的發展密度與混合程度；交通方面須加強大眾運輸便利性以提高民眾使用意願並抑制汽車使用；產業方面須透過政府獎勵節能措施及促進產業轉型以提升能源效率；家戶方面應透過教育及政策宣導以培養節能生活習慣，方能達成節能減碳的目標。 / In recent years, global climate change and environmental deterioration show a conflict between human activities and sustainable development. How to reduce energy consumption in order to mitigate greenhouse gas emission has become a top priority. According to the concept of compact city, urban planning is seen as the effective way to reduce transportation energy consumption. However, urban development is associated with industry development and household activities, so it would be improper to focus only on transportation sector. Thus the main motivation for this study is trying to illustrate urban development characteristics by combing transportation sector, industry sector and household sector, in order to understand the influence the urban development characteristics on energy consumption more comprehensively. In addition, on the concept of “global thinking, local action”, how to successfully implement energy saving policies should first understand the urban development characteristics of all counties. The purpose of this study is to empirically explore the influences of urban development characteristics on energy consumption by using panel data models, which uses the reorganization of nineteen counties areas in Taiwan as samples.In order to find out the fixed effect of all counties on energy consumption and trend of energy consumption. The empirical results show that the concepts of compact city still contributes the energy-saving goal；construction of roads increase accessibility, but also encourage car use, which increase energy consumption；to encourage the use of public transportation need to improve the convenience of transfer and change the preference of people；energy consumption in industry is highly associated to international trade, so it would be difficult for energy reduction；the trend of energy consumption has increased due to household lifestyle change；the green resources provides by park, which can adjust the temperature of city and reduce energy consumption. In sum, achieving the energy-saving city need diversified approaches, it can’t just keep increasing the density or land mixed-use. Traffic should be strengthened by improving transfer system. In order to increase the willingness to use public transport system and decrease car dependency；industry must trying to improve energy efficiency；households should cultivate the habit of saving energy by education in order to be a true energy-saving city.

肢體動作是情緒表達的方式之一，本研究旨在探討表達情緒時，表達者「動作特性」及「身體方向」對肢體動作情緒表達的影響，及其二者的關係。參考過去研究，本研究使用生氣、害怕、開心及悲傷四種情緒的肢體動作，並操弄平滑度、僵硬度、速度、力道及擴張度五種動作特性；0°、45°、90°三種身體方向，並且以正確率、反應時間及情緒強度作為指標，進行區辨作業及評分作業。本研究共分兩個實驗，每個實驗皆由兩個子實驗構成，兩個子實驗分別使用「一般動作」及「特殊動作」作為呈現刺激。實驗一目的在於探討「動作特性」對情緒表達的影響；實驗二目的在於探討「動作特性」和「身體方向」共同對情緒表達的影響。實驗一A使用一般動作並操弄五種動作特性，藉此得到各情緒的動作特性組合；實驗一B使用特殊動作並操弄動作特性相容性，結果顯示動作特性相容性確實有其效果，相容情況的情緒強度高於不相容情況。實驗二A、二B分別使用一般動作及特殊動作，並操弄五種動作特性及三種身體方向，結果顯示當身體方向符合情緒的趨避動機時，其正確率、反應時間及情緒強度的表現皆較好。综合而言，「動作特性」及「身體方向」在肢體動作表達情緒時確實有其效果，當動作特性相容時，可增進情緒表達力；當身體方向符合該情緒的趨避動機時，也可增進情緒表達力，但動作特性及身體方向二者間的關係為何，本研究仍無法下一定論。 關鍵字：情緒表達、趨避動機、肢體動作、動作特性、身體方向 / Abstract Body movement is one of the ways to express emotion. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of movement quality and body direction on the emotion expressiveness of body movement. Referring to some previous studies, four kinds of emotion (anger, fear, happiness and sadness) were included in the present study. Five movement qualities (smoothness, stiffness, speed, strength and expansion) and three body directions (0°, 45° and 90°) were manipulated as the independent variables. Response accuracy and reaction times of an identification task and rating scores of the emotion rating task were measured as the dependent variables. There are two experiments in this study which includes two sub-experiments each. One of the sub-experiments adopted non-propositional body movements as stimuli (Experiment 1A & 2A), and the other adopted propositional body movements as stimuli (Experiment 1B & 2B). Experiment 1 aimed to explore the effect of movement qualities. In Experiment 1A, movement quality combinations which can express each of the four emotions were found. Based on this result, in Experiment 1B, movement quality compatibility was manipulated. The results of Experiment 1B confirmed the effect of movement quality compatibility on emotion strength in non-propositional body movement. Experiment 2 manipulated five movement qualities and three body directions. The results showed that when body direction was compatible with the approach-avoidance motivation of the expressed emotion, participant’s performances on response accuracy, reaction times and rating scores were better than that of incompatible ones. In conclusion, both movement quality and body direction can influence the emotion expressiveness of body movement. When movement qualities and body directions are compatible with the expressed emotion, the strength of emotion can be increased. But the relative contributions and the interaction effect of movement qualities and body directions are still unclear. Keywords: emotion expression, approach-avoidance motivation, body movement, movement quality, body direction

隨著商業環境的快速變動，企業為因應市場快速變化，管理階層傾向於將專案規模縮小、目標明確來定義專案的範圍，以助於專案的執行，因此企業大多會執行一個以上的專案，然而專案彼此之間或多或少都會有些關聯與互動，良好的互動關係對於專案執行成效與企業均有其正面助益，因此本研究的目的在探討軟體專案特性對專案管理與專案間互動的影響之研究。 本研究以全球防毒軟體領導廠商-趨勢科技為例，其獨特的企業文化和指標性的企業管理模式，皆已成為國際型企業的典範。因此探討該公司運用雲端運算技術所成立的兩個專案進行研究，藉以探討專案特性、專案管理、專案間互動之關係。本研究經由個案訪談以及次級資料的分析探討，本研究之發現如下： 1.企業在執行軟體專案管理時，充分授權有助於激進式創新專案的開發進行。 2.領導者在軟體專案管理各階段所扮演的角色不同。當技術為外部來源時，領導者需要扮演協調溝通角色；當技術為內部來源時，領導者需要扮演技術支援角色。 3.企業在執行軟體專案管理時，會用師徒制來進行隱性知識的傳承；並利用文件管理系統來管理外顯知識。 4.當激進式創新的產品開發專案運用外部技術來源時，提供員工自我學習的空間，並透過知識分享討論會、知識管理系統、非正式溝通的多個群體協調活動，有助於專案間互動。 / In order to adapt to rapidly changing markets, cooperate managers tend to downsize the scales and define specific goals of projects for effective execution. Therefore, cooperates simultaneously deal with multiple projects which are inter-connected to each other. Good interactions benefit both projects and cooperate itself. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate how the characteristics of software projects influence the managements and interactions of projects. The study subject is Trend Macro Incorporated, the world-wide leading company of antivirus software. Its unique culture and foremost management style have become the model example of international companies. Therefore, this study investigated two projects of this company, which apply cloud computing, to explore the relationships of the characteristics, management and interactions within and between projects. By case interview and secondary databases, the main findings of this study are listed below. 1.Enterprise in the implementation of software project management, the fully authorized to contribute to the development of radical innovation projects carried out. 2.Leader in software project management role of the different stages. When the technology to external sources, the leaders need to play the role of coordination and communication. When the technology for internal sources, leaders need to play a technical support role. 3.Enterprise in the implementation of software project management, we will use the apprenticeship system to carry out transmission of tacit knowledge; and to use document management system to manage explicit knowledge. 4.When the radical innovation of the product development project the use of external technology sources, to provide space for staff self-learning and knowledge sharing through seminars, knowledge management systems, informal communication between the various groups of coordination activities to facilitate interaction between projects.

從杜斯妥也夫斯基小說《卡拉馬助夫兄弟》 看其宗教思想表現形式的特點 指導教授：瓦列格夫博士 研究生：林冠廷 論文提要 「上帝是否存在？」這個問題，一直都是困擾且折磨杜斯妥也夫斯基的問題，作家窮盡一生都在探討它。在小說《卡拉馬助夫兄弟》中，杜斯妥也夫斯基再一次更深入的探討這個問題，並藉由小說中的人物展開了豐富的思想辯論。卡拉馬助夫的家庭史，實際上就是俄國社會的一個縮影，小說主角人物對待信仰的態度及看法，可以被視為俄國社會上各種不同類型之人的代表。透過小說各種角色面對信仰問題時所表現的態度與處理方式，杜斯妥也夫斯基利用對話理論使他們各自闡述各自的思想並透過辯論來探討「創造者與被造者」——「神與人」的關係。在本論文當中，我們藉著探討小說人物們對信仰的態度與上下文來分析杜斯妥也夫斯基在宗教思想表達形式上的特點，並嘗試理解他的中心思想。本論文將小說人物分成三個群組來探討：一、卡拉馬助夫的家庭成員；二、東正教神職人員；三、天真信仰的代表者，如：虔信的婦人們、小信的女士與駑鈍的老僕人等的信仰觀。藉著討論以上三個群組人物的語言特性，行為舉止和其思想上的變化，再加上小說部分片段採用了鑲嵌式短篇小說的手法，作家營造了一個多聲部的作品，不僅使小說本身的思想更加豐富，也增加了他的被討論與可看性。因此，本論文將藉由探討小說《卡拉馬助夫兄弟》中各種人物角色的信仰觀來理解杜斯妥也夫斯基深邃複雜又充滿矛盾的宗教思想。 關鍵字：宗教思想， 對話理論， 文本語意結構，上下文，語言特性，鑲嵌式短篇小說，鄉土主義

虛擬社群已成為社會的新興溝通平台，隨著網際網路的發展而日益茁壯。所謂虛擬社群意識，是指成員對於與虛擬社群之間關係的感覺，或是個人感覺到屬於某個包含其他人的虛擬團體。虛擬社群意識由數個構面組成，會受到某些虛擬社群本身俱有的特性所影響；此外，虛擬社群成員對社群的忠誠度是使虛擬社群擴大發展的必要條件，若虛擬社群成員擁有強烈的社群意識，對社群的忠誠度是否會增加? 本研究欲探討虛擬社群意識所包含的構面，再者欲證實虛擬社群特性、意識與成員忠誠度三構念之間的影響關係。研究對象為擁有參與虛擬社群經驗的學生以及上班族，採用便利抽樣，共計獲得135份有效問卷，以迴歸分析討論三構念之間的關係。 研究結果顯示，虛擬社群意識的構面可分成會員身份、影響力、沉迷度及意識認同；虛擬社群特性的構面則可分為領導者熱忱、離線活動及娛樂性。兩構念之間具有如下關係: 1. 離線活動能正向影響會員身份、影響力及意識認同 2. 娛樂性能正向影響會員身份、沉迷度及意識認同 此外，虛擬社群意識也被證實能夠影響虛擬社群成員忠誠度: 1. 會員身份能正向影響成員忠誠度 2. 意識認同能正向影響成員忠誠度 網路虛擬社群的興起為人們的溝通型態帶來重大的轉變，藉由虛擬社群特性、意識與成員忠誠度之間的關係探討，將能夠幫助虛擬社群經營者更加深入了解虛擬社群，懂得如何增強社群意識及成員對社群的忠誠度，掌握在虛擬世界裡成功的契機。 / Virtual community, growing with Internet, has become a popular communication platform in recent years. Sense of virtual community (SOVC) means a member’s feeling toward the virtual community where he/she takes part. SOVC is composed of several different dimensions, and it will be affected by some characteristics of virtual community itself. Besides, if a virtual community pursues expanding, members' loyalty to their virtual communities will be a necessary condition. We wonder whether a strong SOVC will affect a member's loyalty to his/her virtual community. The study generalizes the dimensions of virtual community first, afterward examining the relationship of virtual community's characteristics, sense and member's loyalty. 20-30 year old members, who have sufficient experiences of participating in virtual communities, are our target samples. In total, we have 135 effective questionnaires, and conduct regressions to do this analysis. According to the study result, SOVC can be divided into 4 dimensions: membership, influence, immersion and conscious identification. As for characteristics of virtual community, they can be separated into 3 dimensions: leader's enthusiasm, off-line activity and enjoyability. There are some relationships between these two constructs: 1.Off-line activity can affect membership, influence and conscious identification positively. 2.Enjoyability can affect membership, immersion and conscious identification positively. Besides,SOVC can affect member's loyalty (to his/her virtual community): 1.Membership can affect member’s loyalty positively. 2.Conscious identification can affect member’s loyalty positively. Virtual community has brought a huge change in ways of communication. The study discusses the relationship of virtual community's characteristics, sense and member's loyalty. Through understanding the study result, knowing the tips to increase SOVC and member's loyalty, organizers of virtual communities are able to handle community better. In the end, they can reach great success in the virtual world.

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