本研究以旅遊地生命週期理論為基礎，發展出四個階段的旅遊社區發展模式，釐清社區旅遊發展中各階段的特色，並且找出階段轉換之間的重要里程碑。除了階段特色外，在各個發展時期中，也進一步探討社區發展與其利益關係人所扮演的角色與給予的資源支持。希望旅遊社區發展模式的提出，能夠作為台灣地區未來社區進行觀光旅遊發展時的參考，幫助社區進行管理決策。 本研究以新社、九份及白米地區作為個案研究對象，並且透過文獻探討、次級資料的蒐集與訪談，進一步了解個案地區目前發展情形與發展各階段的重大事件，作為旅遊社區發展模式修正與改進之依據。 本研究共有五項發現，第一，整理並歸納出社區發展的四階段的各階段特色與階段轉換的重要里程碑，第二，以此四階段為劃分依據，探討各階段利益關係人角色與態度之轉變，第三，當社區處於鞏固期或衰退期，在特定條件下，外來的負面影響能促使社區進入再生期，第四，具有觀光吸引力的社區，才得以發展社區旅遊，第五，社區自治團體在社區發展中扮演著相當重要的角色，社區自治團體能幫助社區更成功發展旅遊產業。基於以上資料分析，本研究同時對個案社區、欲發展旅遊產業的社區及未來研究提供相關建議，期望提供未來研究者進一步的參考。 / This study derived a tourism community development model based on the theory of tourism area life cycle. Four stages of the model and their corresponding features were identified. In addition, tis study has found the milestones of transferring between stages and explored the roles and contributions of stakeholders to the community development. This model is expected to provide advices and references for the decision making of community management. Three communities, Shin-she, Jiou-fen and Bai-mi communities were selected as the research targets, and several techniques were applied to conduct the study including literature review secondary data collection, and in-depth interviews. As a result, several important findings were recorded. First, four stages of the development of tourism community with specific features for each stage were identified, and the milestones transferring from one stage to the next stage were defined. Second, the roles of the stakeholders at each stage were recognized and their changing attitudes among different stage were discussed. Third, under specific conditions, the negative effect (e. g., war, disease and natural disasters) will force a community to enter the rejuvenation stage from consolidation or decline stages. Fourth, only the community with tourism attractions can become a successful tourism community. Fifth, the community autonomy organizations play a critical role in the successful development of tourism communities. Some managerial suggestions were provided to the three case communities and other communities which are planning to develop as tourism communities. Moreover, future research directions were proposed based on the findings in the study.

由於全球化時代的來臨，企業無不善用全球的人才與資源，以提升自我的競爭力，增加企業發展的契機。為了加速企業發展速度，越來越多企業透過購併模式，快速結合不同公司的人才與資源，提升自我的競爭力。但在購併的過程中，如何有效整合不同公司的人才與資源，就變成一個很重要發展課題。 在整合不同的公司過程中，除了外在的人才與資源整合外，內在各公司間核心知識的整合與應用更為重要。透過PLM（Product Lifecycle Management）系統平台，可以實踐整合外在的人才與資源，更可以進一步整合各公司間的核心知識，進而產生各項應用與回饋。 本研究由相關文獻探討，藉由企業購併、知識管理和資訊系統整合之概念，推展出以「組織」、 「流程」和「資料」三個構面的研究架構，透過跨公司 PLM 系統整併實際案例，整理出一PLM系統平台運作方式，探討企業產品生命週期管理系統整合發展之影響因子。 由個案分析與研究發現得出研究結論如下: 研究結論1： 企業間進行產品生命週期管理系統整合前，具有RD 開發和 IT 技術專業背景之A型人才擔任此整合專案規劃和執行者，是導入成功的關鍵考量因素。 研究結論2： 企業間進行產品生命週期管理系統整合時，高層主管在專案中的有力支持與表達、良好的溝通、良好完整的教育訓練與技術轉移計畫，是成功的關鍵做法。 研究結論3： 企業間進行產品生命週期管理系統整合時，做好完整的Legacy Data Migration和以流程再造／創新的態度，將不合理流程一併進行調整與改善，是成功的關鍵做法。 研究結論4：企業間進行產品生命週期管理系統整合後，使用該單一、公開、共用的資訊流程平台，有助於新產品之開發時程縮短和開發成本降低。 關鍵字: 知識管理，產品生命週期，系統整合，PLM / Since the advent of the era of globalization, companies take advantage of are all use of personnel and resources of the world, to enhance its competitiveness and to increase opportunities for enterprise growing up. In order to accelerate the pace of enterprise enlargement, more and more companies are through M&A mode, quickly combining different company's talents and resources to enhance its competitiveness. But in the process of acquisition, how to effectively integrate the talents and resources of different companies becomes a very important studying. In addition to the integration of external talents and resources, the inner core between each company in the integration and application of knowledge is more important, in the process of integrating different companies. It can integrate the external talent and resources via PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) system platform operation. And even to the core knowledge among the companies to reproduce various applications and feedback. Case study analysis & findings conclude as bellows: Conclusions 1: Planning phase, before inter-enterprise PLM systems integration, a high position, both RD engineering and IT professional skill background, A-type talent as this integrated project owner of planning and implementation, is the key to the success of the considerations. Conclusions 2: Execution phase, during inter-enterprise PLM systems integration, the strong support for the project from the executives, a well communication and a comprehensive training & technology transfer programs are the keys to success. Conclusions 3: Execution phase, during inter-enterprise PLM system integration, it is critical to have a full span Legacy data migration and to adjust/improve the unreasonable the process with process reengineering/process innovative attitude. Conclusions 4: Sustaining phase, after inter-enterprise PLM system integration, the use of the unique, opened platform for information sharing, contributes to the shortening of the develoemnt schedule and the reducing materials costs on new products development. Keywords: knowledge management, product life-cycle, systems integration, PLM

電子產業日益競爭下，個人電腦 (PC) 已走向一個成熟且低毛利率的產業。由於市場的成熟，廠商提供消費者多樣化的產品選擇，以致產品的生命週期愈趨縮短；產品的售價也因市場的過度競爭，而愈趨下跌。反觀產品供應鏈，原物料、人工成本以及原始設計製造 (ODM) 廠商的報價，卻是逐年上揚。因此對於一個國際品牌個人電腦廠商而言，如何提昇整體產品銷售組合的毛利率，已是攸關廠商生存的重要課題之一。 本研究著重在從財務管理的觀點探討，如何有以有效運用及控制公司內部研發資源為前提，建立並導出一適當的財務模型，提供最佳化的新產品獲利組合預測，增進公司整體之營運效益。並選擇某國際品牌高科技公司之消費性筆記型電腦部門為研究對象，對其新產品組合之獲利最佳化模式預測做整體性評估、驗證及可行性分析之探討。研究結果發現財務模型所提供之最佳化產品組合預測可提供產品銷售獲利最佳化預測資訊，然而除最佳獲利外，廠商實際上仍須考量維持市場佔有率以保持競爭力，經實務面的需求調整後，才為公司之最佳化產品組合。以此研究提供相關產業廠商未來發展之參考。 / Electronic industry has rapidly become more competitive, and personal computer is already in a sophisticated and low gross-margin market. Due to the sophistication, consumers face various product choices and hence the product life cycles are shorter. The product price is also decreasing because of severe competition. On the other side, product supply chain, including material price, labor cost, and the offer price of original design manufacturer, is escalating year over year. As a result, how to increase the gross margin of product portfolio is important to the company. This thesis begins with a financial management view, based on the condition of effective resource use and control, to build an appropriate financial model which can forecast the optimal product portfolio and the return. Taking an international high-technology company as research object, we found that except the profit capability, market share is also a critical factor which should be concerned when building the portfolio in reality.

本研究乃基於塑化原料價格維持高檔下，且中國政策改變營運成本大幅增加，如何提升營運成效的背景動機而投入進行。而本研究的目的，乃期瞭解企業生命周期與策略管理之關連、確認大陸台商塑膠製品公司之產品方向、掌握大陸台商塑膠製品公司各階段之成長策略與管理控制。 為促使本研究的周延，乃從企業生命週期面、企業策略管理面、企業成長面之能力與管控企三方面進行文獻探討，藉以獲得正確的研究知識與並啟發基礎的研究觀念，進而奠立本研究的研究架構與實施步驟，以促研究的有序進行。 另外，基於本研究議題之敏感，且願意公開的大陸台商塑膠製品公司家數甚少，再加上本研究主題乃台商塑膠製品公司前往大陸發展自然演變而產生，故本研究採取探索性的個案研究。而研究架構，乃以公司生命周期階段、公司策略架構、公司管理控制設計三方面為主發展。而研究方法，主要採行文獻探討與個案研究。 對於個案公司的分析，首先從個案內部現況進行分析、其次針對個案階段發展進行分析、再者就個案的外部環境、策略模型、成長發展進行分析、最後，再從個案管理控制投入分析。 經過上述的個案研究，本研究提出如下的結論： (一)個案公司成長階段的確認。 (二)個案公司產業競爭的分析。 (三)個案公司成長策略的訂定。 (四)個案公司管理控制模式的發展。 本研究對個案公司提出如下的建議： (一)人力資源的培育 (二)營運模式的調整 (三)核心能耐的掌握 至於，對未來研究的建議： (一)研究個案的增加 (二)研究方法的改變 (三)研究方向的拓展 / The background of the study was the plastic-material price was high, the Chinese policy was changing and the operating costs was increasing. The motivation of the study was how to enhance operate effectively of the industry. The purpose of the study was listed as follow, to understand the connecting the business life cycle with strategic management, to confirm the product direction of Taiwanese plastics companies, to grasp the growth strategy and management control of the companies at all stages. The analysis architecture of the study based on 6 directions of the case: the operation situation, the development strategy, the external environment, strategic model, growth development and management &control. Because the issue of the study was sensitive and the industry was unique, the study approach was the case study. The conclusion of the study presented 3 directions: 1.To confirm the growth stage of the case. 2.To analysis the industry competitiveness of the case. 3. To plan the growth strategy of the case. 4.To development the management control model of the case. The suggestion of the study presented 2 directions: 1. To the case: The case had to cultivate the human resource, adjust the operation model, grasp the core competence. 2.To the future study: a. To increase the research data- to help comparing kinds of study results. b. To change the research method- to help verifying the theory and physical situations. c. To explore new research directions- to help building the concepts of the acquiring & merging for our business.

台灣面臨高齡化所帶來的問題日趨嚴重，就失能老人而言，家庭依然是老人最能接受的照顧方式，然而仍然有漸多的老人接受機構式照護。他們早年的生命經驗，如何影響晚年居住安排，最後又是何種因素使他們作出入住機構的決定；他們的感受為何亦是研究所關心的。 以此，本研究以質化研究的敘說分析進行，訪談了八位目前入住機構的失能老人，希望透過老人敘說自己過去的生命經驗，能深入探討他們早年累積的重要資源與晚年居住安排之關聯，並瞭解晚年居住的安排過程、最後入住機構的原因及入住後的適應狀況等。茲將結果摘述如下： 一、 早年生命歷程對晚年居住安排的影響 健康資源：這些老人早年是在物資缺乏的環境中成長，身體照顧極為忽視、受教育的機會亦不多，在先天條件不佳的情況下，他們沒有太多的機會為老年的生活提早進行規劃。 經濟資源：人力資本不足薪資所得偏低，使財富累積困難；而女性從事的無酬家務勞動、照顧者角色，更使女性居於經濟的弱勢地位。 家庭資源：養兒防老的觀念隨著時代改變、久病臥床等因素，越來越窒礙難行，子女數多不代表擁有的家庭資源多，親情依附、子女願意承擔照顧責任，才是老人真正擁有的資源。 二、 晚年居住安排的過程 老人晚年選擇居住安排的過程，符合「層級補償模式」，首先是配偶及子女、最後才是由正式的照顧服務提供，呈現一個有順序的過程。最末接受機構照護的原因因人而異，但就整體而論，老人的健康狀況與自我照顧程度，才是入住機構的主因。 三、 入住機構後的適應狀況 主動入住機構的失能老人，對機構的環境適應較佳，此與入住機構的意願、親情支持等，正向感受較多有關。被動入住的老人雖然心中不願，在缺乏掌控力的情況下，他們通常都認命地接受家人安排，但入住後較難以適應機構的生活。 / Past researches mostly focus on living arrangement of the healthy elders. Therefore, the study attends to emphasize on the relationship between housing and living arrangements of disabled elders and their life course. The samples include 8 elderly people (over 60 years old) living in the institution, and had difficulties performing in the ADL and IADL activities because of health or physical problems. As a result of the research, the purpose of this qualitative research include: (1) to research the connection between disabled elders living in the institution and the process of their early life; (2) to understand the proceeding of living arrangement for the disabled elders; (3) to discuss their point of view and subject explanations on the institutional care; (4) on according to research finding, the effective suggestions will be proposed, and some of them may as well be put on practice. The analysis in the content revealed the theme that emerged from narratives -- the health, family resources, especially economic factors in the early life will affect the later life in the way that diminishes choices and opportunities in arranging the elder’s living; the main reasons for the elders to be accepted into institutional care are their healthy status and their degrees of self-care; the elder who voluntarily move into the institution usually have better ability in adapting the passive ones. Although several meaningful findings are recognized, some limitations are also identified. Practice suggests and future research orientations are discussed.

台灣位處於亞熱帶氣候，空調已成為家家戶戶必備使用的產品，而空調產品主要可以區分為三大市場，包含：家用市場、商用市場及大型中央空調市場。本研究主要從中央空調產業生命週期中探討該產業之領先者與追隨者在該市場上之銷售策略之分析，其探討議題如下： (一) 探討追隨者與領先者對該產業之生命週期看法 (二) 探討追隨者企業在該領域上如何與領先者競爭 本研究經由選擇台灣中央空調產業的兩家公司進行深度訪談，並就議題進行探討得到以下結論。領先者若無法有效的進行防禦以維持現有的市場占有率，其仍會受到其他競爭者的競爭而受影響，特別是當其他競爭者透過併購策略、上下游的垂直整合、產品線的水平整合等方式，讓本身內部資源與能力上的提升時，將會影響領先者在市場上地位。 / Taiwan is in a subtropical climate where air conditioning has become essential for every household product, and can be divided into three major markets, including: residential, commercial and central air conditioning market. This study focuses on the central air-conditioning industry life cycle in Taiwan to further explores the leaders and followers of the industry by the market sales strategy analysis. The discussion topics are as follows: (A) To explore the followers and leaders of the industry from life cycle’s perspective; (B) Explore how followers can compete with leaders in the industry. The study selected two companies in Taiwan's central air-conditioning industry to conduct in-depth interviews and discussed the issues to get the following conclusions. Leaders who are unable to effectively defend themselves to maintain their existing market share, will be affected by competition from other competitors, especially when other competitors go through the mergers and acquisitions, vertical integration of upstream and downstream, product line level integration and so on so that their own internal resources and ability to enhance, will affect the leader in the market position.

本研究以焦耳極限自行車功率訓練中心為案例，針對新創企業策略的形成、評估與執行進行探討。首先描述案例公司之商業計畫，就公司概念、產品服務、產業概況、競爭環境、目標顧客、公司定位與優勢、運動員需求、功率訓練技術與設備、行銷計畫及財務計畫等各面向做分析與創業規劃。而後針對營運現況與問題做檢討，並使用產業生命週期分析，辨別所處產業之生命週期階段及對應策略重點，以此發展出目前營運問題之改善策略方案。最後參照外部專家意見，進行方案修正與實行。

第一章為緒論，在本章中著者將討論本論文之研究目的、研究動機、研究方法與研究 限制。研究目的探討廠商或企業布市場上行銷或生產某一產品時，在該項產品必然歷 經的各個產品生命週期中，廠商或企業如何利用本論文之研究結果於實際市場行動之 中。第二章為ＡＨＰ（分析層級程序）之簡介，在本章中著者試就ＡＨＰ做一概念性 之介紹，由於本法之牽連廣泛，故著者僅就其中與本論文相關者做一敘述。第三章為 產品生命週期之簡介，在本章中著者就眾多有關產品生命週期的文獻中，舉出與本論 文研究較具相關者做一描述。 第四、五、六、七章，本論文定莪產品處於介入期、成長期、成熟期、衰退期時各別 之行銷資源，再分別應用ＡＨＰ法衡量產品處於各階段時所應使的之行銷資源的優先 次序（priorities）。 第八章中，著者試就本論文做一結論與建議。並嘗試為企業界在應用ＡＨＰ時做一些 建議。

在全球化的經濟蓬勃發展下，環保事件層出不窮，地球環境遭受重大破壞，各種環保議題引起國際矚目與熱烈討論。歐洲議會在2003年初公布了針對十項電機電子設備的兩個環保相關規範，分別是歐盟電機電子設備有害物質限制使用指令(RoHS)與歐盟電機電子設備廢棄物指令（WEEE），另外，歐盟能源使用產品生態化設計指令（EuP）也已在2005年8月11日公布，這些指令對相關產業的營運與發展將造成重大衝擊，其影響深遠供應鏈上下游成員無一倖免。 產業界為因應此一環保規範限制，將環境因素納入到傳統供應鏈管理當中，而形成了所謂「綠色供應鏈管理」的熱門議題。其主要差異乃是後者將生命週期思維融入產品設計、製造、使用與最終的廢棄回收處理的整個範疇。 本研究嘗試由資訊製造業的個案公司實際發展綠色供應鏈的過程中，以個案分析的方式收集其產品發展流程的各種資料，包括綠色設計、綠色採購、綠色供應商評鑑與稽核、綠色資訊平台建置等，並予以整理分析，建立個案公司的綠色供應鏈管理策略架構與協同運作模式。 本研究結果顯示綠色供應鏈管理策略的核心是「源頭管理」，源頭管理落實之後，加上其所衍生出來的綠色供應商評鑑與稽核、綠色產品管理系統、綠色資訊整合等各項活動，始能達到符合環保規範的目標，做到完整的風險控管，讓企業穩健發展。同時，本研究也顯示，建立協同設計機制及PDM資訊平台可以有效分析處理供應鏈上下成員間流通的資料，譬如，原物料、零組件等源頭綠色資料被有效地整合於綠色資訊平台，企業因應環保法規落實到資訊管理裡，營運風險因而獲得保障。 / Accompanying the vigorous economic development, the environment of the earth has been impacted tremendously. There are so many environmental issues that occurred in past decades turning into hot topics among nations. European Parliament published RoHS, and WEEE Directives in early 2003 that mandate ten categories of electric and electronic equipments to be restricted in the use of hazardous substances and wastes disposal respectively. Also, the setting of ecodesign requirement for Energy-Using Products newly announced in August of 2005. All the three mandatory EU Directives has definitely influenced significantly the foregoing development of the related industries. To react to the environmental regulations, the industries try to put environmental element into conventional Supply Chain Management, SCM. Thus, come out with Green SCM. The key differences are the latter mingling life cycle thought through out the whole scope of product life span. This research attempt to establish a collaborative structure and strategy for Green Supply Chain Management, by means of analyzing the information collected from the real developing process, including green design, green procurement, green suppliers’ appraisal, building up green information platform, of an information manufacturing firm. The research revealed that the core strategy of Green SCM is “Source Management”. Only if source management has fully implemented at the site of raw materials and component manufacturers, the environmental regulations can compliant thoroughly. Thus, the risk management is well controlled, so that the firm would operate soundly. Meanwhile, the research also showed that building up collaborative mechanism to link with PDM platform may process effectively the flowing data between the parties of supply chain. As a result, the restricted hazardous substances data of raw material and components are integrated into the green information platform and well managed. The operation risk of enterprise would be secured because of the entire implementation of information management for the environment regulations.

本研究「台灣醫界聯盟基金會」倡議「台灣加入世界衛生組織（WHO）」議題的過程為觀察對象，探討議題發展的過程中，非政府組織、議題、與議題所處的環境，彼此如何相互影響，以成就議題的生命。 研究發現，就組織層面來看，「台灣醫界聯盟基金會」從社會運動組織轉型為制度化的非政府組織，其發展的過程與台灣許多非政府組織的轉型過程相似，而組織與政府關係的改變，則增加了「台灣加入世界衛生組織」議題的能見度，也成功促使議題進入政府的決策體系。 此外，WHO議題若與其他社會因素（如選舉）或天然災害相結合，能夠增加議題在媒體上的曝光程度；而「台灣醫界聯盟基金會」針對議題進行的各種訊息策略與遊說，雖然不一定完全獲得媒體報導，但的確是促使議題獲得國內或國外能見度的重要因素。