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公司特性、裁決性應計項目與審計品質關聯性之研究黃郁芬 Unknown Date (has links)
因為公司所有者與管理者不同,且外界第三者不容易直接觀察到公司管理者的行為,而有代理問題存在,也因代理問題使公司管理當局有操縱盈餘數字的機會及動機。然而在投資者沒有受過會計專業訓練下,幾乎很難去區分裁決性應計項目及非裁決性應計項目,當盈餘與營業現金流量差異愈大時,代表管理者操縱應計項目的空間愈大,管理當局為向外界發出訊息顯示自己雖有盈餘管理機會,卻無盈餘管理的行為,則會聘用高審計品質的會計師事務所進行查核簽證,也將進一步了解高審計品質會計師事務所是否有較高之偵測或抑制盈餘管理能力。
本研究第一部份在探討公司特性與聘任審計品質之關連性,採用Logit的研究方法探討我國上市公司產生應計項目之特徵是否會影響選任審計品質,並控制以往研究中發現會影響選任會計師因素的變數,如:公司規模、財務槓桿、公司成長率、財務困難、查核意見等變數。本研究第二部分在探討審計品質與所查核公司盈餘管理之關連性,採用橫斷面Modified Jones Model 及CFO Model的盈餘管理偵測模式來衡量公司裁決性應計項目,並利用無母數統計方法探討高、低審計品質會計師事務所查核公司之裁決性應計項目平均數是否有差異。
研究結果發現,當公司營業週期愈長,則表示企業愈需要較多營運資本,維持其營運活動,或當公司資產敏感度愈高時,則表示企業折舊或攤銷等長期項目愈多,其盈餘與營業現金流量差異愈大,管理當局可操縱盈餘之空間愈大,愈傾向聘用高審計品質之會計師事務所查核簽證以降低代理問題。另外,實證結果亦發現分別採用橫斷面Modified Jones Model 及CFO Model驗證高、低審計品質在偵測盈餘管理或抑制盈餘管理能力上其結果不同,所以無強烈證據支持由高審計品質所查核簽證財務報表之公司,其盈餘管理的現象會低於由低審計品質所查核者。
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下半年盈餘管理與年度盈餘資訊內涵關係之研究 / Interim Earnings Management and The Fourth Quarter Good News Effect林坤霖, Lin, Kuen-Lin Unknown Date (has links)
本研究觀察臺灣新上市公司的盈餘管理行為是否傾向於下半年或第四
季。且不同季別盈餘管理的舉措是否與股價操縱有關?如果答案為肯定,
則我國股市的資源與財富分配效效果,需進一步探討,並提出改良的方法
。 為驗證上述兩者之關聯性,本研究以民國 80 年至民國
83 年所有上市公司之年度財 務資訊與季資訊為樣本,用市場模式衡量
異常報酬,並比較年度間各類之淨應計項目,以 探討盈餘有用性、盈餘
管理之季節效應,及其與資訊內涵的關係。其實證結果顯示:
(一)年度盈餘及季盈餘具資訊內涵,且季盈餘資訊內涵間具差異性。
(二)公司管理當局之年度間盈餘管理行為並未如預期地傾向於第四季或
下半年。
(三)公司管理當局年度間盈餘管理在好壞消息的樣本間是具差異性的,且在好消息 樣本間較顯著。
(四)公司管理當 局會利用季盈餘管理之結果來操縱股價。
綜合上述實證結果,由於盈餘資訊內涵的存在,對一般投資者而言,盈餘是有用的資訊,而公司當理當局會在年度中各季間從事盈餘管理行為來達成其預定目標。與本研究的 預期不同,公司管理當局不會在第四季或下半年特別作盈餘管理。由於我國股市投機風氣較盛,管理當局可能利用財務預測資訊或其他資訊來操縱股價,遠比盈餘管理有效。然原因如何尚待進一步探討。
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上市後業績衰退與盈餘管理關係之研究 / The research between IPO and earning management曾國禓, Tzeng, Kwo Yang Unknown Date (has links)
本研究觀察台灣新上市公司上市後業績衰退的特殊現象,並參酌有關國內股票上市的規定,及股市相配合之資訊與競爭環境,由求實性會計理論之推衍,以探討公司於上市後經營績效之惡化,是否係因公司若於上市前進行盈餘管理以利於上市申請之審查過程,然損益操縱有其限度、且上市後應計項目迴轉的結果。
為驗証上市後業績衰退與上市前盈餘管理之關聯,本研究以民國73年至民國81年於台灣証券交易所初次上市,而於上市後業績呈衰退之新上市公司,比較其上市前後之應計項目、與營業有關之應計項目及營業外損益之差異尺度是否顯著,以偵測衡量業績衰退之新上市公司於上市前是否進行盈餘管理,及其所使用之盈餘管理工具。實証結果顯示:
(1)業績衰退之新上市公司,上市前後總應計項目並未呈顯著差異。
(2)就與營業有關之應計項目,上市後業績衰退之公司,其上市前顯著大於上市後之平均水準;就上市前各年而言,上市前二年及上市前三年之與營業有關之應計項目顯著大於上市後。
(3)而營業外損益,業績衰退之樣本公司則有上市後顯著大於上市前的現象。
綜合上述實証結果,業績衰退之新上市公司應計項目,上市前後並無顯著差異,可能係公司進行損益平穩化的結果;進一步分析探討,與營業有關之應計項目及營業外損益,於上市前後呈相反方向之變動,且上市前後呈顯著之差異。由於與營業有關之應計項目,與營業外損益,於財務報表之揭露及使用者的分析方式上,皆具有不同的特性及意義。故而結論,公司於面臨不同的外在經濟環境壓力下,進行之損益操縱策略時,將會審慎考慮該經濟環境壓力之因素,俾達其預定目標。
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租稅天堂密集度對公司盈餘管理行為之影響:以台灣上市電子工業為例 / Effect of tax haven intensity on earnings management : Evidence from TSEC-Listed Electronic corporations黃柏曄 Unknown Date (has links)
在全世界競爭的經濟環境下,各國莫不致力於降低公司租稅成本以增加資金的注入及吸引海外投資。為降低企業稅負,透過租稅天堂進行轉投資儼然成為跨國企業的趨勢。然而,租稅天堂子公司設立的密集度是否會影響公司盈餘管理行為是本文的重點。本文使用台灣經濟新報2005年-2012年財報資料,以台灣上市電子工業公司為研究對象,使用不平衡追蹤資料之固定模型進行估計。本文模型有二盈餘管理模型及有效稅率模型,並且因租稅天堂種類的不同區分成租稅天堂及基地天堂兩情況。
模型一盈餘管理模型實證結果發現,租稅天堂及基地天堂子公司密集度向下影響母公司裁決性流動應計數不明顯;然而,在公司有關係人交易情況下,租稅天堂及基地天堂子公司密集度會影響母公司操縱流動應計數的行為,母公司有降低盈餘的租稅動機。模型二有效稅率模型實證結果顯示,母公司當期有效稅率會受租稅天堂或基地天堂密集度影響而下降。最後,同時觀察兩個實證模型的情況一及二可以推論租稅天堂或基地天堂密集度較高的公司,有降低盈餘及租稅成本的租稅動機。
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金融商品價值變動、公司特性與盈餘管理之關聯性 / Value changes in financial instruments, firm characteristics and earnings management: an empirical study of Taiwan listed companies范凱鈞, Fan, Kai Chun Unknown Date (has links)
本研究之目的在於探討金融商品價值變動、公司特性與盈餘管理之關聯性,研究對象2006年1月1日至2009年6月30日金融業以外之上市公司作,並分為兩部分進行分析。第一部份檢視公司特性與其持有金融商品的關係,並觀察全球金融危機是否會影響公司對於金融商品之持有程度。第二部份探討金融商品價值變動以及公司特性是否會影響公司之盈餘管理行為。
本研究結果顯示,管理當局持股愈高、債務比率愈低、公司規模愈大、現金股利率愈高、流動性愈高以及研發費用率愈高之公司,其持有金融商品之程度愈高。產業為電子業之公司較其他產業之公司持有較少之金融商品。全球金融危機發生之後,公司對金融商品之持有程度有明顯下降之情況。
此外,金融資產評價利益、金融資產評價損失與金融負債評價損失與盈餘管理之關係符合損益平穩化之理論;金融商品減損損失與盈餘管理之關係則符合洗大澡之理論。管理當局持股比率愈高時,愈會將裁量性應計向上操縱或向下操縱,而債務比率愈高之公司,愈會將裁量性應計向下操縱。公司資金愈多,管理階層愈不會操縱裁量性應計,但其差異較不明顯。而電子業公司之盈餘管理幅度則小於非電子產業公司。 / This purpose of this study is to explore the relationships between value changes in financial instruments, firm characteristics and earnings management. The study includes two parts and uses a sample of the companies (excluding financial firms) listed at the Taiwan Stock Exchange from January 2006 to June 2009. First, I examine the relationship between company characteristics and their holdings of financial instruments. It also examines whether the global financial crisis affected these companies’ holdings of financial instruments. Secondly, I examine whether the value changes of financial instruments and company characteristics affect the sample companies’ earnings management behavior.
The empirical results show that the companies with higher management ownership, lower debt ratio, larger size, higher cash dividend yield, higher liquidity, and higher rates of R&D have tend to hold more financial instruments. Companies in the electronics industry hold less financial instruments. Companies kept less financial instruments decreased after the global financial crisis.
In addition, the relationship between valuation gain and loss on financial assets, valuation loss on financial liabilities and earnings management conforms to the theory of income smoothing. And the relationship between financial instruments impairment losses and earnings management is consistent with the big bath theory. Management with higher ownership tends to manipulate more discretionary accruals. Companies with higher debt ratio tend to manipulate discretionary accruals downward. For the companies with more funds, their management manipulates less discretionary accruals, although the difference is less obvious. Earnings management by the companies in the electronics industry is less than those in other industries.
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會計師的監督功能--對稱或不對稱李秉叡 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究延伸Becker et al. ( 1998 )六大會計師事務所審計效率高於非六大的研究,探討會計師事務所在面對管理階層不同之盈餘管理動機時,也就是當會計師與管理階層兩者間的盈餘報導動機衝突或一致時,會計師事務所的監督功能是否對稱。本研究認為高審計品質的會計師事務所在決定盈餘報導時,會比低審計品質的會計師事務所更加保守,因為高品質之會計師事務所面對審計失敗伴隨而來的訴訟成本遠較其他會計師事務所來的高,使得會計師事務所對於客戶採用增加所得的會計政策會保持較高的專業懷疑態度,抑制客戶虛增盈餘,因此,當管理者產生增加所得的盈餘報導動機時,衝突就會發生;反之,當客戶採用減少所得的會計政策,基於會計上的穩健原則,會計師事務所干涉程度則較低,使客戶較易進行減少所得的盈餘管理,故會計師事務所的監督功能不具對稱性。
而本研究結果顯示,當客戶有增加所得的盈餘管理動機時,代表高審計品質的五大與產業專家會計師事務所的客戶所報導的裁量性應計顯著低於非五大與非產業專家之會計師事務所,表示在會計師事務所與管理階層的盈餘報導動機有衝突時,五大與產業專家會計師事務所的審計品質較佳,較能抑制客戶利用裁量性應計進行增加所得的盈餘管理;反之,當客戶有減少所得的盈餘管理動機時,五大與產業專家會計師事務所的客戶所報導的裁量性應計也顯著低於非五大與非產業專家之會計師事務所,表示在會計師事務所與管理階層的盈餘報導動機相一致時,五大與產業專家會計師事務所的審計品質反而較低,容許客戶利用裁量性應計進行減少所得的盈餘管理。此實證結果支持本研究之假說,當會計師事務所與管理階層的盈餘報導動機發生衝突(一致)時,五大與產業專家會計師事務所的審計品質高(低)於非五大與非產業專家會計師事務所,監督功能不具對稱性。 / The research of Becker et al ( 1998 ) found that the big 6 CPA firms’ audit efficiency was higher than the non-big 6 CPA firms’ audit efficiency. This research extends Becker’s research and discusses whether the surveillance function of CPA firms is symmetrical or not when CPA firms face different earnings management motives of the management. In other words, when the earnings management motives between CPAs and management are conflict or consistent, whether will result in different audit quality level or not. We thought that the CPA firms with high audit quality are more conservative than those with low audit quality when deciding the reported earnings. Because the lawsuit cost of the CPA firms with high audit quality is much greater than the lawsuit cost of other CPA firms when facing the audit defeat. Thus the high audit quality CPA firms maintain the higher specialized suspicion on their customers who use the accounting policy to increase their earnings and restrain their earnings management. Therefore, when the management has the motive to increase reported earnings, the conflict will occur; on the contrary, when the management has the motive to decrease reported earnings, the CPA firms will tolerate their customers making earnings management to decrease the reported earnings base on the conservatism of accounting, so the surveillance function of CPA firms will decline and become not symmetry.
According to our research, we find that when the management has the motive to increase reported earnings, the reported discretionary accruals of the management audited by the big 5 and industrial expert CPA firms are much lower than those audited by the non-big 5 and non- industrial expert CPA firms. It means when the motive of earnings reporting between the CPA firms and management is conflict, the audit quality of the big 5 and industrial expert CPA firms is much better, and they can restrain their customer using the discretionary accruals to increase their earnings. On the other hand, when the management has the motive to decrease reported earnings, the reported discretionary accruals of the management audited by the big 5 and industrial expert CPA firms are also much lower than those audited by the non-big 5 and non- industrial expert CPA firms. It means when the motive of earnings reporting between the CPA firms and management is consistent, the audit quality of the big 5 and industrial expert CPA firms is much lower instead, and they tolerate their customer using the discretionary accruals to decrease their earnings. This result of statistics test supports our hypotheses. When the earnings reporting motive between the CPA firms and the management is conflict ( consistent ), the audit quality of big 5 and industrial expert CPA firms is higher ( lower ) than other CPA firms’ audit quality. The surveillance function does not have the symmetry.
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公司治理與盈餘管理關聯性之研究-以我國特定上市櫃公司為例黃政耀, Huang ,Cheng-Yao Unknown Date (has links)
從亞洲金融風暴、美國安隆等事件直到最近所爆發的博達事件,公司治理越來越為投資大眾所依靠,以往研究公司治理越佳,公司績效越好,但是否績效是經由盈餘管理所操縱?本研究以民國九十年及九十一年CLSA(里昂證券)對我國特定公司所做公司治理評分為樣本,探討我國公司治理與盈餘管理間之關聯性,及是否里昂證券所用公司治理指標更具解釋能力。本研究以Modified Jones所計算出裁量性應計原始值與絶對值代表盈餘管理,分別以一般公司治理變數與CLSA公司治理變數為自變數。本研究並用JA-test比較一般公司治理變數與CLSA公司治理變數間對盈餘管理解釋能力之差異。
實證結果顯示:
1.探討盈餘管理原始值與公司治理變數之關係時,盈餘管理原始值與CLSA公司治理加權分數有顯著負相關。但與CLSA分項變數及一般公司治理變數皆不相關。
2.探討盈餘管理程度與公司治理變數之關係時,盈餘管理程度與一般公司治理變數、CLSA公司治理加權分數或分項分數皆不顯著。
3.比較一般公司治理變數與里昂證券公司治理變數時,僅發現對於盈餘管理原始值,CLSA公司治理加權分數確實比一般公司治理變數有更多的解釋能力。
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財務報表重編類型、特性與盈餘管理誘因及治理環境特性之關聯性研究李宛臻 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以1995至2004年國內曾重編財務報表之公司為研究對象,首先從重編之原因、性質與重大性分析國內企業財報重編行為,再依據重編發起者將重編樣本分為由證期局要求之強制重編與公司自行重編兩類型,探討兩類重編在重編事項特性上之差異性,並進一步分析盈餘管理誘因、治理環境特性與重編類型之關聯性。
分析國內重編事件之結果顯示,強制重編樣本在收入/利得認列、關係人交易及舞弊等盈餘管理動機較強之重編原因上,重編頻率明顯高於自行重編樣本,且在重編性質及重大性上較自行重編來得重大。
重編類型與重編事項特性之分析結果發現,相較於自行重編事件樣本,強制重編事件樣本高估營收成長率之情形較嚴重、重編影響報表期數較多、重編期間較長、重編多屬於核心事項/科目且重編對稅後淨利金額調整之影響較重大。
探討盈餘管理誘因、治理環境特性與重編類型關聯性之實證顯示,盈餘管理動機(小額正盈餘及負債條款限制)愈強、內部治理環境(最終控制者之盈餘分配權愈低、控制權偏離程度愈大)愈差、非由五大會計師事務所簽證之公司,將來發生強制重編之機率愈高。 / This thesis examines the behavior of a sample of Taiwanese companies that restated their financial statements over the period of 1995 to 2004. The reasons, properties and the materiality of the restatements are first analyzed. By separating the firms into a mandatory (the restatements are enforced by the Securities and Future Bureau) and a voluntary (initiated by firms themselves) subgroups, this thesis further explores the difference in characteristics, motivations for earnings management, and governance structure between these two restatement subgroups.
The results indicate that mandatory restatements focus more on revenue recognition, related-party transactions and fraud, reasons concerned with higher motivations for earnings management. As compared to voluntary restatements, the mandatory restatements are more sever in terms of property and materiality.
With respect to the difference in characteristics, the results suggest that compared to voluntary restatements, mandatory restatements involve more with overstatement of growth in sales revenue and financial statements, more core events or accounts, longer restatement period and result in more adjustments in net income.
The findings also indicate that firms with higher motivations for earnings management, poorer internal governance, and audited by non-big 5 auditors are found to have higher probability of confronting mandatory restatements in the future.
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班佛定律與特徵數字之偵測─以台灣上市櫃公司為例 / Benford’s law and the detection by feature number- an example of Taiwan listed and OTC companies陳彥倫 Unknown Date (has links)
近二十年來,許多國內外規模大型的上市櫃公司因經濟情況的不穩定受到極大的影響,但為了使帳務好看,所以利用窗飾計巧使得報表美化。導致後續有許多財務報導重編、盈餘虛增等負面消息接連發生。這些訊息使得市場投資者感到不安,且不僅打亂原本資本市場的秩序,也使得社會大眾對整體市場的信任也相對減少,導致投資行為受到改變。過去文獻曾指出班佛法則可用來偵測財務報表數據是否盈餘管理,本研究的目的運用班佛法則針對台灣上市櫃公司之財務比率找出特徵數字,這些特徵數字是否可以偵測財報可能有誤。研究結果發現管理當局偏好於操弄淨利和 EPS 等與盈餘性值相關的會計項目;在損益表中,營業收入相關比率有高估的現象,費用類的有低估的現象;而的確形成紅旗警訊的特徵數字可以用來偵測財報有誤。 / In the last 20 years ago, many public company had larger capital were affected by the economic instability. They wanted to keep the reports in good-looking; thus, they use some skill like window dressing to achieve their purpose. This worst news like many financial reports needed to restate or inflated earnings communicate to public investors, and lead to investors feel anxious. These things result in the original market fall into disorder. General public loss their mind to believe the market and change their investment behavior. In the past, the former research found that they use the Benford’s Law to detect whether the financial reports have earnings management. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the feature figure obtained from using Benford’s Law to measure the financial ratios from public company in Taiwan can detect the misstatement. The result is the managers prefer manipulate the account which has surplus nature like the net income and earnings-per-share. In the income statement, you will note the ratios are relative to income or earnings will be overestimate; on the other hand, the ratios are relative to cost or loss will be underestimate. And the flag made from the feature figure can detect whether the financial report have the misstatement.
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我國獨立董事與獨立監察人之屬性與盈餘管理之關聯性研究馬瑜霙, Ma, Yu-ying, Unknown Date (has links)
「獨立董事與獨立監察人制度」對我國而言,為一種因法規強制要求而產生的新現象。2002年2月時,在台灣證券交易所股份有限公司及財團法人中華民國證券櫃臺買賣中心等單位的努力下,正式引進「獨立董事與獨立監察人制度」,規定自2002年2月22日起新申請上市上櫃的公司,需設置獨立董事至少二人,及獨立監察人至少一人,期望以此制度革除積習已久的公司治理弊端。
本研究自選任獨立董事及監察人之事前與事後,從選任席次、素質差異、專業背景差異檢視聘僱事前公司是否有特殊考量,並進一步從盈餘管理的角度,檢視選任事後獨立董事與監察人之預期功能是否對企業整體發揮實際之效用。
實證結果支持本研究認為因監察人得以單獨行使職權,故獨立監察人實際選任席次超過最低法定門檻之比例確實較獨立董事實際選任席次超過最低法定門檻的比例高,且企業所選任的獨立董監素質,因企業之規模大小不同而有顯著差異,另外,亦發現企業確實會考量職能別的差異,進而聘僱不同專業背景之專家。最後,關於獨立董事與獨立監察人在監督管理當局從事盈餘管理行為時之作用部分,未獲得實證結果支持,推測原因,可能係因我國企業於設置獨立董事與監察人後,僅將其視為專業地位崇高的「名譽」董事與監察人,但並未賦予其監督的實際權力,因而造成獨立董事與監察人未能涉入企業核心,致使其無法發揮監督管理當局之預期功能所導致。 / The institution of independent directors and independent supervisors is a new phenomenon arisen from forced enactment made by Taiwan Stock Exchange Corporation and Gretai Securities Market on February 22, 2002. It claims all new listed corporations to employ at least 2 independent directors and 1 independent supervisor in order to enhance corporate governance in Taiwan.
This thesis examines if enterprises have special considerations when employ independent directors and independent supervisors from the viewpoints of actual numbers, grade level and governance expertise. Furthermore, this thesis also examines the actual contributions of them to reduce the earnings management behaviors.
Consistent with our hypothesis that due to the different way to oversee the management, this thesis finds that besides achieving the minimum standard threshold, it is more likely for an enterprise to employ much more independent supervisors than independent directors. Moreover, empirical results support that the bigger size of the company, the better independent directors and independent supervisors it will employ. Additionally, this study also finds that corporation will employ different kinds of experts owing to the different functions between independent directors and independent supervisors. Finally, as for reducing earnings management behaviors, this study can’t offer proper evidences. It may result from that enterprise views independent directors and independent supervisors as “reputable” experts, so they can’t have actual power to oversee managements. In other words, independent directors and independent supervisors can’t exercise the role well because of lacking actual power.
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