知識是組織中最重要的資源，需要管理方能發揮更大的效益，以提昇組織的競爭優勢。所謂知識管理，就是使既有的知識產生作用，亦即有系統、有組織地應用知識，進而創新知識。在網際網路時代，電子圖書館的發展日漸蓬勃，提供知識流通與利用的良好環境。知識社會中的圖書館除了是知識寶庫之外，也應該積極地使知識發揮更多的作用。本研究即希望應用知識管理的觀念，建立一個具有三項特色的開放式電子圖書館學習與管理的環境：1.提供讀者一個互動式的學習環境；2.讀者可以協助參與管理的工作；3.讀者亦可分享與回饋知識給電子圖書館。 首先，探討電子圖書館知識管理基本架構的主要組成元件，包括：知識工作者、知識倉儲與知識活動，並將知識活動予以流程化，提出知識管理程序。其次，電子圖書館知識管理系統的建置，乃是藉由物件導向軟體工程的系統開發方法，將針對知識工作者的角色分類與知識代理人的模組定義，並探討知識管理程序的使用個案模式與知識倉儲關鍵物件之定義。最後，建立電子圖書館知識管理系統的分析模式，作為電子圖書館知識管理系統雛型建置的基礎。 / constructing a knowledge management environment in digital libraries

大部的類神經網路均為解決特定問題而設計，並非真正去模擬人腦的功能 ，在本論文中介紹一個模擬人類學習方式的類神經網路，稱為推理類神經 網路（The Reasoning Neural Network），其主要兩個組成為強記（ cram -ming）及推理（reasoning）部份，透過彈性的組合這兩個部份可 使類神經網路具有類似人類的學習程序。在本論文中介紹其中一個學習程 序並用四個實驗來評估推理類神經網路的績效，從實結果得知，推理類神 經網路能以合理的隱藏節點數（hidden nodes）達到學習的目標，並建立 一個網路內部表示方式（internal representation），及具有好的推理 能力（g eneralization ability）。 / Most of artification Neural Networks are designed to resolve spe -cific problems, rather than to model the brain. The Reasoning N -eural Network (RNN) that imitates the way of human learning is presented here. Two key components of RNN are the cramming and t -he reasoning. These components coulds be arranged flexibly to a -chieve the human-like learning procedure. One edition of the RNN used in experiments is introduces, and four different proble -ms are used to evaluate the RNN's performance. From simulation results, the RNN accomplishes the goal of learning with a reason -able number of hidden nodes, and evolves a good internal repres -entation and a generalization ability.

本研究以單一汽車貨運業者的角度，評估當運輸需求大於自有車輛服務能力時，考量車種、時窗、貨物量等因素，以最小化成本為目標進行途程規劃，利用運輸水平整合、協同合作的概念，將未能滿足之需求任務委外給其他同業進行。 本研究主要分為兩階段，第一階段先確認是否需要委外，以禁忌搜尋法找出最節省成本之配送途程以及委外任務，解決業者選擇以自有車輛運送或委外給其他運輸業者服務的問題；而第二階段則是在確定委外的任務後，決定委外的對象，不僅考量對方出價，也評估對方的營運能力、商譽、風險管理、服務品質等因素，建構一多準則決策模式，透過網路程序分析法(ANP)決定評選準則權重，再利用VIKOR排序法決定各個方案之排序，希望能在不遺失客戶訂單及信任的期許下，決定最適合的委外對象。 / From the perspective of trucking carriers, concerning transport horizontal integration and collaboration, when the vehicles are insufficient to meet the demand of transport, carrier could seek for other carrier’s help. In this study, we consider vehicle types, capacity, time windows, and the objective of minimum cost, to do vehicle route planning, and also decide which tasks should be outsoursed. There are two phases in this study. First, after checking the insufficiency of own trucks, we use Tabu search to solve Vehicle Routing Problem with a Private fleet and a Common carrier (VRPPC) in order to find out the route of own vehicles and the tasks to be outsourced. In second phase, we will select the carrier to do those tasks. We not only consider the price of outsourcing, but also evaluate the capacity, service quality, risk management, and the goodwill of the company. We use Analytic Network Process (ANP) to decide the weight of each criterion, and VIKOR to rank each case and select the best one.

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本文主要就日本與我國關於工資債權保障制度作一整體之討論與比較。首先，就日本勞動基準法及民法、倒產法制關於勞動者之法定優先清償權利制度，分析該制度制定之理由、種類以及到目前為止的變遷過程。另一方面，則就日本工資支付確保法所規範之工資債權履行制度加以介紹，並分析該制度之基本問題、具體內容及相關配套措施。最後，藉由上開日本相關法制之討論，對我國現行相關制度進行分析研究與整理，以探討我國工資債權保護規範應有的制度設計及應注意的相關問題。

關鍵詞：非法移民、非法外來人口、收容、非刑事拘禁、人身自由、家庭權、平等權、法官保留、正當法律程序、異議、追究、提審 近年來，我國隨著人權國際化的發展，特別是在兩公約施行法公布之後，非法外來人口的收容問題成為熱門的人權議題之ㄧ，因此，引發作者研究的動機。 由於我國國情特殊，外來人口並不限於「外國人」或「無國籍人」，尚包含「無戶籍國民」、「大陸地區人民」、「香港居民」與「澳門居民」等類人士；次查，該等外來人口來臺，未必都有「移民」的意圖，為周延起見，因此，本文將「非法移民」一詞改稱為「非法外來人口」。 經查目前我國非法外來人口以「外國人」與「大陸地區人民」居多，故本文的研究對象乃聚焦於該兩種人士。另外，本文將收容對象限縮於「已入境」且「違反移民法規」的非法外來人口，並將「收容」定義為「主管機關為達成遣返任務，於遣返前，將非法外來人口暫時留置於收容處所的行政行為」，因此，非法外來人口收容之法律性質，為行政處分，屬遣返非法外來人口前之暫時性行政保全措施，不具裁罰性，故非屬行政罰，當然，更非屬刑事處分，自應與刑事訴訟法之「羈押」有所區別。 本論文計分「緒論」、「收容制度之外國借鏡」、「我國收容制度」、「受收容人基本權之保障與衝突」、「收容實務現況及其困境」、「我國收容在合憲性之探討」、「收容與行政救濟」及「結論與建議」等八章。 首先，由美、日及其他世界主要國家對於非法移民的收容制度觀察，發現大多數國家對於非法移民之收容並未採行「法官保留」制度，各國對於收容期限的規定也不一致，而隨著非法移民的日漸增多，近年各國對於非法移民的防杜、查緝與管理，亦較以前積極且嚴格。 我國收容制度主要分為對外國人（含一般外國人與外籍勞工）與對大陸地區人民兩大類，分別由入出國及移民法第38條、就業服務法第68條第4項及臺灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例（以下簡稱兩岸條例）第18條規範。就外國人與大陸地區人民收容制度之比較發現，二者其實大同小異。有關收容處分機關、法律性質、期間、處分方式、收容處所、對於已取得居留許可且具備一定要件之受處分人遣返前得召開審查會審查、給予當事人陳述意見之機會以及在收容處所內之處遇均相同；主要差異在於「收容要件」、「異議程序之有無」、「折抵刑期或罰金額數之程序」、「驅逐出國（強制出境）前，應否先經司法機關之同意」等程序，此外，大陸地區人民之強制出境，因二十年來，兩岸依循金門協議機制定期運作，尚未發生無法遣返問題，故兩岸條例並無類似外國人得因無法遣返而廢止收容處分之規範。 基本權利的保障，應遵守「層級化法律保留原則」與「重要性理論」，而法益衝突問題，則應依人權調整原理處理。受收容人之基本權利保障與法益衝突，亦應遵守前述法理加以處理，本文爰以受收容人之人身自由、家庭權與平等權三面向加以探討。 繼之，由收容相關處理流程、近4年外國籍與大陸籍受收容人之人數與平均收容天數、外國籍涉案與未涉案人數與比例、收容天數的比較等統計數據，呈現收容實務的現況，並簡要敘述收容行政所面臨的困境及主管機關移民署所做的具體改善措施（包含研擬入出國及移民法修正草案等）。 有關收容的合憲性，分為「法官保留與受收容人之人身自由」、「令從事勞務與工作權保障」、「收容期間與明確性原則」、「刑期折抵與羈押之錯置」、「概括條款之濫用」與「刑事收容之新構思」六方面論述，研究結果發現，現行收容相關規定之合憲性與適法性，尚無疑義。惟查，具體個案執行上，對於涉及刑案之受收容人的「延長收容」，發現有單純僅為順應司法機關犯罪偵審需要而為，並未嚴格審視收容是否具備「保全遣返必要性」之前提要件，與立法目的尚屬有間，恐有違反比例原則之虞。次查，現行規定中，「令從事勞務」一詞，容易引人誤解有侵害工作權之虞，且不符實務現況；而「收容天數得刑期折抵」的權宜措施，不但不能消除「以收容代替羈押」有侵害人權的疑慮，反而，更混淆了收容的法律性質，也讓司法機關有藉口將涉及刑案之非法外來人口「責付」行政機關「收容」，使問題更形嚴重；至於入出國及移民法第38條第1項第4款之概括規定，也容易使收容變相成為刑事追訴之保全機制。凡此種種，均待澈底檢討。 關於非法外來人口收容的行政救濟方面，本文則分別就「異議」、「訴願」、「行政訴訟」、「國家賠償」、「提審」與「追究」等面向觀察，研究發現受收容人提起行政救濟的案例不多，而就實務案例觀察，現行救濟程序對於受收容人之權益保障，確實有緩不濟急的現象發生，亟待改善。 本文對於現行非法外來人口收容法制，歸結如下： 一、非法外來人口收容，未採「法官保留」原則，並未違反憲法第八條之規定，其合憲性尚無疑慮。 二、現行非法外來人口收容法制，符合「公民與政治權利國際公約」相關規定，亦無適法性問題。 三、程序權保障部分 現行非法外來人口收容法制中，有關外國人與大陸地區人民之程序權保障規定未盡一致，且欠缺公正第三人介入審查之強制機制，應加以改善。 四、欠缺事後即時司法審查機制 非法外來人口收容，性質上屬「非刑事拘禁」，受收容人除得依憲法第8條第4項規定向法院聲請「追究」外，亦得依公民與政治權利國際公約第13條規定聲請法院「提審」，惟查，現行提審法、行政訴訟法、法院組織法等法規尚欠缺相關配套機制，有賴司法機關正視並積極建置。 五、刑事程序與行政程序應有所區隔 現行規定，將偵審中或待服刑之犯罪嫌疑人或刑事被告，納入得收容之對象，而遣返刑案被告前，又必須得到司法機關之同意，而收容延長之次數亦未明文限制，收容日數並得折抵刑期，不但再再混淆收容之法律性質，也是遭來「以收容代替羈押」批評的導火線。為切合收容之立法目的，提升人權保障，本文認為對於涉刑案之非法外來人口，應依「先刑事後行政」原則辦理，收容對象應限縮為單純待遣返之非法外來人口。 六、得命服勞役之規定，未切合實務現況，且容易引發侵害人權之誤解，應配合兩公約施行法之公布施行，儘速刪除之。 七、非法外勞收容之法源依據亟待修正 經查就業服務法迄未配合移民署之成立而加以修正，為符法制，減少疑義，勞政與立法機關應積極推動修法事宜。 至於本文對於非法外來人口收容法制之主要建議如下： 一、對於移民法、兩岸條例之修正建議 （一）收容對象應修正為以「單純等待遣返之非法外來人口」為限，刪除司法機關得將涉及刑案且尚待偵審之非法外來人口「責付」移民署收容之規定。 （二）刪除「遣返前應經司法機關同意」之規定。 （三）刪除「收容日數得折抵刑期或罰金」之規定。 （四）俟司法院建置「追究」或「提審」等事後即時司法審查機制後，刪除「收容異議制度」。 （五）於入出國及移民法修正草案中，增列大陸地區人民與港澳居民得「準用」外國人收容相關規定。 二、建議司法院研修提審法、法院組織法與行政訴訟法，建立非法外來人口收容「追究」、「提審」等事後即時司法審查機制；此外，為提升對於涉及刑案受收容人之權益保障，則建議司法院研修刑事訴訟法，針對觸犯微罪且有逃亡或逃亡之虞之犯罪嫌疑人或被告，增列「刑事收容」制度，以符刑事偵審實需。 三、建議勞委會儘速修正就業服務法相關法規，增列移民署查緝、收容非法外勞之法源依據，並建置完善之外籍勞工相關制度，減少非法外勞之發生率。 四、修正國家安全法第3條不合時宜之規定。 五、行政院應建置跨部會整合平台，釐定完整妥適之移民政策後，相關部會應配合修訂移民配套法規。 / Keywords: illegal immigration, illegal alien population, detention, liberty, family rights, equal rights, due process of law, dissent, legal investigation, Habeas Corpus In the recent years, Taiwan, following the international development in human rights and especially after the release of Act to Implement the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (hereby referred to as the “Two Covenants”) has started the popular discussion of illegal alien population detention. This paved the way to the subject of my thesis. Because of Taiwan's special political situation, the immigrant population is defined as not only "foreigners" or "stateless people", but also as "non-permanent nationals", "Mainland citizens", "Hong Kong residents", "Macao residents" and other categories of people. The foreign population that comes to Taiwan may not all have "migration intent”, so for the sake of being thorough, in this thesis, the term "illegal immigrants" will be changed to the broader term of "illegal aliens." As the current investigation shows illegal alien population is mostly from Mainland China and foreign countries, this study will focus on these two groups. Aliens that can be “detained” are limited in this study to illegal aliens that have entered Taiwan and have violated immigration laws. The term “detention" is defined as "an administrative act of keeping illegal aliens in temporary premises during pre-removal process until their repatriation”. The detention of illegal alien population is an executive sanction given prior to the repatriation of illegal aliens. It is a temporary executive protection measure, not a punitive one. It is not an administrative penalty and a non-criminal sanction. It differs from the term “custody” of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The thesis is divided into the following eight sections: 1. Introduction 2. Foreign-Based Detention System 3. Taiwan’s Detention System 4. Basic Human Rights of the Detained Aliens and Their Conflicts 5. Plight of Current Detention Practices 6. Constitutionality of Taiwan’s Detention System 7. Remedies for Detaining and Executive Practices 8. Conclusions and Recommendations In the first place, most of the detention systems in the United States, Japan and other developed countries in the world do not adopt the " Grundsatz des Richtervorbehaltes " system. The periods for detention around the world are also different. As the number of illegal immigration cases increases in these countries, the prevention, investigation and management of illegal immigration have also become more proactive and stricter than ever before. Taiwan's detention system can be subdivided into two major groups, foreigners (including foreign workers) and Chinese Mainlanders, overseen by the Immigration Act Section 38 of the Employment Service Law Article 68, Paragraph 4, and the Taiwanese and the Mainland Regional Relations (hereinafter referred to as Cross Strait Ordinance) Article 18. The detention system for foreigners and Mainlanders are essentially the same in Taiwan. They both share the same agencies for detention, regulations, detention duration, decisions, detention locations, resident alien pre-repatriation reviews, opportunities for legal defense, and detention treatment. The main differences between the two groups are: the requirements for detention, the presence or absence of objection procedures, the procedure for sentence set-off or penalty fines, the requirement of judicial consent prior to expulsion (forced exit) from the country, and other similar processes. In the last two decades, through the Golden Gate Agreement between Taiwan and Mainland China, there are regularly scheduled forced exits of Mainlanders from Taiwan. Repatriation of Mainlanders has not had any issues yet. That is why there has not been the need for regulations stopping their detention due to inability to repatriate them like in the cases of foreigners. The protection of fundamental rights should comply with "the hierarchy of legal reservation" and "the importance theory". The conflicts among legal interests should be adjusted in accordance with human rights principles. And the fundamental rights of the detained people should be addressed by the past legal principles. This thesis will cover three directions: people's personal freedom, family rights and equal rights. Through detention-related processes, the statistical comparisons between the number of detained aliens and average days in the detention centers of foreign nationals and Mainlanders, and the statistical comparison between foreign nationals involved and not involved in detention and the number of days in detention, one can see the current condition of detention and can describe the difficulties faced by the Administration and the implementation of specific improvement plans (including entry and exit information, drafts to amend the Immigration Act sent to the Legislature, etc.) by the various related authorities within the Department of Immigration. The constitutionality of the detention is divided into six discussion topics: "Grundsatz des Richtervorbehaltes and Detainee’s Personal Freedom", "Right to Work and Protection of that Right", "Clear Detention Period," "Difference Between Sentence Set-Off and Detention," "Abuse of General Terms" and "Constructive Thoughts of Criminal Custody". From my research, the constitutionality and applicability of existing regulations are clear. However, during actual prosecution of individual cases, detained aliens involved in criminal cases may "extend detention" and are tried simply as criminal cases, not evaluating beforehand the necessity of repatriation, whether there is a gap with the legislative goal and whether it violates the principle of proportionality. In current regulations, the phrase “serve labor sentence” easily leads to misunderstanding that there exists labor rights violation. And the implementation of right to off-set imprisonment by detention days not only does not eliminate the question of whether administrative detention replaces imprisonment has human rights violation, but it confuses the nature of detention laws. It also lets judicial agencies use criminal cases involving illegal aliens to be part of Administrative agencies’ responsibility, worsening the problem. The Border Entry and Exit and Immigration Act Article 38, Section 1, paragraph 4, also easily transforms detention into a mechanism of shielding against criminal prosecution. All this should be reviewed and analyzed in its entirety. Concerning the detained illegal aliens’ executive relief, this thesis will analyze from the points of "dissent", "petition", "executive action", "National Compensation", "Habeas Corpus" and "accountability". Studies found there are not too many cases of executive relief filed by the detained aliens. From observing the practical cases, the current relief program for the protection of the detained aliens’ rights is quite slow and needs improvement. The detention laws regarding the current illegal alien population can be summarized as followed: 1. Although the detention of illegal alien population does not to adopt "Grundsatz des Richtervorbehaltes " principle, it does not violate the provisions of Article 8 of the Constitution and there is no doubt of its constitutionality. 2. The current detention laws of illegal alien population fit the "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights," and related provisions, there is no issue of applicability. 3. The part related to the protection of process right In the current laws related to detention of illegal aliens, the sections related to foreigners and Mainlanders that guarantee the process right are not entirely consistent, and they lack the enforcement mechanism of requiring reviews by impartial third parties. This should be improved. 4. Lack of mechanism that requires immediate judicial review The detention of illegal alien population is a "non-criminal detention". Article 8 of the Constitution, Paragraph 4 provides that illegal aliens may ask the Court for investigation; or the alien may ask for a judicial habeas corpus according to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 13. The current Habeas Corpus, Administrative Procedure Laws, Court Organization Laws and other related regulations still need supporting structure and that responsibility falls on the judiciary branch to address directly and actively. 5. The separation of criminal and administrative procedures Existing regulations consider aliens in the mist of investigation, alien suspects awaiting sentencing, and criminal alien defendants are possible subjects for detention. There must be judicial consent prior to repatriation of criminal case defendants. However the fact that limitation on the number of times that detention may be extended has not been clearly set and that the days in the detention may set off the imprisonment not only creates massive legal confusion, but also invites criticism that "detention is now replacing imprisonment". To meet the legislative goal of establishing detention laws to enhance human rights, this thesis argues for the illegal aliens involved in criminal cases should first be tried as criminals, then as administrative defendants. And detention laws should be limited to repatriation of illegal alien population only. 6. Regulations requiring serving labor sentence do not fit current reality or practices. This easily leads to misunderstanding of human rights violation. It should be deleted immediately. The regulations should be compatible with the release of the Two Covenants. 7. The laws related to illegal alien workers detention should be corrected The Employment Service Act is not consistent with the establishment of the Department of Immigration. The Act should be amended to meet the current legal system and reduce ambiguity. Labor Administration and Legislative agencies should proactively promote the amendment of this Act. The main recommendations for the legal system around detention of illegal aliens are: A. Suggested amendments for immigration laws and cross-strait ordinance (a) Candidates for detention should be amended to accommodate illegal aliens that are simply awaiting repatriation. The need for judicial involvement should be deleted. And illegal aliens involved in criminal investigation and hearing should be under the jurisdiction of the Department of Immigration. (b) The regulation requiring judicial consent prior to repatriation should be deleted. (c) The allowance for reducing length of sentence or fines by detention days should be removed. (d) After the Judicial Branch establishes investigation and habeas corpus and the judicial review, there should not be a separate detention system. (e) During border entries and exits and during immigration law amendments, more provisions for detaining illegal foreign aliens should apply to Mainland, Hong Kong and Macao residents. B. The Judicial Branch should analyze and edit current habeas corpus laws, court organization laws and administrative procedure laws in order to establish immediate judicial review process after illegal aliens enters custody. In addition, to improve the protection of the rights of the detaining aliens who are involved in criminal cases, the Judicial Ministry should review and edit criminal proceedings laws and add “criminal custody” system to meet current needs. C. The Council of Labor Affairs should amend as soon as possible the Employment Services Act and related regulations, to increase additional investigation by the Department of Immigration, detention laws related to illegal alien workers, and build a complete legal system for foreign workers in order to reduce cases of illegal foreign workers. D. Section 3 of the National Security Act is obsolete and should be amended to reflect current reality. E. The Executive Branch should build cross-agency integration platform, determining the suitable immigration policies, and relevant departments need to support the amended immigration regulations.

本研究旨在建構一套適用當前教育環境的「國民小學學校效能評鑑指標與權重體系」，以作為未來有效評鑑國民小學辦學績效的基礎。 研究者透過推薦程序，選定教育學者、教育行政人員、小學校長及小學教師等合計138名為參與評定專家，以進行指標可用性及相對權重分配之調查及訪談，並應用卡方考驗、階層分析程序法(AHP) 等進行考驗分析，最後建構完成「國民小學學校效能評鑑指標與權重體系」。研究結果顯示： 一、「國民小學學校效能評鑑指標與權重體系」中，一級指標包含了「教育輸入」、「教育歷程」與「教育產出」。其相對權重分配，「教育輸入」指標為26％，「教育歷程」指標為41％，「教育產出」指標則為33％。 二、一級指標中之教育輸入指標，下轄「發展目標與計畫」、「經費與教學設備」、「教師能力素質」與「學校環境品質」等四個二級指標。其相對權重分配，依序為20％、17％、43％與20％，其下並分別下轄數個三級評鑑指標。 三、一級指標中之教育歷程指標，下轄「校長領導作為」、「學校行政管理」、「學校組織氣氛」與「教師教學品質」等四個二級指標。其相對權重分配，依序為23％、12％、23％與42％，其下並分別下轄三到四個三級評鑑指標。 四、一級指標中之教育產出指標，下轄「發展目標與計畫達成」、「學生成就表現」、「教師專業成長」與「學校社區聲望」等四個二級指標，其相對權重分配，依序為24％、34％、28％與14％，其下並分別下轄二到四個三級評鑑指標。 五、三級評鑑指標項下，並建構有評估細目指標，惟並無相對權重之設計，以符合實務應用時客觀具體與因地制宜之平衡需求。 此外，本研究也針對「學校效能評鑑模式」、「評鑑指標的有效選擇」與「相對權重的理想建構」等進行分析討論。文末並針對實務應用與未來之研究方向等提出具體之建議。 / The purpose of this study aims to establish the evaluation indicators and the weight system of school effectiveness in elementary education. Total of 138 experts were recommended to help developing the evaluation indicators. The subjects consisting of educators, administrators, principals, teachers in elementary schools are implemented with questionnaires and interviews. The main work of these experts was to judge the availability of indicators and the ratio of weights. The results are analyzed by Chi-square test and Analytic Hierarchy　Process（AHP）. The conclusion manifests as follows: 1) the first-order indicators in the weight system for elementary school effectiveness include educational input, educational process, and educational output. The weight for each inidicator is 26%, 41% and 33% respectively. The second-order inidicators and their weights are stated as follows: a.) the "educational input" comprises four second-order indicators: developing goals and planning (20％), expenditure and equipment（17％）, teachers' competence（43％） and environmental quality（20％）. There are three third-order indicators under these second-order indicators. b.) the "educational process" encompasses four second-order indicators: principal's leadership（23％）, administration and management（12％）, school climate (23％) and teaching quality (42%). Each of these indicators contains three or four third-order indicators. c.) the "educational output" contains of four second-order indicators: the developing and achieving goals（24％）, students' performance（34％）, teachers' professional development（28％）, and school's reputation in community (14％). Each of these indicators also contains 2 to 4 third-order indicators. 2.) the reason for the fourth-order indicators not given any weight is to keep the flexibility of this system in various education settings. Besides, this study also discusses the evaluation model of school effectiveness, the effective choice of indicators and the ideal construct of indicator weight. At the end of the study also proposes some concrete suggestions for practice and further study.

讓不具法律專業與審判經驗的一般國民參與審判，乃是世界各國刑事審判中常見的立法設計，舉凡陪審、參審等均屬之。以我國而言，此一制度自從清末變法圖強以來，即不斷成為立法者關注的重點，甚至先後完成了好幾部草案，但相對地，反對聲浪也相當可觀，從最具理論性的違憲論，到最具現實意義的耗費國家經費過鉅，不一而足，其結果是，國民參與刑事審判制度在我國雖然每隔一段時間就有人提倡，但從未能夠順利完成立法、付諸實施。 對於歐美等法制先進國家而言，國民參與刑事審判制度已經有數百年、甚至千年以上的歷史，由於國民參與刑事審判制度具有「由統治者或其代理人以外之人實行司法權」的性質，到了啟蒙時代，更與當時廣為流傳的自由主義或民主主義相結合，而有其政治上的意義。但隨著民主政治的落實、司法權的高度獨立化，國民參與刑事審判制度也出現了衰退的傾向；但進入20世紀末葉，遠在遠東的日本、韓國等，先後完成國民參與刑事審判制度（日本為裁判員制度、韓國為國民參與刑事審判制度）的立法，並正式實施，國民參與刑事審判制度又有復甦興盛之跡象。而更值得注意的是，日本、韓國與我國均同屬東亞文化圈、深受佛教、儒家文化之影響，且長久以來均係由職業法官獨佔審判工作，而無國民參與審判之慣習，又均屬大陸法系職權主義朝向當事人主義改革的國家，日本、韓國的經驗，對於我國而言即有相當的啟發意義，其中日本裁判員制度自概念研議階段到立法施行階段所經歷的各種討論，更值得作為我國引進國民參與刑事審判制度的參考。 觀察日本從明治維新以來、截至裁判員制度引進過程所引發的相關討論，可以發現，有關：1.制度的基本理念（引進制度的必要性為何）、2.制度的基本態樣（陪審或參審）、3.合憲性爭議、4.制度之具體內容、5.對於刑事訴訟程序的影響等等，均為論者探討的重點，而觀察我國過去引進國民參與刑事審判制度的立法嘗試，上述爭議亦散見於論者的意見之中，故本文乃以日本裁判員制度立法過程引發的上述相關討論為借鏡，逐一探討上述爭議於我國的解決之道，於我國相關討論尚不充足之處，在法制環境相近的前提下，即輔以日本學說或實務之見解。 經過上述討論，本文認為：1.東亞等國於20世紀末葉開始引進國民參與刑事審判制度的立法浪潮，其基本理念已經與民主主義、自由主義的政治思潮無直接關連，而是有鑑於刑事司法的信賴危機與正當性危機，希望藉由讓一般國民參與審判，進而可以汲取一般國民的健全社會常識與正當法律感情，並因應國民參與審判制度之需要，進行必要的訴訟程序改革，退而可以使一般國民見證刑事審判程序的嚴謹與良善，以此提升一般國民對於司法的理解與信賴、強化司法的正當性基礎，並促進刑事訴訟程序之改革。2.相較於陪審制，參審制仍然保留了職業法官審判的性質，對於欠缺國民參與刑事審判制度傳統、重視法律適用正確性、嚴謹性的東亞各國而言，乃較合於法制環境與社會文化的制度選擇。3.憲法雖然並未當然排斥國民參與刑事審判制度，但制憲者並未以國民參與刑事審判為前提而立憲，釋憲者亦未以國民參與刑事審判為前提而釋憲，是我國憲法中司法權的建制原理仍以職業法官審判為基本出發點，亦即憲法之基本要求乃是：具備解釋適用法律專業的職業法官必須要成為法院的構成員，並能夠充分發揮其實質意義，國民參與刑事審判制度的設計，亦必須符合上述基本要求，始能謂為合憲。 另就4.制度具體設計而言，在參審制的前提下，舉凡適用案件的範圍、合議庭的組成比例、參審員的產生、任期、職權、評議可決的標準等，均摻雜了合憲性要求、制度的扎根與落實、制度立法宗旨的實現、維持既有審判品質、避免造成國民過重負擔、國家財政負擔與訴訟經濟等種種因素，而有各別的考量與側重之處。5.國民參與刑事審判制度對於刑事訴訟程序的影響評估，則可區分為第一審訴訟程序與第二審審理構造兩方面來探討，在第一審訴訟程序方面，基於減輕國民參與審判的負擔，以利制度立法宗旨之實現，故相關刑事訴訟程序均宜配合為適度之改革，以加速審理進度、簡化艱深之審理內容、嚴謹證據法則、並維護法官與參審員對等討論的能力；而在第二審審理構造方面，基於尊重第一審行國民參與刑事審判的判決，我國第二審雖仍宜由職業法官審判而非一併引進國民參與刑事審判，但現行的覆審制宜改為「法律審兼事實審的事後審制」，以平衡追求「誤判救濟」及「維護國民參與刑事審判制度立法宗旨」之利益。

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

亞洲開發銀行於其一九六八年的亞洲農業調查報告中強調：開發中國家農業發展的要 素雖是（一）、有效的水利灌溉系統，（二）、良好的農田生產保證，（三）、積極 的農業推廣工作及（四）、有效的供銷設施等四項，但如何由農民組織團體予以運作 ，則為上述四項要素的先決條件。我國農民團體多種，但如就對台灣農民生活、農業 發展、農村繁榮及國家建設之貢獻而言，似應以農會最為重要。 本文共分八章，主要探討台灣農會的沿革、性質、組織及其對人員滿足與政治效果等 方面的影響。 第一章為緒論，第一節說明本文研究的動機、理論基礎與研究架構及方法三部分。第 二節探討台灣農會的沿革，由於光復前之農會係在不同政制下的農民組織，加上光復 前資料缺乏，搜集不易，故僅作溯源性的敘述，以明現今農會的前身及其背景。第三 節先就政治、法律及法會三方面探討其一般性質，次就較其他團體特殊之處，說明其 特徵。 第二章為農會的組織環境。組織理論的演展，系統論指出：任何團體組織均是大社會 中的一開放性次級系統，與外在的環境交互作用，相互影響。 第三章為農會的組織目標，共分三節，第一節析述農會的基本目標──農有、農治、 農享，乃是三民主義精神在農會的表現，也是農會改進發展的理想目標。第二節乃從 農會有關人員對營運目標的看法及現階段業務發展的重點兩角度，探討農會的業務營 運目標。第三節在瞭解農會二十項法定任務的執行情形，因為這是農會目標所由達成 的憑藉。 第四章為農會的組織結構，又分三節，第一節研析組織體制，第二節為組織形態，第 三節為農會的工作單位，探討其層級組織、控制幅度、農會內部單位的結構分化及其 職能專化，以及各單位現存問題的探討等事項。 第五章為農會人員，第一節研析會員的入會途徑、性質、未入會的原因，以及入會的 資格條件等事項。第二節乃分析農事小組長、會員代表、理事及監事的資格條件、任 期與限制，選舉的程序與選舉問題等。第三節為總幹事的遴聘，首述本制度的緣由及 內容，次言總幹事候聘人應具的積極、消極條件與有關限制，並對總幹事遴聘派代制 度的評價，作一問卷調查分析，結果顯示該制度獲得多數人的同意與支持。 第六章為農會的工作程序，旨在瞭解農會內部人員、單位及二者之間的互動關係，而 以領導、溝通與決策等三方面作分析。第一節析述組織領導，第二節為溝通與決策， 第三節是領導分別與溝通、決策的關係，發現兩者間乃有極顯著的關聯。 第七章為農會對政治的影響，亦即農會的政治效果之分析。第一節乃根據利益團體理 論析述農會爭取權益的活動方式，包括爭取民意機關支時、利用報章雜誌宣傳、運用 選舉的手段、應邀參與立法、利用政府委辦事項之機會、向政府陳情與請願、接近政 府人員及透過黨部反應等八種。第二節析述農會政治參與的情形，第三節為農會在政 治溝通上的角色，除瞭解農會有關人員對法令的反應態度、陳情案的內容外，並探討 政令消息的宣導與溝通的效果，發現農會在政府與農民間乃具有承轉的功能，而可協 助政府防範農民問題的發生。第四節為農會與國家整合，農會因執行國家政令，使中 央政府權力藉農會深入基層的組織體制而達到地方，有助於地域上的整合，而國家利 農法令與政策施行的結果，使得農民感激政府，而收向心力之效，此農會亦與有功焉 ！第五節為農會與政治穩定，自國選舉的參與、對農村經濟發展的貢獻，以及對未來 前途的展望等方面，探討與政治穩定的關係，從問卷調查意見中，發現多數人認為土 地改革與農會是今日農村繁榮與安定的最大貢獻者。 第八章結論，第一節係將前述各章研究的結果，列述其重要者以為本文的結論，亦可 說是研究發現，部分似可作為進一步研究的假設。第二節乃就當前農會比較重要的幾 項問題提出檢討，並試提原則性的改進建議，以供有關當局參考。 /