本研究問題的發想，來自對中共政治菁英晉升模型的觀察。隨著中共政治邁向制度化，學界在研究菁英晉升的模型中，時常將幹部的非正式關係與政績表現，同時做為影響其晉升的解釋變數。然而，本文的論點在於，作者認為非正式關係本身即可能會影響幹部的政績表現，若此因果關係成立，則晉升模型中的幹部政績表現即為「內生變數」，模型的估計將產生偏誤。此外，作者並認為，非正式關係對幹部的政績影響，可能依政策類型的不同，有不同的形式。在經濟政績上，「有關係」的幹部表現皆可能相較「無關係」的幹部來的出色；而在與幹部自身利益不符，且可能是代表某「派別」領導人的政策路線時，幹部的非正式關係則是以不同「派別」的差異，來影響其政績表現。研究結果中即顯示，在GDP成長率的政績中，「有非正式關係」的省長，表現平均較「無非正式關係」的省長表現較好；而胡、溫在「十一五」以「一票否決」考核節能政策中，屬胡溫派的省長表現，相較於屬「江系」與「習派」以及「無任何非正式關係」的省長，皆來的出色。非正式關係對幹部政績表現的解釋，將影響未來學者在做菁英晉升模型研究時，須進一步以「工具變數」來解決解釋變數的內生性問題。

中國自2000年以來，確立發展文化產業的國家戰略，而政策的推動是中國文化產業發展的關鍵。相較於以往中國將文化作為意識形態統治工具，中國文化產業政策具有經濟、文化和社會服務等綜合屬性。因此，本文以北京798藝術區為個案焦點，闡述中國文化產業政策的出台與落實，並以新國家主義理論中「國家能力」與「國家自主性」的概念，探討國家角色在中國文化產業發展過程中的作為與作用。 在北京798藝術區個案中，本文梳理出中國文化產業園區市場化的趨勢，及文化產業園區政府與企業集團的合作管理模式。本文認為文化產業園區的發展，除因全球文化產業風潮催生，也受到國家、企業集團與藝術家各自的意志選擇、能力展現、利益取向和三者互動所影響。 本文透過個案分析，進行對新國家主義的再詮釋，發現國家自主性在文化產業發展中，受制於國際、社會及藝術家壓力，國家能力的實現是利益權衡下的妥協。本文亦認為國家內部存在相異的利益取向，透過政府不同層次的互動，型塑著中國文化產業政策的發展。 / Since 2000, China’s national strategies for the development of the cultural industries have been established, and the key to the development of the cultural industries in China is policy promotion. In the past, culture had been used by China as a tool for the governance with ideology. In comparison, China’s cultural industry policies reflect a comprehensive feature of economics, culture, and social services. Thus, this study focused on the case of the Beijing 798 Art Zone to elaborate the development and implementation of China’s policies regarding the cultural industries, and explore the achievements and influences of the role the country has been playing in the development process of the cultural industries in China based on the concept of “State Capacity” and “State Autonomy” in the Neo-Statism Theory. 　　This study summarized the trend of marketization of cultural industry parks in China and the cultural industry park management model based on the cooperation between the government and enterprise groups and the of through the case of the Beijing 798 Art Zone. This study believed that the development of cultural industry parks is under the influence of not only the wave of cultural industries around the world, but also the interactions among the individual free-will choices, performances of capability, and profit orientations of the country, enterprise groups, and artists. 　　Through the case analyses, this study re-interpreted the Neo-Statism and found that, in the development of the cultural industries, state autonomy is restrained by the pressure from the world, the society, and artists, and the realization of state capability is a compromise of the profit trade-off. This study also believed that the different profit orientations in the country have shaped the development of China’s cultural industry policies through the governments’ interactions of different levels.

冷戰結束之後，安全研究從「軍事安全」的傳統安全研究中解放出來，1990年代中期，西方學者使用「非傳統安全」一詞來擴大安全研究的範圍，「安全的威脅來源」從軍事戰略議題延伸到社會、經濟和環境議題；「安全的指涉對象」則從國家縱向擴張到地方政府、國際組織、非政府組織、社群和個人等不同層次的行為者。不同層次的行為者在不同的安全議題中有分歧的利益，保障國家層次的安全不見得就能保障其他層次的行為者安全，有時候國家甚至成為其他行為者的威脅來源。 能源安全作為安全議題，其本身也有傳統和非傳統的意涵。傳統的能源安全關注國家之間搶奪特定的資源是否可能導致衝突甚至戰爭，能源是國家衝突的根源，也是一國宰制他國的外交政策工具。非傳統的能源安全則著重在國家取得穩定的能源供給、減少依賴特定能源運輸通道以及單一進口來源之外，不同行為者的能源安全的政治社會面向、經濟面向和環境面向是否也兼顧。 在能源安全研究的脈絡下，本論文聚焦於2010年6月正式開工建設的中-緬原油和天然氣陸上跨國管線工程，探討此管線建設是否滿足了宏觀層次、中觀層次和微觀層次的行為者在不同問題領域的安全。以國家層次來說，中國政府試圖藉此陸上跨國管線確保原油運輸管道的多元化，減少麻六甲困境的威脅，麻六甲困境反映的不僅僅是能源安全，也是中國的經濟安全和政權安全；另外，管線建設也將帶動中國西南部的經濟發展，缺油少氣的雲南省將成為最大的受惠者。對於緬甸政府來說，中-緬原油和天然氣管線每年可以讓緬甸從中國取得豐厚的管道過境費、路權費、增值稅和購買天然氣的費用，緬甸政府也可從中獲得固定比例的原油和天然氣分流，中-緬能源開發合作也有助於中緬關係的發展。 跳脫國家和次國家行為者層次，中國石油天然氣公司在興建天然氣和原油管線時，是否也保障了當地社群和個人在不同領域的安全？緬甸政府派軍駐紮管線沿線保護管線不被破壞的同時，處於弱勢的個人和社群的基本權益是否在某種程度上被侵害？環境是否為一被漠視的安全指涉對象？本文將從能源安全的政治面向、社會面向、經濟面向、環境面向以及區域面向來分析並檢視這些非國家行為者的利益和安全，透過安全指涉對象的轉換來呈現管線工程的利與弊。

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C) 課題番号:16560225 研究代表者:樋野 励 研究期間:2004-2005年度

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B) 課題番号:17360336 研究代表者:金武 直幸 研究期間:2005-2007年度

No description available.

跨國營運發展與全球化趨勢是現今每個企業非常重要的策略之一。然而，企業發展跨國營運最關鍵的資源之ㄧ，乃是到處都有供給卻也可能是到處都不足的人力資源，由此看出人力資源管理是跨國營運發展之關鍵，不僅影響企業永續經營能力的育成，更是關係企業長期的獲利能力，顯然人力資源管理對於企業發展跨國營運成敗，乃具有舉足輕重的地位。本研究以發跡於台灣、深耕於台灣市場的典型本土企業為對象，針對其所屬的生活商品產業，積極由本土企業轉型為跨國企業之發展策略，該企業如何在有限的時間、有限的財力、突破舊思維、不足的人力資源和管理工具之前提之下，台灣母國企業走向國際化與海外子公司之人力資源管理體系建置之管理機制全面性的探討。 本研究採行「探索性研究」（Exploratory Study）與「個案式研究」（Case Study）為主的研究方式。經由對個案公司的資料分析與深入訪談，一方面更加了解個案公司進行所需面對考量環境與發展因素；另一方面，亦可從中歸納一些結論與建議，以期提供個案公司、其他業者、國內相關方面另一思考方向及相關考慮議題。對於研究建議的說明，主要分成兩部分。第一部分期能提供個案公司對於目前進行跨國營運發展之人力資源管理的提升。其次，以研究的角度，對未來從事與進行跨國營運發展企業之人力資源管理管理相關的研究，提出注意之處。 / Today, the development of multinational operation and globalization is one of the most important strategies for every company. However, the most important factor of multinational operation development is human resource, which you can find everywhere but always be insufficient mode. Therefore, human resource management is the key to the development of multinational operation, which not only affects the sustainability and its development of the company, but also deeply impact/relative to the long-term profitability. Obviously, human resources management is directly relative to the success of the company when it develops its multinational biz/operation. The research here is studying of a life style industry company founded and well developed in local Taiwan market, which then aggressively develops itself to a multination company. A comprehensive study of the details regarding how to establish the oversea subsidiaries HR management system and develop globalization strategy in holding company facing the challenge of limited bandwidth, finance support, human resources, management tools as well as traditional “follow the rule behavior”. This study was based on methodologies of "exploratory research" and "case study". Through data analysis and in-depth interviews of the company, several summary and suggestion are developed based on the extensive understand of the environment and key development factors and ideally for future reference to this company and other active players in the similar arena. There are two parts of the suggestion. 1st one is trying to support the improvement of the company’s HR management while it develops it multination operation. Following part provides the advice to future research work of HR management in multinational companies.

本研究旨在探討高級中等學校分布式領導、學校創新經營與學校效能的現況及其彼此之關係。採用調查研究法，編製「高級中等學校分布式領導、學校創新經營與學校效能關係問卷」進行資料的蒐集，以臺灣地區公私立高級中等學校教師為研究對象，依學校類型、學校屬性、學校規模、所在區域等四種標準，分層抽取86所學校，共發出1192份問卷，回收1103份，回收率為92.5%，扣除無效問卷後，有效問卷為1052份。使用SPSS 18.0 for Windows及AMOS18.0 for Windows套裝軟體，進行描述性統計、因素分析、相關分析、t 考驗、變異數分析及結構方程模式等統計方法，獲得以下結論： 一、 「清晰的組織結構和績效責任」、「校園環境創新」、「行政公關績效」分別最能呈現高級中等學校分布式領導、學校創新經營、學校效能之效果。 二、 高級中等學校分布式領導、學校創新經營與學校效能現況屬於中高程度，分別以「營造信任的文化」、「外部關係創新」、「教師專業展能」得分最高，「清晰的組織結構與績效責任」、「校園環境創新」、「學生整體表現」得分最低。 三、 不同背景變項高級中等學校教師所知覺分布式領導現況達顯著差異者為：高中高於高職，私立學校高於公立學校，女性校長的學校高於男性校長，男性教師高於女性教師，51歲以上教師高於31-40歲、41-50歲的教師，服務21年 (含)以上的資深教師高於6-10年的教師，擔任主任者高於組長、導師與專任教師，大學學歷的教師高於研究所以上學歷的教師。 四、 不同背景變項高級中等學校教師所知覺學校創新經營現況達顯著差異者為：高中優於高職，私立學校高於公立學校，女性校長的學校高於男性校長的學校，男性教師高於女性教師，51歲以上教師高於31-40歲的教師，擔任主任者高於組長、導師與專任教師。 五、 不同背景變項高級中等學校教師所知覺學校效能現況達顯著差異者為：高中優於高職，私立學校高於公立學校，女性校長的學校高於男性校長的學校，51歲以上教師高於30歲以下、31-40歲、41-50歲的教師，服務21年 (含)以上的資深教師高於6-10年、11-15年的教師，擔任主任者高於組長、導師與專任教師。 六、 學校所在地區、學校規模、校長學歷、擔任校長年資四個背景變項不同之教師，所知覺高級中等學校分布式領導、學校創新經營、學校效能皆無顯著差異。 七、 高級中等學校分布式領導、學校創新經營與學校效能三者，兩兩之間皆為高度正相關。 八、 高級中等學校分布式領導可透過學校創新經營，增強對學校效能的正向影響力。分布式領導各層面對學校創新經營、對學校效能皆以「領導能量的投入」具有最大間接效果，其次依序為「清晰的組織結構和績效責任」、「自信推動變革的領導者」、「營造信任的文化」。學校創新經營各層面對學校效能的間接效果值由高而低依序為「課程活動創新」、「校園環境創新」、「外部關係創新」、「行政管理創新」。 最後，依據研究結論提出建議，供主管教育行政機關、學校及未來研究之參考。 / The purpose of this study is to probe into not only the current situation of distributed leadership, school innovative management and school effectiveness, but also their relationships with each other. With survey research method, a questionnaire entitled The Relationships Between Distributed Leadership, School Innovative Management and School Effectiveness in Senior High Schools is applied to gather data from public and private high school teachers in Taiwan area. By employing the stratified random sampling method, there are 1,192 questionnaires sent out to 86 schools, based on their type, attribute, scale, and location. There are 1,103 questionnaires retrieved, making the response rate 92.5%, and there are 1,052 valid questionnaires after invalid ones deducted. The packages SPSS 18.0 for Windows and AMOS 18.0 for Windows are adopted to carry out descriptive statistics, factor analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and structural equation modeling. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. “Definite organizational structure and performance responsibility,” “The innovation of campus environment,” and “The performance of administrative public relations” can best manifest the effects of distributed leadership, school innovative management and school effectiveness, respectively, in senior high schools. 2. The current situation of distributed leadership, school innovative management and school effectiveness in senior high schools belongs to high-intermediate level, with “Build the trustworthy culture,” The innovation of external relations,” and “The abilities of teachers’ professional development” attaining top marks, respectively, and “Definite organizational structure and performance responsibility,” “The innovation of campus environment,” and “Students’ overall performance” scoring the lowest, respectively. 3. Some significant differences toward the current situation of distributed leadership perceived by senior high school teachers with different background variables are: senior high schools higher than vocational high schools, private schools higher than public schools, schools with female principals higher than those with male principals, male teachers higher than female teachers, teachers older than 51 years of age higher than those of 31-40 years old or 41-50 years old, senior teachers with at least 21 years of teaching experience higher than those with 6-10 years, serving as directors higher than section chiefs, homeroom teachers and full-time teachers, and teachers with undergraduate degrees higher than those with graduate degrees. 4. Some significant differences toward the current situation of school innovative management perceived by senior high school teachers with different background variables are: senior high schools higher than vocational high schools, private schools higher than public schools, schools with female principals higher than those with male principals, male teachers higher than female teachers, teachers older than 51 years of age higher than those of 31-40 years old , and serving as directors higher than section chiefs, homeroom teachers and full-time teachers. 5. Some significant differences toward the current situation of school effectiveness perceived by senior high school teachers with different background variables are: senior high schools higher than vocational high schools, private schools higher than public schools, schools with female principals higher than those with male principals, teachers older than 51 years of age higher than those under 30 years old, 31-40 years old or 41-50 years old, senior teachers with at least 21 years of teaching experience higher than those with 6-10 years or 11-15 years, and serving as directors higher than section chiefs, homeroom teachers and full-time teachers. 6. Toward distributed leadership, school innovative management and school effectiveness in senior high schools, there is no significant difference perceived by teachers of four different background variables--school location, school scale, principals’ academic degrees, and duration as principals. 7. There is a highly positive correlation between distributed leadership, school innovative management and school effectiveness in senior high schools. 8. Distributed leadership in senior high schools can reinforce positive influence on school effectiveness through school innovative management. As regards all aspects of distributed leadership, the very one that has the most indirect effects on both school innovative management and school effectiveness is “The input of leadership,” and other aspects in sequence are “Definite organizational structure and performance responsibility,” “The leader confidently pushing for reforms,” and “Build the trustworthy culture.” All aspects’ top-down values of the indirect effects of school innovative management on school effectiveness are “The innovation of curricular activities,” “The innovation of campus environment,” ”The innovation of external relations,” and “The innovation of administrative management.” Finally, according to the conclusions of this study, some suggestions are proposed for the educational executive organizations, schools, and the reference of future study.

近年來，全球氣候變遷與環境惡化顯示目前人類活動與永續發展的衝突，如何減少能源消耗以降低溫室氣體排放成為當務之急。在都市規劃方面，以緊密都市理念探討都市發展與交通能源消耗最受到關注，然而都市發展與產業活動、家戶行為密切相關，因此若僅從交通方面分析能源消耗，恐忽略其他影響能源消耗的重要因素。故本研究著重於探討都市發展特性與能源消耗的關聯性，將產業活動與家戶行為納入模型分析，可更全面性了解都市與能源消耗的關聯性。此外，基於「全球思考、地方行動」的考量，如何落實節能減碳的目標，必須就各縣市的都市發展特性著手，透過追蹤資料模型，進一步了解各縣市的固定效果對能源消耗之影響以及能源消耗之時間趨勢。 透過對都市耗能部門進行分類，並以台灣改制後19個縣市為實證範圍，可以確認都市發展特性的幾個面向：土地使用密度、土地混合使用、交通屬性、產業屬性、家戶屬性、環境屬性與交通運輸、產業發展、家戶活動的耗能關係。實證結果發現，緊密都市有助於節能目標達成；道路增加可及性，但亦助長汽車使用，增加交通耗能；為提升大眾運輸使用率，需加強轉乘便利性以及改變私人交通運輸偏好；產業耗能與出口貿易關聯性高，不利能源減量；家戶居住行為與生活型態對能源消耗有正向影響；公園綠地能調節都市氣溫，減少耗能。 綜上所述，欲形塑一個節能減碳的都市必須透過多元途徑，在土地使用方面須維持適當的發展密度與混合程度；交通方面須加強大眾運輸便利性以提高民眾使用意願並抑制汽車使用；產業方面須透過政府獎勵節能措施及促進產業轉型以提升能源效率；家戶方面應透過教育及政策宣導以培養節能生活習慣，方能達成節能減碳的目標。 / In recent years, global climate change and environmental deterioration show a conflict between human activities and sustainable development. How to reduce energy consumption in order to mitigate greenhouse gas emission has become a top priority. According to the concept of compact city, urban planning is seen as the effective way to reduce transportation energy consumption. However, urban development is associated with industry development and household activities, so it would be improper to focus only on transportation sector. Thus the main motivation for this study is trying to illustrate urban development characteristics by combing transportation sector, industry sector and household sector, in order to understand the influence the urban development characteristics on energy consumption more comprehensively. In addition, on the concept of “global thinking, local action”, how to successfully implement energy saving policies should first understand the urban development characteristics of all counties. The purpose of this study is to empirically explore the influences of urban development characteristics on energy consumption by using panel data models, which uses the reorganization of nineteen counties areas in Taiwan as samples.In order to find out the fixed effect of all counties on energy consumption and trend of energy consumption. The empirical results show that the concepts of compact city still contributes the energy-saving goal；construction of roads increase accessibility, but also encourage car use, which increase energy consumption；to encourage the use of public transportation need to improve the convenience of transfer and change the preference of people；energy consumption in industry is highly associated to international trade, so it would be difficult for energy reduction；the trend of energy consumption has increased due to household lifestyle change；the green resources provides by park, which can adjust the temperature of city and reduce energy consumption. In sum, achieving the energy-saving city need diversified approaches, it can’t just keep increasing the density or land mixed-use. Traffic should be strengthened by improving transfer system. In order to increase the willingness to use public transport system and decrease car dependency；industry must trying to improve energy efficiency；households should cultivate the habit of saving energy by education in order to be a true energy-saving city.

本研究旨在瞭解臺北市立國民中學學校領導、學校行政及學校效能之現況與關係，進而建構及驗證其互動模式，以探討參選優質學校的學校領導及行政管理等向度，對其學校效能的影響，並且依研究結果提出建議。 本研究抽取臺北市立國民中學及完全中學國中部共計30所學校，針對學校校長、主任及組長進行調查，總共發出326份問卷調查，收回有效問卷268份。再以描述統計分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、相關分析及多元逐步迴歸分析等，探討其實施現況、相關情形及學校領導、學校行政對學校效能之預測力，最後進行討論與結論建議。研究主要發現如下： 一、 臺北市立國民中學學校領導、學校行政及學校效能發展之現況： (一) 學校領導向度包括領導理念、領導團隊、領導作為及領導績效四向度；其整體與各分向度得分皆為中高，其中以領導理念得分最佳。 (二) 學校行政向度包括知識管理、人力管理、事務管理及績效管理四向度；其整體與各分向度得分皆為中高，其中以事務管理得分最佳。 (三) 學校效能包括行政領導、教師教學、學生表現、環境規劃及社區關係五向度；其整體與各分向度得分皆為中高，其中以社區關係得分最佳。 二、 不同背景變項在學校領導、學校行政及學校效能之差異情形： (一) 不同背景變項在學校領導的得分方面：研究發現在年齡、行政年資擔任職務有顯著差異，但在性別、最高學歷、學校類型、學校規模及參選優質學校評選經驗無顯著差異。 (二) 不同背景變項在學校行政的得分方面：研究發現在行政年資、擔任職務、學校類型有顯著差異，但在性別、年齡、最高學歷、學校規模及參選優質學校評選經驗無顯著差異。 (三) 不同背景變項在學校效能的得分方面：研究發現在年齡、行政年資、擔任職務有顯著差異，但在性別、最高學歷、學校類型、學校規模及參選優質學校評選經驗無顯著差異。 三、 學校領導、學校行政及學校效能發展之相關情形： (一) 整體學校領導與整體學校行政間呈顯著正相關(r =.831,p<.001)，學校領導各分向度中，以領導績效與整體學校行政的相關程度最高。 (二) 整體學校領導與整體學校效能間呈顯著正相關(r =.829,p<.001)，學校領導各分向度中，以領導績效與整體學校效能的相關程度最高。 (三) 整體學校行政與整體學校效能間呈顯著正相關(r =.851,p<.001)，學校領導各分向度中，以績效管理與整體學校效能的相關程度最高。 四、 學校領導、學校行政各向度對學校效能之預測情形： 學校領導之領導績效、領導團隊及領導理念對整體學校效能有顯著的預測力；學校行政之績效管理、事務管理及人力管理對整體學校效能有顯著的預測力。 最後，本研究根據研究的發現，提出相關建議，俾供教育行政機關、國民中學及後續研究參考。 / The main purpose of this study was to investigate school eadership, administration management and school effectiveness in Taipei municipal junior high school. What this study aimed at was to understand the current situation of school leadership,administration management and school effectiveness and the correlation between them. Questionnaire survey is used as the research method in this study. 326 samples were delivered to principals, directors and chiefs of 30 Taipei municipal junior high schools, among them were 268 retrieved valid. The collected data were analyzed by Descriptive Statistical Analysis, t-test, One-way ANOVA, correlation ,Multiple Regression and LISREL model. The analysis of the data revealed the following conclusions: A.In the aspect of school leadership: 1.The school leadership include four parts: (1) leadership philosophy,(2) leadership team,(3) leadership behaviors,(4) leadership performance.The perception of principals, directors and chiefs were above average agreement of the four parts.The best dimension is” leadership philosophy”. 2.Teachers’ age, years of service,and position of service have significant influences on school leadership. But teachers’ sexual, highest educational degree, school types, school size, and experience of Participating in Evaluating the Quality School do not have any significant influences. B. In the aspect of administration management: 1.The administration management include four parts: (1) knowledge management,(2) staff management,(3) affairs management,(4) performance management.The perception of principals, directors and chiefs were above average agreement of the four parts.The best dimension is”affairs management”. 2.Teachers’ years of service, position of service ,and school types have significant influences on administration management. But teachers’ sexual, age, highest educational degree, school size, and experience of Participating in Evaluating the Quality School do not have any significant influences. C. In the aspect of school effectiveness: 1.The school effectiveness include five parts: (1) administration leadership,(2) teaching performance,(3) student learning performance,(4) campus planning,(5) community relations.The perception of principals, directors and chiefs were above average agreement of the five parts.The best dimension is” community relations”. 2.Teachers’ age, years of service, and position of service have significant influences on school effectiveness. But teachers’ sexual, highest educational degree, school types, school size, and experience of Participating in Evaluating the Quality School do not have any significant influences. D. In the aspect of relationships among school eadership, administration management and school effectiveness 1.There was positive correlation and regression existed among school eadership, administration management and school effectiveness. 2.School leadership and administration management did promote school effectiveness. In the last part, the researcher, based on the finding, proposes some suggestions for the education authorities, the junior high schools’ principals, and the future researcher, hoping to benefit the development of junior high school education in the future.