隨著智慧型手機普及，大量行動應用程式(Apps)近年如雨後春筍般的出現，然而在大量且功能間相似的App中，如何脫穎而出實為值得探討之議題。 本研究依據先進者優勢作為理論基礎，並延伸探討產品特性及行銷策略對先進者優勢維持之影響，透過檔案分析法針對目前市面上數個成功的App進行個案研究，並同時對功能相仿的App進行交叉個案分析，期望歸納出能領導各種類App成功的方法。 本研究蒐集自期刊論文、相關書籍、報章雜誌及網路文獻之資料，經個案分析之研究結果如下： 1. 市場的先佔及高轉換成本為App先進者主要優勢來源；而較低的成本、市場不穩定性及先進者可能失誤，則為App後進者主要優勢。 2. 較佳的產品功能與產品創新能力，或較能提供更多附加價值之App，對App先進者優勢的維持有正向之影響。 3. 不同種類的App在先進者優勢之維持上略有差異，簡要歸納如下 (1) 遊戲類：受先進者優勢、產品優勢及行銷策略影響甚鉅，快速先占市場，並擁有良好產品功能及完整行銷策略較易帶來成功。 (2) 工具類：透過較佳的產品功能、產品品質與產品創新來維持先進者優勢，才能保持長期競爭力。 (3) 娛樂類：先進者優勢與產品優勢同等重要，快速先占市場將有助於發展與競爭力維持。 (4) 社交類：深受網路外部性之影響，故快速先佔市場並持續滿足使用者需求，才能避免被後進者淘汰。 / As more people use smart phones, the number of mobile applications (Apps) is increasing rapidly. However, with so many similar Apps, how Apps can stand out from competing products is an important issue. This study adopts theories related to First-Mover Advantages, Product Advantages and Marketing strategies to develop a general framework for analyzing factors that affect the success of first movers. We chose several well-known apps and used document analysis to analyze the secondary data collected from the Internet, newspapers, magazines, books, etc. Our major findings are as following: 1. Market preemption and high user switching costs are the main source of advantages for first-movers. Lower development costs, risks and the chance to avoid failure are the main source of advantages for the follower to succeed. 2. Better product functions and innovative features have positive effects on keeping First-Mover Advantages. Meeting customer needs and providing more added values also help maintain the advantage. 3. Different factors exist for different types of apps. Product advantages and marketing strategies are keys for Games Apps; app functionality, product quality and innovative features are important for productivity tools; first-mover and product advantages are important for entertainment apps; while network externality is the most critical one for social networking apps.

寬頻擴散可促進國家之生產力、就業、經濟成長及國家競爭力等，若能精準找出促進寬頻擴散之關鍵影響因素，將有利於政府集中資源有效率地推動寬頻發展。本研究提出研究問題與假說，以Rogers (2003)及Hall (2006)所提出影響創新擴散速率之社經因素、採用成本、採用效益、網路效應、資訊及不確定性及產業環境等6大因素面向為基礎，蒐集OECD國家及台灣等31國家相關資料，挑選Gompertz模型進行固定寬頻擴散Panel資料迴歸分析，發現各因素在全期及不同擴散階段有不同之顯著性與影響程度，表示分階段分析有其必要性。擴散初期之關鍵影響因素為收入、教育水準、平台競爭程度、人口密度及實施LLU累積年度等5項，而擴散後期之關鍵影響因素為寬頻價格、網際網路內容、決定採用時固定寬頻用戶比例、撥接用戶比例及擁有PC家庭比例等5項，可作為政府及業者於不同擴散階段精準投入資源以有效推動寬頻擴散之參考。 本研究續以前述分析結果選取日本、南韓、美國、丹麥、瑞士及台灣進行實際擴散比較，確認前述關鍵影響因素挑選之有效性。擴散初期，台灣有高人口密度優勢，若能提早推動寬頻並推動促進競爭措施，可促進初期之快速擴散。擴散後期，台灣國際排名退步，原因為寬頻價格過高，故此階段政府及業者應特別確保寬頻價格能夠使潛在採用者有能力並願意付費採用，才能促使寬頻持續有效擴散。 最後，本研究採用與固定寬頻相同迴歸分析模型對FTTX及行動寬頻分別進行分析後，有關行動寬頻，教育水準、寬頻價格、決定採用時行動寬頻用戶比例、人口密度、網際網路內容、使用固定寬頻語音服務比例、決定採用時FTTX用戶比例及使用網際網路家庭比例等8項變數有顯著效應；有關行動寬頻，收入、寬頻價格、網際網路內容、決定採用時行動寬頻用戶比例、使用網際網路家庭比例及人口密度等6項變數有顯著效應。因此，政府及業者若擬促進特定寬頻服務發展，仍須針對其服務特性推動特定之政策或策略。其中，寬頻價格、網際網路內容、網路效應及使用網際網路家庭比例等4項因素對FTTX及行動寬頻服務之影響類似，而此4個因素與固定寬頻後期擴散之關鍵影響因素較相近，因此，對於已存在市場的服務，即使是後來以較佳品質或功能之新服務型式提供，新服務之關鍵影響因素仍較接近已存在市場服務關鍵因素。 總之，本研究不同於過去文獻，以創新擴散理論為基礎，以國家層級資料量化分析與探討寬頻擴散之關鍵影響因素，除分別提供政策及管理建議供政府及業者參考外，亦補強Rogers (2003)及Hall (2006)所提出創新擴散理論未釐清與比較創新擴散影響因素在不同擴散階段影響之不足。 / Broadband diffusion may enhance innovation, productivity, employment, economic growth, and, ultimately, national competitiveness. If key determinants for broadband diffusion are identified, governments can align its resources with them to effectively promote the diffusion. Based on the determinants of the diffusion rate identified by Rogers (2003) and Hall (2006), this research compiled data available about OECD countries as well as Taiwan to implement overall and staged panel regressions on fixed broadband diffusion by adopting Gompertz model. The findings indicate that the significance of the determinants varies between overall and staged analysis, which consequently justifies the necessity of a staged analysis. The key determinants in the early stage are income, education level, platform competition, population density, and the accumulated years of implementing LLU policy; however, in the late stage they are broadband price, Internet content, network effect, the penetration of dial-up users, and percentage of household with computer. Governments may more accurately promote broadband diffusion according to different key determinants in different stages. This research further compared the real fixed broadband diffusion of Japan, South Korea, USA, Denmark, Switzerland, and Taiwan based on the previous analysis results. The findings generally justify the choice of key determinants in the previous analysis. In the early stage, Taiwan had the advantage of high population density. If the government could have promoted fixed broad banded services and market competition earlier, the penetration would have grown much faster. In the late stage, since the broadband price was too high in Taiwan, its international ranking of fixed broadband penetration declined. Therefore, in order to further promote the diffusion of fixed broadband, the government should have ensured that the price was low enough to convince the potential adoptors to purchase broadband services. Finally, this research adopted the same approach as that of previous fixed broadband to analyze the diffusion of FTTX and mobile broadband, respectively. Education level, broadband price, network effect of FTTX, network effect of mobile broadband, Internet content, population density, percentage of household with computer, and the penetration of fixed VOIP users have significant effect on FTTX diffusion. However, income, broadband price, network effect of mobile broadband, Internet content, population density, and percentage of household with computer have significant effect on mobile broadband diffusion. Therefore, governments or operators should tailor their policies or strategies for specific services. The effects of broadband price, Internet content, network effect, and percentage of household with computer are similar in both FTTX and mobile broadband, and they are also similar to the key determinants of fixed broadband diffusion in the late stage. Therefore, even though a new service with better quality or function is introduced in an existing market, its key determinants are more similar to those of the existing service depending on its diffusion stage. In conclusion, different from previous research, this one applied national-level data to quantatively analyzed and explore the key determinants of broadband diffusion based on innovation diffusion theory. The research findings not only propose policy and management suggestions to governments and service providers, but also supplement the the theory proposed by Rogers (2003) and Hall (2006), which did not identify and compare the determinants of innovation in different diffusion stages.

自從2008年金融海嘯以來，企業的成長面臨到各種多變的競爭考驗與挑戰。過去企業賴以成功的模式多已不復存在，接下來面對的生存環境將更加嚴峻。因此，企業未來創新策略的思維與有效人員的執行將是一項非常重要的課題。企業人才是否能在策略的引導下，安排至關鍵崗位中充分發揮，其中組織變革是關鍵。綜觀歷年來各種企業的變革、組織再造、策略規畫等，無論有多麼獨到的分析、精闢的見解，都存在著一項不變的原則。就是需要由『人』來執行。也就是說，執行的成敗、效益，關鍵都在於『執行者』的品質。因此，如何能在企業策略形成之後，正確訂定出各項策略目標的衡量指標與達成標準，是極為關鍵的事。企業必須要能根據未來的策略，建構一套策略性人才培育系統，持續有效的發展企業未來人才，才能幫助企業永續經營發展。 本研究將參考企業策略培育的相關議題，著手探討策略形成、策略行動，結合策略培育，建構出策略性人才培育體系。將人力資源管理單位當做企業組織變革的管理顧問，針對個案公司提供策略訓練建議，並在未來企業策略目標的推動時，能有更明確的方針、流程與步驟，並結合策略地圖與績效指標，隨時提供企業內部回饋的機制與改善的方向，將可落實策略人才培育並達成訓練績效的移轉。 本研究是屬於描述性與探索性的個案研究。其個案僅當作探討此議題的輔佐性研究案例。研究過程聚焦於訓練體系的融合與應用，為一種工具性的個案研究。主要研究的問題如下： (一) 策略性人才培育體系的架構與流程 (二) 策略性人才培育體系的成功關鍵因素 (三) 策略性人才培育體系之限制或障礙

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(B)(2) 課題番号:06452303 研究代表者:山下 哲郎 研究期間:1994-1996年度

隨著數位相機、智慧型手機等影像記錄產品的普及，人們可以隨時隨地按下快門，使得個人相片的數量不斷的增長。倘若照片中缺少了註釋，進行搜尋檢索大量的個人照片是困難的。雖然如此，人們卻會因為繁瑣累人的照片註釋工作而缺乏意願。 本研究藉由Kuo所發展出的PARIS (Personal Archiving and Retrieving Image System)作為來源系統架構，其系統解決了大部分個人數位影像語義標註的困難，也利用半自動註記方法減少使用者註釋負擔。但由於過去缺乏行動載具，PARIS並未開發一個現代化的行動註釋系統，來協助一般使用者進行個人影像註釋。 為了解決此問題，本研究利用使用性工程進行系統的建構，以設計及開發出一套現代化的行動影像註釋系統iPARIS (Integrated Personal Archiving and Retrieving Image System)。iPARIS擴展了PARIS設計出符合行動載具的後設資料結構與本體，包含將PARIS所定義的DDDC後設資料標準擴充為得以群眾註記之社群媒體地理標籤的iDDDC (Integrated Dozen Dimensional Digital Content)，以及在既有的STO (Spatial and Temporal Based Ontology)的空間架構中加入更具彈性的地理標籤關聯方法GRO (Geotag Related Ontology)。iPARIS並利用工作流程設計、介面線稿設計、視覺設計、系統實作、使用者參與設計等步驟來設計及開發系統，再以迭代設計方法不斷地改善系統的使用者介面及使用者體驗。iPARIS在建置完成後利用參與啟發式評估量表、手勢次數、操作時間、操作路徑、錯誤次數進行使用性測試，而其測試結果也達預期的使用性目標。更進一步，透過分析使用者操作系統的實際行為來找出系統存在的使用性問題，並提出未來系統的改進方式。 透過完整的規劃與適切的設計系統介面，讓使用者在拍照、註釋、組織及管理照片都可以在行動應用程式上完成，並使此系統能滿足具有效率、具學習性、具記憶性、低錯誤率及高滿意度等Nielsen所提出的使用性標準，以降低個人影像註釋時的負擔，並增加使用者註釋個人照片的意願，以應付日益增長地個人數位影像資料的管理需求。 / With the widespread use of photograph recording products, such as digital camera and smartphone, people take photographs easily so that the number of personal photographs increases unceasingly. If photographs are lacking of annotation, searching and retrieving the large number of personal photographs become difficult. However, people are usually reluctant to the cumbersome and exhausted annotation work. In 2004, Kuo et al. developed PARIS (Personal Archiving and Retrieving Image System) to solve these problems. Based on MPEG-7, PARIS resolved most difficulties of personal digital image semantic annotation and lightened users’ annotation burdens by semi-automatic annotation methods. However, because of the lack of mobile device at that time, PARIS did not develop a modern mobile annotation system to help ordinary people annotate personal photographs. Therefore, this thesis builds a system with usability engineering as well as designs and develops a modern mobile image annotation system iPARIS (Integrated Personal Archiving and Retrieving Image System). iPARIS expands PARIS architecture to add the support for mobile. It expands PARIS DDDC metadata standard to iDDDC (Integrated Dozen Dimensional Digital Content) which is a crowdsourcing annotation enabled by third party social networking services, and provides STO’s spatial ontology a more flexible geo-information description methodology GRO (Geotag Related Ontology). iPARIS also takes the steps of workflow design, wireframe design, visual design, system implementation, participatory design to build the system; moreover, it keeps improving the user interface and user experience by iterative design. After implementing iPARIS, we conduct usability testing including participatory heuristic evaluation, gesture times, operation time, gesture path, error times, and interview. The test results reach the expected usability goals. Furthermore, the thesis finds some usability problems by analyzing users’ behaviors when they are using the application and brings future improvement for the system. By integral planning and appropriate interface design, this system lets user take, annotate, organize, and mange personal photos in a mobile application. We hope that iPARIS can meet the usability index to lighten the burdens of personal photograph annotation, arousing users’ desire to annotate personal photographs, and meet the growing needs for the management of personal digital photograph information.

本研究針對 2014 年 3 月至 4 月期間的太陽花運動三大事件（佔領立法院、衝進行政院、以及凱達格蘭大道集結）作個案研究，採質性研究的深度訪談法和資料蒐集法取得研究資料，援引 Bruno Latour 的「行動者網絡理論」（Actor Network Theory）概念進行分析，探討大眾媒體與另類媒體在當代政治抗議場域裡，如何以現有傳播科技做創新使用與傳播實踐，而科技和人的互動又如何對訊息發布與呈現方式造成影響，勾勒出人人皆可參與的政治抗議情境之下，傳播行動者如何受新舊媒體模式交織影響。 / This paper traces the contemporary hybrid media network in a Taiwanese political protest context, focusing mainly on the 2014 Sunflower Movement (also known as “Occupy Parliament”) in Taiwan. The proliferation of digital media use in this protest, makes it a significant case study in regards to finding the complex media networks of tech-savvy activists and mainstream media at work in recent political protests. To answer the complex nature of this network, this paper employs Actor Network Theory (ANT) as a framework to depict the evolving media network of contemporary political protests in Taiwan through first-hand accounts of alternative media activists and mainstream journalists. This research conducts a set of qualitative interviews with heterogenous actors who participated in the Sunflower Movement. Additional data is collected from online documents of the event. In the end, the research seeks to answer the following questions: How do new and old media form links through technology and digital tools in modern political protest? What is the nature of the associations formed and how do the associations impact the existing news ecology in political protests? Further providing an empirical account of transforming protest media networks in action in a political protest context.

澳門電信管理局在2012年1月推出「全城3G」計劃，規定2012年7月8日停用所有GSM服務，16萬2G用戶要在半年內轉移到3G服務，但是外地遊客仍可繼續在澳門使用2G漫遊服務，政府希望透計劃推動3G服務的發展，讓無線電資源更具效率地利用，然而在計劃推行期間澳門出現多宗電信故障，加上澳門廉政公署就「全城3G」計劃所發表的調查報告指有關計劃過份介入市場運作，使得本地用戶失去選擇權，損害用戶及業者的權益，而且不符合公共利益，最終「全城3G」計劃無法如期實行，各業者的2G執照與其3G執照一同延長有效期至2023年6月4日。 　　本研究利用文獻分析法，透過蒐集澳門「全城3G」計劃的相關資料，分析澳門「全城3G」計劃的得失，與此同時借鏡與澳門政治體制相似的香港政府的頻譜政策，檢視兩地政府在回收2G頻譜的成效。本研究綜合分析下發現澳門與香港回收2G頻譜最大的差異在於香港回收的是兩個閒置的CDMA及TDMA系統，對業者有一定的影響，但是影響民眾的範圍卻很小，而且給予3年緩衝的時間讓業者轉移用戶，而澳門則是停用一個在世界上仍算主流的GSM服務，而且要在半年內轉移十多萬用戶到3G，加上在過渡期間出現5宗電信故障，讓民眾質疑計劃的可行性，最終把技術問題變成社會問題。因此本研究建議政府未來要避免直接介入市場，以間接的方式例如徵收階梯式的頻譜使用費來推動行動通訊業發展，回收頻譜時要以平穩適度的方式進行，以及提高電信故障的罰款。 / In January 2012, the Telecommunications Regulation Bureau of Macau (DSRT) announced its decision to scrap the city’s 2G network and rely solely on 3G capabilities. Effective on July 8, 2012, the policy change left about 160,000 local users without 2G service, primarily affecting local tourists still on the 2G roaming network. DSRT stated that the objectives of its decision were to create more investment opportunities and to facilitate the adequate diversification of economic development. However, during this time, two mobile operators failed to provide stable and adequate network services and the Commission Against Corruption (CCAC) of Macau stated that DSRT’s decision deprived consumers of their right to choose their own cellular network and their right to fair treatment. This prompted the 2G service cancellation to be further postponed until June 4, 2023. This study used literature analysis to review the termination of the 2G mobile network in Macau, and to examine the 2G spectrum reallocation in Hong Kong. This study found that Hong Kong terminated two unused mobile network services (CDMA and TDMA), while Macau is planning to scrap a GSM service which will affect about 150,000 users in Macau. Therefore, opposition to network terminations are greater in Macau than in Hong Kong. At the same time, the failure to provide adequate mobile services by two network operators in Macau led to public mistrust of the government. This study suggests that 1) the DSRT should not have used administrative means to force consumers into using a specific mobile system, and 2) the DSRT should have amended the penalties for mobile operators to closer reflect the current social situation.

新科技的變遷總是為傳播產業帶來新的變革，智慧型手機掀起全球通訊產業的熱潮，造就了行動應用程式新經濟，進而帶動行動應用程式廣告的發展。有鑑於過去研究缺乏以解構計畫行為理論的角度，來探討近年才趨於熱門的行動意用程式，更缺少應用在某特定行動應用程式類型之行為意圖。本研究將以Taylor & Todd（1995)解構計畫行為理論，聚焦於社群媒體廣告研究，並以在社交類型App的龍頭Facebook為研究對象，試圖釐清Facebook行動用程式廣告之行為意圖。 本研究採線上問卷調查法，以非隨機抽樣中的立意抽樣（purposive sample）為蒐集資料的方法，以結構方程模式（Structural Equation Modeling, SEM）為資料的統計分析方法。問卷發放於Facebook以及台大批踢踢實業坊（ptt.cc）符合研究主題的討論區進行資料蒐集，問卷連結日期自二0一五年一月一日至一月十六日，為期十六天，有效問卷共計五百一十一份。研究結果發現：(1) Facebook App的知覺有用性、相容性和知覺娛樂性，與廣告整體態度無顯著關係。(2)廣告內容的「娛樂性」與「個人化」有助於廣告態度的影響；「資訊性」與廣告態度無顯著影響，「煩躁性」與廣告態度則呈現負相關。(3)人際影響、自我效能和廣告態度，與行為意圖皆呈現正相關。 本研究證實，對於使用者來說，相較於電腦版使用經驗與習慣，Facebook App仍有改善空間。此外，Facebook App的廣告內容是否具有完整的廣告資訊已不再首要因素，重要的是，該廣告是否具有娛樂性質和符合個人需求，在不讓使用者感到困擾的情況前提之下，吸引使用者的注意、滿足使用者的需求。同時，本研究證實人際影響、自我效能和廣告態度對行為意圖的正向影響性。 / Technology advancement has brought many new changes to the mass media communication industry. Smartphones revolutionized the communication industry by creating the mobile app economy, which lead to the development of mobile app advertisement. Past studies have not taken the decomposed theory of planned behavior into consideration when examining mobile applications that have gained popularity in recent years, let along behavioral intentions, which apply to certain types of mobile applications. Keeping that in mind, this study will focus on advertising within the current social networking industry leader, Facebook, using the above theory by Taylor & Todd (1995), in order to determine the behavioral intention behind Facebook’s mobile application advertisement. Data used in this study was collected through online questionnaires using the purposive sampling method, and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The questionnaires were distributed on Facebook and sections within ptt.cc that fit the research purpose of this study. Online questionnaire was open from January 1st to January 16th of 2015, spanning a total of 16 days. A total of 511 valid questionnaires were collected. The results of this studies revealed that (1) the perceived usefulness, compatibility, and enjoyment of Facebook app are not related to attitude towards advertisement within the app. (2) Entertainment value and personalization of the content of the advertisement positively affects attitude toward advertisement. Informativeness has no significant impact, while irritation negatively affects attitude towards advertisement. (3) Social influence, self-efficacy and attitude towards advertisement all show positive relation with behavioral intention. This research has proven that when examining user experience, Facebook app still has room for improvement in comparison with the computer version of Facebook. Also, whether Facebook app advertisement contains complete information is no longer the most important factor. Entertainment value and personalization, whether the advertisement can satisfy the above needs without troubling users, are now the most important points of consideration. Finally, this study has proven the positive effect social influence, self-efficacy and attitude towards advertisement have on behavioral intention.

本文旨在探討灌溉水資源系統中的「水圳」，在歷史的發展脈絡下如何成為農村不可或缺的依賴性治理制度。而都市化與工業發展興起後，水圳面臨了設施改造與治理困境，其制度本身所產生之變革以及新興治理機制對原有組織之影響。 本文透過美濃獅子頭水圳為個案研究，運用伊利諾‧歐斯壯(E.Ostrom)之「共用資源永續發展治理八大原則」為水圳資源有效治理之理論背景，檢視早期美濃獅子頭水圳的集體行動組織（地方水利會-農民），如何成功地在自主治理的機制中運作，並探討在現代化發展過程中宏觀的外在結構環境，包含農業轉型、停徵會費、派系競爭、水患問題等變化，對既有的共用資源制度產生的衝擊與弱化。以及民主化後由愛鄉協進會透過反水庫社會運動帶動社區總體營造對於水圳治理的創新模式。本文認為早期獅子頭水圳在資源邊界、集體選擇、對組織權最低限度認可與多中心治理等面向建立起維持永續發展之基礎。制度本身雖遭受外在環境變遷而呈現鬆散，但由於觀光休閒農業的推廣，吸引農村漂鳥回流，對灌溉水資源的參與治理渴望達到穩定的力量。並且，透過給予掌水工與水利小組的正式與非正式制度性誘因，可以有效調節灌溉用水並做為提供移轉調撥其他產業用水的基礎。最後，在地方性非營利組織「愛鄉協進會」進入水圳系統的治理後，挑戰由半官僚水利會所掌控的政治經濟功能掛帥水圳系統，更融入生態、文化、公民參與等不同的元素形成一共同治理新模式，除了延續後農業時代水圳的灌溉功能之外，也強化其制度韌性。藉由這些發現，本文進而提出實務與理論的研究建議，以做為後農業時代水資源灌溉系統的永續發展之借鏡。 / The subject of this essay is to explore the reason why an irrigation canal, in the process of historical development, became an indispensable governance institution in the villages. Also, in the advent of urbanization and industrialization, the irrigation canal faces a situation of the renovation of facility as well as the predicament of governance, in which the institution itself changes and newly governance system influences the original organizations. This study takes Shihtou Irrigation Canal in Meinung as the object. Using Elino Ostrom’s eight design principles of stable local common pool resource (CPR) management to review the successful self-governance mechanisms in operation performed by the early local collective action organization (mainly made by Taiwan Joint Irrigation Association and farmers). Also the paper explains the impacts of macro-environment, including the agricultural transformation, stop collecting fees, factional competition and flooding, on the existing system of CPR. And an innovational governance participated by a Meinung People's Association, a grass-roots organization from anti-reservoir activities to comprehensive community development in the era of post-democratization. Results of this study showed as follows: Firstly, early Shihtou irrigation canal maintain the basis for establishing sustainable development as result of clearly defined boundaries, collective-choice arrangement, minimal recognition of rights to organize, and nested enterprises. Besides, although it was weaken by the later change of external structure, the development of leisure agriculture attracted recurrent youth for agriculture, who was desired for reviving the power of appropriation in canal self-governance. Meanwhile, the institutional design of water-inspectors and water conservancy group arranged through formal and informal incentives can effectively regulate the right of water for irrigation and serve as providing the basis for the allocation of water for other industries. Finally, a local non-profit organization Meinung People's Association challenges the governance system originally controlled by a half-bureaucratic management of local Farm Irrigation Association. Compared with the mainly political and economic functions of water governance by the latter, the former emphasize the different elements of ecological, cultural, and civic participation. This formation of New model of shared governance in canal not only continue its irrigational function in post-agriculture, but also strengthen its institutional tenacity..With these findings, the paper puts forward practical and theoretical study suggests in order to learn as a sustainable development of water resources in the era of post-agricultural irrigation systems.

歷年發生的大型天然災害中，行動通訊系統常常會因為道路、橋樑、電力的損毀而導致嚴重癱瘓，進而影響災後救援工作的進行，行動通訊系統其實是不可靠且極為脆弱的。為使災區能夠快速地恢復通訊，本研究提出一種應急通訊系統，利用無線通訊，將這些無連線能力的基地台連接起來，並利用存活可連至核心通訊網路的基地台，建構成為一個臨時性的通訊系統，稱為應急蜂巢式行動通訊網路(Contingency Cellular Network，CCN)，供使用者在災區內進行通訊。由於資料庫的可靠度在行動通訊網路中具有舉足輕重之地位，本論文旨在利用分散式架構提高CCN網路資料庫的可靠度，進而提高系統可靠度。我們先分析資料表的特性，並依據各資料表的特性以及資源之多寡，設計相應的分散式架構。 我們利用樹狀拓樸的簡單特性，提出三種分散式架構：(1)用於群組資料表的階層備援式架構、(2)用於HLR資料表的階層備援式架構，以及(3)用於HLR資料表的鄰近階層備援式架構。這三種架構都利用了樹狀拓樸的簡單特性，大幅簡化了資料庫的查詢及更新程序。我們以可用度及平均總成本，以評估各架構在不同的情形下之最合適架構，並觀察在各架構下，其系統可用度與平均總成本之間的關係，由結果可知，在群組資料表儲存架構中，若追求高系統可用度，可選擇高儲存密度之架構，反之，若追求較低的成本，可選擇低儲存密度之架構。而在HLR資料表儲存架構中，階層備援式的系統可用度與平均總成本比鄰近階層備援式來得高，表示階層備援式耗費較多成本，但可用度也較高，故在建置時可依實際情況來選擇合適的架構儲存。 最後，為驗證分散式資料庫架構之可行性，我們利用數部筆記型電腦及Android平台手機來建置階層備援式及鄰近階層備援式架構，並測量在此二種架構下於通話建立時所耗費的時間，從模擬結果可知，此二種架構皆可快速建置並可立即通訊，惟鄰近階層備援式所耗費的通話建立時間略長，但仍在可容許範圍之內。 / When stricken by a catastrophic natural disaster, the efficiency of disaster response operation is very critical to life saving. The efficiency of disaster response operation is greatly depending on communication systems. However, they were usually not dependable, including cellular networks, and often crashed due to power outage and backhaul link breakage. The failure of communication systems caused a big coordination problem to many disaster response operations. This thesis proposes a Contingency Cellular Network (CCN) by connecting isolated base stations to survival base stations using long-range wireless links to recover part of cellular network functionality. People can use their own cell phones for emergency communication in the disaster areas. CCN will be able to support a large number of disaster responders with limited resources in the early hours of disasters, thus to save many lives. Because the reliability of database plays a very important role in the CCN, this thesis proposes a distributed database architecture to improve the reliability of database so as the reliability of CCN. We take advantage of the simplicity of CCN tree topology to design three distributed database architectures: (1) Hierarchical Redundancy Architecture for “Group_Member ” table, (2) Hierarchical Redundancy Architecture for “HLR” table, and (3) Hierarchical Neighboring Redundancy Architecture for “HLR” table. The tree topology greatly simplified the query and update procedures. We use availability and average total cost to analytically evaluate all three architectures trying to identify the most appropriate architecture under different circumstances. Based on our evaluation results, CCN operators can choose the most appropriate architecture according to their realistic circumstances. Finally, in order to verify the feasibility of the proposed architectures, we implemented a simplified prototype using several laptops and Android mobile phones. The Hierarchical Redundancy Architecture and the Neighboring Redundancy Architecture were implemented. The results show that both architectures can be functional with reasonable performance except that Hierarchical Neighboring Redundancy Architecture may take longer time, but in a tolerable range, to setup a call.